Simulation and characteristics of long-period fiber Bragg gratingcoherence spectrum

The long-period fiber Bragg grating (LPFBG) coherence spectrum was investigated using mode selection rule and coupling equations. The coupling between the forward propagating core-bounded mode and multicladding-bounded modes was taken into consideration in modeling based upon their contribution to the spectrum. Modes involved in the coupling process were ranked into a converging series. This makes the modeling procedures described practical. The grating coherence spectrum under assumed testing conditions was modeled and simulated     

传输矩阵法求解长短周期级联光纤光栅传输谱

基于光纤光栅的模式耦合理论,用传输矩阵法对长短周期级联光纤光栅的传输谱特性进行分析。先由耦合模方程分别得到长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)、连接光纤段和短周期光纤光栅(FBG)的传输矩阵,然后将它们相乘得到总的传输矩阵,最后再结合边界条件求得长短周期级联光纤光栅(CLBG)的传输谱。进一步对CLBG的传输谱进行了数值模拟,并通过实验进行了验证。实验结果表明,CLBG的传输谱中出现了由纤芯模和包层模耦合形成的两个谐振峰,与模拟计算的结果一致,证明了传输矩阵法求解CLBG传输谱的可行性,为CLBG在多参量传感和测量领域的广泛应用提供了理论支持。     

Characteristics of cladding index modulated fiber gratings for ambient refractive index sensing

Characteristics of cladding index modulated fiber gratings for ambient refractive index sensing is studied in this paper. The modes propagation properties and coupling properties in cladding index modulated FBG are studied based on the classical coupling mode theory while considering interactions among multiple modes and developed on a three-layer step-index fiber geometry. Evolution of cladding mode resonance spectra of cladding index modulated FBG with the decreasing of fiber diameter is simulated and compared with the core grating. Sensing characteristics of cladding modes resonance of cladding index modulated FBG to the variation of ambient refractive index is detailed and emphasized for cladding modes resonances has a much narrower bandwidth. Results show that cladding index modulated fiber grating has better spectrum for ambient refractive index sensing applications under the same sensitivity with core index modulated fiber grating and may be applied to many field including biochemical sensing and environmental monitoring.     

Wavelength-Dependent Model of a Ring Resonator Sensor Excited by a Directional Coupler

The spectral characteristics of a ring resonator made of Si photonic wires are modeled using mode expansion of supermodes of the directional coupler. The influence of the coupling coefficient, loss factor and waveguide dispersion on the spectral features are analyzed in detail. The model is then compared with the experimental data of a ring resonator designed for sensing purposes. The model that includes a wavelength dependence on coupling length reproduces the large variations of the envelope of the experimental spectrum, when coupling coefficient cover its full range from 0 to 1. Fitting parameters explain the details of the experimental spectrum and contribute to the sensor optimization, as well as illustrating general guidelines for ring resonator design.     

大模场面积双包层光纤光栅模式特性研究

分析了在大模场面积双包层光纤(LMA-DCF)上刻写光栅的技术要求和难点,采用相位掩模法在20/400μm的LMA-DCF上刻写了高反射率光纤布拉格光栅。针对大模场光纤中存在高阶模的可能性,通过调整单模光纤(SMF)入射光场和LMA-DCF芯径的相对偏移量,对LMA-DCF光栅中的传输模式特性进行了理论分析和模拟计算,并在实验研究中测量了偏移量不同时光栅的反射谱,观测到了相应的LP01模和LP11模的模场光斑分布。对LMA-DCF光栅的几种光谱测试方法进行了对比研究,分析了各种方法的优缺点。研究结果将为LMA-DCF光栅在高功率激光系统中的应用提供依据和参考。     

高成品率DFB激光二极管的设计及制备

设计并制作了一种新型分布反馈(DFB)光栅激光二极管结构.采用传输矩阵法模拟得到了不同光栅耦合因子、不同结构下随机相位对归一化阈值增益差和性能参数分布的影响;对高于阈值增益情况下激光二极管的特性进行了分析,结果表明随着激光二极管偏置电流的增加,光场平坦因子和归一化阈值增益差几乎保持不变,激光二极管单模稳定性好;模拟得到了光谱随偏置电流的变化,不同偏置电流下光谱的边模抑制比均大于40 dB.采用全息光刻技术结合普通光刻技术制备了新型DFB光栅.相比于均匀光栅激光二极管,新型DFB光栅激光二极管性能参数一致性更好、成品率更高,成品率达到80％以上.     

Modeling the static and dynamic behavior of quarter-wave-shiftedDFB lasers

High-coupling (grating coupling constant=3.0) phase-shifted distributed-feedback (DFB) lasers are studied using a transmission-line laser model (TTLM) which includes spatial hole burning (SHB), the material gain spectrum, refractive index dependence on carrier concentration, and random spontaneous emission. Good agreement for CW spectra is shown with other models and experimental results. Dynamic simulation of laser transients shows SHB-induced deterministic mode hopping and chirping at moderate output powers. The effects of mode hopping and chirping on system performance are studied using a laser model combined with a fiber model     

L波段掺铒光纤放大器的增益平坦滤波器设计

EDFA的增益平坦化是WDM系统中的重要问题．用成本低、插损小的光纤光栅实现该功能是一项有吸引力的方案，采用剥层法设计了基于啁啾光栅的增益平坦滤波器。基于时间因果律的剥层算法将光纤光栅看成一个分离的模型，由一系列长度为△的复反射器所组成，每个反射器的后端耦合系数都可由它的前端耦合系数递归地求出，从而能快速、精确地反演出光栅的耦合系数函数。啁啾光栅的目标反射谱由理想的增益平坦滤波器透射谱获得，利用与反射谱群时延有关的常数α可控制光栅的长度，α取值为0．0024cm。时，对应的光栅长度为3．5cm。用剥层法反演出耦合系数函数后，又通过解Riccati方程模拟了合成光栅的透射谱。数值模拟结果显示理想透射谱与合成光栅透射谱之间的峰峰值误差小于0．1dB．并且在工作带宽范围内，透射谱群时延的变化量小于0．6ps，表明该滤波器对系统没有额外的色散影响。     

Cascaded coupling: Realization and application to spectral maneuvering

In this paper, we analyze a scheme of three mode coupling referred to as cascaded coupling in an optical fiber by employing a pair of superimposed long period gratings. In the cascaded coupling process, interaction between two modes takes place via an intermediate mode. We show that cascaded coupling gives us an additional degree of freedom to tune the transmission spectrum to achieve desired spectral features by appropriate choice of grating parameters i.e. grating strength, length and wavelength of operation. Applications of the proposed design to achieve flat wavelength response and gain flattening filters for erbium doped fiber amplifiers are presented.     

基于非切趾短FBG光栅的小信号测量方法

为解决基于图像传感器的FBG解调系统精细测量的问题,提出了使用非切趾FBG测量弱信号的方法。设计出了非切趾FBG反射谱近似模型,采用对数放大的方法提高非切趾FBG的旁瓣,在较宽的光栅频谱范围内,进行光谱相关解调并给出解调算法。基于蒙特卡洛方法对非切趾光栅测量仿真,并搭建实验系统对非切趾FBG、宽带高斯光栅进行对比测量实验。研究结果表明,基于非切趾FBG的弱信号测量方法可有效提高波长测量精度,通过相关解调,可使测量精度达到宽带光栅的2倍。     

长周期光纤光栅三层结构折射率梯度响应特性研究

基于模式耦合理论和传输矩阵法,使用三层结构圆光波导模型对长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)包层模(HE14)的响应特性进行仿真和分析。通过对比分析外部环境折射率呈梯度分布时与呈均匀分布时的LPFG透射谱,发现谱线中除了损耗峰发生漂移以外,主峰左侧旁瓣深度增加,主峰右侧旁瓣深度减小,且随外部环境折射率的升高,这种变化趋势愈加明显,分析了透射谱发生相应变化的原因。研究结果对使用LPFG进行折射率梯度传感设计具有一定意义。     

外腔半导体激光器动态模稳定性的研究

为了研究调谐过程中外腔半导体激光器的模稳定性,采用多光束干涉理论推导Littrow结构外腔半导体激光器的腔增益,并模拟其模结构。分析了光栅面和转臂不在同一平面的情形下,在光栅转动调谐时,通过匹配光栅的反馈波长变化率与外腔波长变化率,推导出最佳的初始外腔长度,并研究了动态模稳定（无跳模调谐）的范围;采用严格的耦合理论和光线变换矩阵分析了准直（耦合）透镜的位置对系统后向耦合效率的影响。结果表明,系统后向耦合效率最大可达99%,极大地压窄了中心波长为780nm半导体激光器的线宽,外腔半导体激光器的理论线宽为未加外腔时的0.96%,动态模稳定范围可达6.8nm。     

非对称全息方法制作闪耀光栅的模拟与分析

为了实现全息方法制作闪耀光栅,在对称全息光栅制作方法的墓础上,设计了一种非对称光路进行曝光。模拟了特定显影条件下光栅槽形及其衍射效率光谱。并与理想三角形闪耀光栅比较。结果表明：模拟槽形具备闪耀光栅槽形特征,其正一级衍射效率谱线与相应闪耀光栅非常接近。     

基于光栅侧面耦合的宽光带集光技术

利用光栅侧面耦合技术多为单波长或窄带光耦合,用于光纤激光器泵浦、光波导集成等领域,而用于可见光宽带耦合的研究很少。通过在波导上集成亚波长衍射光栅结构,可以引导太阳光在波导的侧面进行出光汇集,作为一种新型的太阳能集光器结构。利用时域有限差分算法软件(FDTD)对光栅结构进行仿真,以获得最大衍射效率的光栅结构参数,并对不同入射角度下的衍射耦合效率进行了分析。结果显示,在宽波段的光谱范围内,以上光栅结构均达到较好的衍射效率,其中闪耀光栅衍射效率最大,其衍射效率可达48.8%。这种利用亚波长衍射光栅结构的小型集光器有望应用在有关太阳能能量的收集应用中,例如照明、太阳能电池等。     

正方形PCF的模式特性及其光栅反射谱特性

利用有限元法分析了包层结构为圆形空气孔呈正方形对称排列的光子晶体光纤(PCF)的有效传输模式,并仿真解析出各波长下有效传输模的有效折射率及变化规律。结合模耦合理论和传输矩阵法,对基于PCF的Bragg光栅(PCFBG)的反射谱特性进行了仿真和分析,并对比了PCF包层不同占空比下的PCFBG反射谱。选择高斯函数对各反射谱进行切趾优化。理论计算和仿真结果证明,各模式有效折射率随着波长的增加而近似线性降低,不同占空比的PCFBG反射谱之间的差异较为明显。在此基础上,可进一步研究正方形包层结构的PCFBG的调谐特性,并应用于可调谐的多通道OADM。     

亚波长金属光栅的共振吸收谱及其近场特性

通过对亚波长金属光栅的可见光波段的光谱特性及其近场强度分布进行研究,采用Comsol软件仿真了结构参数变化对光谱和强度分布的影响。研究结果表明,亚波长金属光栅具有共振吸收谱,在吸收率峰值处,表现出亚波长金属结构表面等离激元的驻波模式,并在适当的参数下,得到了一种暗中空光场模式,利用该暗中空光场模式可以实现基于亚波长光栅的原子囚禁与导引。研究结果为亚波长光栅的理论研究以及亚波长光栅器件研究的实用化提供了参考。     

表面光栅垂直腔面发射激光器偏振特性研究

研究了表面光栅结构对垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)的偏振控制作用。引入表面光栅后,对不同刻蚀深度下的偏振相关的镜面损耗进行了仿真,结果表明表面光栅刻蚀深度在44~130 nm范围内均可实现稳定偏振,具有较大的工艺容差。表面光栅VCSEL在基横模工作状态下偏振抑制比(Orthogonal Polarization Suppression Ratio, OPSR)超过20 dB,偏振光谱峰间偏振抑制比达到40 dB,且在多横模状态也实现了有效的偏振控制。为了进一步验证光栅对偏振控制的效果,制作了方向互相垂直的两种表面光栅,具有这两种方向光栅的VCSEL的OPSR均达20 dB以上。测试分析表明表面光栅是VCSEL实现稳定偏振的一种有效手段。     

Single mode grating coupling between thin-film and fiber optical waveguides

Optical directional coupling by means of a periodic perturbation is described between a clad, single mode, cylindrical fiber, and a thin-film planar waveguide. Codirectional coupling was achieved to a clad fiber, with 0.4 percent efficiency; allowing for the geometric mismatch, this is effectively 30 percent coupling. The fiber guided mode is accessed by reducing the fiber diameter by heating and pulling. Mode phase matching is achieved with a periodic grating sputter etched into the film. Unwanted grating induced interactions are minimized by restricting the guide parameters or by modifying the coupling mechanism. A perturbation analysis is used to calculate coupling coefficients and the design procedure for an optimum structure is explained. Measurements on grating couplers are described and the film/fiber codirectional coupling is shown to be effected by the grating.     

环境折射率对长周期光纤光栅谐振波长的影响

长周期光纤光栅是近几年出现的新型光纤器件,表现为前向传播的纤芯导模与同向传播的各阶次包层模在特定波长时的模式耦合,因此它在温度、应变、折射率传感方面比普通的光纤光栅有更大的优越性.运用耦合模理论,首先讨论了长周期光纤光栅的谐振波长,并模拟了其透射谱.其次在理论上详细分析了长周期光纤光栅对环境折射率的敏感特性,讨论了环境折射率敏感度因子与包层模次数的关系,并比较了不同环境折射率下的灵敏度.最后模拟了在环境折射率小于光栅包层折射率的情况下,谐振波长随环境折射率变化的规律.     

长周期光纤光栅传输谱特性研究

基于光的耦合模理论,应用MATLAB仿真长周期光纤光栅传输谱特性研究,模拟得到平均有效折射率从0.000001变化到0.000030,对应的最低传输率从99.94%变化到37.78%;周期数从200变化到500,对应的最低传输率从0%变化到57.86%;周期从1.44e-8变化到4.44e-8,周期为3.44e-8时传输谱较好。研究结论为长周期光纤光栅器件的制作提供理论依据。