岛状皮瓣,筋膜瓣在修复颌面部软组织缺损中的应用

目的：探讨岛状皮瓣、筋膜瓣在头颈部软组织缺损修复中的作用。方法：根据缺损部位、范围、形态、选择轴岛状皮瓣或随意型皮下蒡岛状皮瓣修复头皮、眼睑、鼻、耳廓、面部和口腔软组织缺损４２例。结果：４１例获得满意的外观和功能，１例皮瓣不死。结论：用岛状皮瓣、筋膜瓣修复头面部软组织缺损能取得良好的临床效果。     

局部皮瓣在修复外鼻小面积皮肤缺损中的应用

目的：探讨应用外鼻临近局部皮瓣修复外鼻小面积缺损的方法与临床疗效。方法：42例鼻小面积缺损（直径〈2cm）的患者分别应用外鼻局部皮瓣（鼻背瓣、鼻唇沟瓣和双叶瓣）修复。皮肤恶性肿瘤切除后缺损38例,皮肤其他良性病变4例,缺损直径1～2cm。鼻尖缺损7例采用鼻背旋转皮瓣一期修复;鼻侧部缺损30例采用鼻唇沟瓣修复,其中使用岛状鼻唇沟瓣一期修复7例,插补式皮瓣二期修复18例,滑行瓣修复5例;鼻侧上方缺损5例采用双叶瓣一期修复。结果：所有患者均修复成功,组织皮瓣全部成活。患者平均随访3个月～2年,肿瘤无复发。结论：外鼻局部皮瓣如鼻背瓣、鼻唇沟瓣和双叶瓣是修复鼻部小面积皮肤缺损的有效方法,疗效满意。     

带肌蒂岛状皮肌瓣修复头颈部大块缺损二例报告

自1981年以来,我科选择性采用带肌蒂的岛状额肌皮瓣修复切除面颊皮肤及软组织后大块缺损 1例、胸锁乳突肌岛状肌皮瓣修复因外伤造成颈前喉气管处大块缺损1例,均取得Ⅰ期成活的满意效果,现报告如下。 例1 男,55岁。因左鼻腔、上颌窦鳞状细胞癌放疗后1月左面部隆起,眼球突出失明,于1987年 10月15日入院。10月27日全麻下施行左面部软组织连同上颌骨全功除、眶内容剜除术,筛窦及蝶窦前壁切除,同时选择左侧带额肌蒂的岛状额肌皮瓣,沿眶外缘穿越皮下隧道达缺损区修复缺损。额部创面选用大腿游离皮瓣修复,术后Ⅰ期成活,8 天拆线,11月11日痊愈出院。切取完整标本病理     

外鼻部分缺损的鼻唇沟瓣分区修复方式

鼻唇沟皮瓣是常用的局部皮瓣修复方法,可用于修复外鼻缺损。通过选择鼻唇沟区皮肤作为修复材料,可以获得较为满意的面部形态和美学效果,因为该区域的皮肤与邻近的外鼻皮肤在色泽、质地和类型上相似。鼻唇沟皮瓣的分区修复方式包括鼻唇沟推进瓣、易位瓣、折叠瓣、瓦合瓣、岛状瓣和双瓣等。在修复鼻侧面或鼻翼缺损时,根据创面大小可选择推进瓣、易位瓣、瓦合瓣或岛状瓣等方法;针对鼻翼及前鼻孔等部位的洞穿型缺损,可选择鼻唇沟折叠瓣及瓦合瓣;针对鼻下部的组织缺损,可选择鼻唇沟双瓣进行修复。在选择适合的鼻唇沟瓣类型和分区修复方式时,术者需要综合考虑多个因素,包括缺损程度和位置、血供情况、组织可塑性以及术后外观和功能要求等。     

额瓣联合鼻唇沟瓣一期修复鼻翼全层缺损

目的 探讨联合应用岛状额瓣和鼻唇沟瓣一期修复鼻翼大面积全层缺损的方法和疗效.方法 回顾性分析4例应用该方法行全层缺损修复患者的临床及随访资料.患者均为男性,62～76岁,平均64岁.皮肤恶性肿瘤切除后缺损3例,外伤性缺损1例.缺损直径平均达3.3 cm(2.5 cm ～4.5 cm).缺损累及两个外鼻亚单位1例,3个亚单位1例,4个亚单位2例.手术首先采用梨状孔边缘,鼻唇沟处皮下组织为蒂的梯形皮瓣向鼻腔内翻入修复衬里;再以该瓣外侧的三角瓣向内滑行修复梯形瓣遗留的缺损;接下来以滑车上动脉及伴行的内眦动脉丛为蒂的岛状额瓣经眉间皮下隧道覆盖鼻部皮肤缺损.结果 全部缺损一期修复成功,组织瓣全部成活,无坏死.1例患者术后半年随访时鼻孔略狭窄,有轻度鼻塞.随访6个月至3年,肿瘤无复发.结论 以皮下组织为蒂的岛状额瓣联合鼻唇沟瓣是一期修复鼻翼大面积全层缺损安全可靠的方法.     

颏下岛状瓣一期修复口腔恶性肿瘤缺损的临床应用

目的总结颏下岛状瓣在修复口腔恶性肿瘤合并全身系统性疾病患者创面的修复疗效及治疗优势,总结围手术期间治疗经验以指导临床。方法2018年9月~2020年9月,5例患有口腔恶性肿瘤合并系统性疾病的患者行颏下岛状瓣修复一期缺损的临床资料进行分析。结果5例颏下岛状瓣均移植成功,其中2例皮瓣远端部分坏死,未见血管危象,未见神经损伤。术后6个月随访,4例患者外形恢复良好,未见神经损伤症状、未见肿瘤复发;1例患者复发。结论颏下岛状瓣作为手术缺损修复皮瓣,手术创伤小,手术时长相对较短;在明确颏下、颌下区无淋巴结转移情况下,对合并基础疾病无法耐受长时间手术的口腔恶性肿瘤患者有着良好的修复效果。     

外鼻基底细胞癌切除及缺损一期修复

目的 探讨外鼻基底细胞癌的手术及术后一期修复的方法.方法 2002年1月至2010年6月,手术治疗外鼻基底细胞癌62例,采用Mohs手术多个方向切缘的病理以确保彻底切除后,其缺损包括一侧鼻翼外侧部分软组织缺损、鼻翼游离缘缺损、鼻翼完全缺损、鼻尖软组织缺损、鼻翼鼻尖缺损、鼻背缺损,依据外鼻缺损及肿瘤侵犯程度的不同,采用不同的皮瓣,以鼻翼沟、鼻唇沟为中心,应用推进皮瓣、鼻唇沟软组织蒂岛状皮瓣、鼻唇沟返折皮瓣、额部轴型皮瓣、游离耳廓复合软组织瓣等方式一期修复.结果 62例患者中2例皮瓣术后完全坏死,1例皮瓣大部坏死,只有上缘小部分成活,2例出现边缘部分坏死,2例出现周边部分表皮脱落.其余55例皮瓣成活,所有成活皮瓣外形满意,1例有明显鼻塞,其余鼻腔通气功能良好.随访半年至8年未见肿瘤复发.结论 外鼻基底细胞癌采用Mohs手术多个方向切缘的病理以确保切除彻底,术后依据缺损部位及程度应用各种皮瓣,特别是邻近带蒂皮瓣,一期修复外鼻缺损,成活率高,外形整复效果良好.     

外鼻组织缺损的修复

目的：探讨外鼻组织缺损美学修复的方法。方法：以Yotsuyanagi等的鼻部美学分区原则为基础，结合笔者的临床实践，将鼻部分为鼻尖、鼻翼、鼻背上部、鼻背下部、鼻背旁区5个美学单位，采用鼻唇沟随意皮瓣、邻近菱形瓣、额部岛状瓣、鼻唇沟逆行岛状瓣、前臂带蒂皮瓣等方法修复外鼻组织缺损。结果：术后随访3个月～5年，疗效及外形满意，无一例复发。结论：采用邻近皮瓣及前臂带蒂皮瓣可以实现外鼻组织缺损的美学修复。     

局部岛状皮瓣在复杂咽瘘修复中的应用

目的　分析局部岛状皮瓣修复复杂咽瘘的疗效和临床价值。方法　回顾性分析2015年9月～2020年5月首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院11例咽瘘患者,共计12个局部岛状皮瓣修复复杂咽瘘缺损的病历资料,11例患者均为男性,年龄50～68岁,中位年龄63.5岁,颈部放疗史7例,局部皮瓣修复史2例,咽瘘病程1个月～3年,缺损范围1.0 cm×1.5 cm～5 cm×6 cm。随访时间4～20个月。结果　Ⅰ期愈合7例,Ⅱ期愈合2例,咽瘘未愈合或复发3例。Ⅱ期愈合的患者在术后出现局部感染,局部吻合口形成瘘口,给予换药、清创缝合后愈合。结论　局部岛状皮瓣适用于修复合并颈前皮肤软组织缺损的复杂咽瘘。     

鼻科学

910511 鼻翼缺损修复四例/张元龙…∥中华耳鼻咽喉科杂志.-1990,25(5).-316 用额肌岛状筋膜皮瓣修复鼻翼缺损四例,获得较满意的效果。其中男女各2例,3例因癌肿,1例由感染引起。(晓峰)     

Extensive defects of the sino-orbital region. Results with microvascular reconstruction.

We performed microvascular free-tissue reconstruction of extensive defects in the sino-orbital region in 11 patients. Reconstructions were immediate in 10 patients and delayed in one patient. There was loss of orbit in eight patients, maxilla in eight patients, cranial base in two patients, and skin and soft tissue of the face in six patients. Nine rectus abdominis flaps, one radial forearm flap, and one lateral arm flap were used. Palatal reconstruction with autologous tissue was successful in all patients. Cranial base repairs healed without sequelae or evidence of meningitis. Cosmetically, soft-tissue repair of facial skin was only satisfactory. For large defects, it was difficult to reconstruct the palate and facial soft tissue and to maintain nasal airway patency with a single microvascular procedure. Free-tissue transfers remain the safest and most versatile reconstructive procedure for massive sino-orbital defects after ablation of a tumor.     

The palatal island flap for reconstruction of palatal and retromolar trigone defects revisited.

BACKGROUND: Although a host of local soft tissue flaps have been described for the reconstruction of postoperative palatal defects, tissue-borne palatal obturators remain the most common form of rehabilitation of these defects. The palatal island flap, first applied to the reconstruction of the retromolar trigone and palatal defects, was first described by Gullane and Arena in 1977. This single-staged mucoperiosteal flap offers a reliable source of regional vascularized soft tissue that obviates the need for prosthetic palatal rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: To describe a series of 5 cases in which the palatal island flap was used as a primary palatal or retromolar reconstruction. METHODS: We have retrospectively reviewed 5 consecutive cases between March 1998 and August 1999 wherein palatal island flaps were used for the primary reconstruction of postablative palatal defects. Each case was reviewed for primary pathologic findings, postoperative wound complications, postoperative speech and swallowing, and donor site morbidity. Selection of this reconstructive technique was based on the size and location of the defect and the assessment by the surgeon that the arc of rotation and amount of residual palatal mucosa were appropriate. RESULTS: Six local palatal island flaps were performed on 5 patients who had not undergone irradiation (1 patient underwent bilateral flaps). The primary pathologic findings included T1 N0 squamous cell carcinoma, T4 N0 squamous cell carcinoma, T2 N0 low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, pigmented neurofibroma, and T2 N0 low-grade clear cell carcinoma. All of the lesions were located on the hard or soft palate or the retromolar trigone, and the average defect size was 7.2 cm(2). All 5 patients began an oral diet between postoperative days 1 and 5 (mean, 2 days), and all patients were discharged home without postoperative donor site or recipient site complications between days 1 and 6 (mean, 3 days). Donor site reepithelialization was complete by 4 weeks in all 5 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The palatal island flap offers a reliable method of primary reconstruction for limited lesions of the retromolar trigone and hard and soft palate. The mucoperiosteal tissue associated with this flap is ideal for partitioning the oral and nasal cavities and obviates the need for prosthetic palatal obturation.     

游离腓骨肌皮瓣及CT血管造影技术在颌面部软硬组织缺损功能性重建中的应用

目的：评估应用游离腓骨肌皮瓣功能性重建口腔颌面部软硬组织缺损及术前增强CT血管造影检查的临床价值。方法：口腔癌患者8例,应用游离腓骨肌皮瓣一期修复下颌骨及周围软组织缺损,血管吻合采用端端吻合法,分析腓骨肌皮瓣的设计、大小、修复部位和存活情况等。术前行供瓣区增强CT断层扫描血管造影（CTA）排查腓骨肌皮瓣血管变异。结果：1例牙龈癌患者存在腓动脉与胫后动脉共干,改用其他肌皮瓣修复;余7例游离腓骨肌皮瓣全部成活,均携带1块皮岛,皮岛6cm×2cm～10．0cm×3．5cm,用于口内软组织缺损修复。术后语音功能基本正常,面部外形、功能及咬合关系良好。下肢功能在术后2周～2个月恢复正常。结论：术前CTA检查对游离腓骨肌皮瓣的供区评价具有十分重要的应用价值。游离腓骨肌皮瓣的骨量充足,具有骨膜和骨髓双重血供,抗感染能力强。可根据需要做截骨塑形从而更加准确地恢复颌骨牙槽突形态,腓骨的高度和宽度以及皮质骨的厚度也十分适合牙种植体的植入。游离腓骨瓣的皮岛还可作为术后血供的观察窗,是能够同时兼顾颌骨缺损及周围软组织缺损功能修复重建的理想方法。     

颅颌面联合切除术后大型缺损的游离组织瓣修复

目的 探讨游离组织瓣修复颅颌面联合切除术后大型缺损的应用价值。方法 自1980年7月以来,对25例恶性肿瘤侵及颅底的患者,共32块组织瓣进行各类游离组织瓣修复术,其中胸大肌肌皮瓣15例,胸大肌皮瓣联合前臂桡侧皮瓣5例,背阔肌肌皮瓣5例（其中2例联合前锯肌）。结果 除1例死于急性脑水肿外,无其它严重并发症发生,本组技术开展早期组织瓣移植后血管危象出现率较高（3/7）,其主要表现为静脉吻合口栓塞,而以后的出现率则明显降低（2/25）。25例游离组织瓣,除1例前臂皮瓣全部坏死及1例胸大肌皮瓣坏死外,其余全部成活。结论 游离组织瓣修复颅颌面联合切除术后大型缺损克服了早期带蒂组织皮瓣修复中长度及组织量不啼,并减少了术后脑脊液漏等并发症,有利于患者术后外形及功能恢复。     

Free microvascular tissue transfer. Clinical significance in reconstructive surgery of the head and neck

Free microvascular anastomosed tissue transfer has improved the reconstruction of soft tissue defects dramatically. For reconstruction of facial and cervical soft tissue defects numerous free flaps are available to the head and neck surgeon, however, most of the reconstructive problems can be solved by using a limited number of reliable and versatile techniques. In microvascular tissue transfer, the scapular flap offers similar advantages as to reliability and versatility as the pectoralis major flap in pedicled tissue transfer. In contrast to the scapular flap the groin flap is more bulky, its skin is soft and may carry pubic hair on its medial aspect. After partial maxillectomy or in facial dysplasia facial contour may be restored satisfactory with a completely or partially de-epithelialized scapular flap. In total hypopharyngeal and cervicoesophageal defects the jejunum transplant provides an ideal tubular replacement. If after resection of an intraoral carcinoma with partial mandibulectomy an osteocutaneous transfer has to be achieved the mandibular defect may be reconstructed with bone from the iliac crest or from the radius while the intra- and extraoral tissue defect may be closed with the adjacent skin flaps. For the closure of large penetrating defects of the cheek the inferior epigastric abdominal wall flap in particular has proved a versatile and reliable flap. This flap offers both, a cutaneous and a peritoneal surface. Latter is used for the replacement of the intraoral lining.     

Improving outcomes of locoregional flaps: an emphasis on anatomy and basic science

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There has been renewed interest by surgeons in locoregional flaps for facial renconstructive problems previously thought to be optimally managed by microvascular tissue transfer. Complication rates of locoregional flaps are similar to those of free flaps. Successful reconstruction using local flaps is largely based on an understanding of regional vascular anatomy. RECENT FINDINGS: Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle flap studies have elucidated patterns of arterial and venous anatomy to allow for improved flap design. Perioral vascular studies in cadavers demonstrate consistent and reliable patterns of blood supply. The terminal vascular anatomy of the submental island flap has been recently studied. The reverse-flow submental artery flap has been used to reconstruct periorbital soft tissue defects. Preliminary studies show that a full-thickness forehead flap can be utilized to simultaneously reconstruct both the external and internal surfaces of the nose. Basic fibroblast growth factor has been found to have a protective effect on random skin flap viability. SUMMARY: Locoregional flaps remain a useful tool for head and neck reconstruction, and often provide unique characteristics not available with free flap reconstruction. A sound understanding of vascular anatomy and recent basic science discoveries will significantly improve success of locoregional reconstruction.     

The use of palatal island flaps as an adjunct to microvascular free tissue transfer for reconstruction of complex oromandibular defects

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of using palatal island flaps in combination with free tissue transfer for reconstruction of large, complex oral cavity defects. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective evaluation of patients with large, combined defects of the oral cavity reconstructed with palatal flaps in conjunction with microvascular free tissue transfer. METHODS: Elevation of a palatal flap was performed after completion of tumor resection. The flap was rotated and secured into place. A free flap was then harvested and inset to reconstruct the remaining oromandibular defect. Free flaps included the rectus abdominis (6), fibula (16), and radial forearm (6). RESULTS: Large complex oral cavity defects were repaired with a palatal island flap in conjunction with microvascular free tissue transfer in 28 consecutive patients. There were no complications associated with this flap. CONCLUSION: Maximal functional rehabilitation of large, complex oral defects requires independent reconstruction of the various regions of the oral cavity rather than single flap reconstruction. When used as an adjunct to free tissue transfer, the palatal island flap offers a reliable method for reconstructing large combination defects.     

Role of the island deltopectoral flap in contemporary head and neck reconstruction

OBJECTIVES: The deltopectoral flap (DP) was originally described 40 years ago for head and neck reconstruction. Since that time, use of pedicled myocutaneous flaps and free tissue transfer has supplanted the DP flap as a first-line reconstructive tool. The island DP flap, a variation of the DP flap wherein the skin bridge is de-epithelialized, provides a source of thin and pliable tissue that can be useful for select head and neck reconstruction. The purpose of this review is to assess the utility of the island DP flap in contemporary head and neck reconstruction. METHODS: A retrospective review of 16 consecutive cases utilizing the island DP flap was performed. Indications, complications, and outcome were reviewed in an effort to determine the role of the island DP in contemporary head and neck reconstruction. RESULTS: Sixteen island DP flap procedures were successfully performed in 16 patients for a variety of reconstructions, including esophageal, laryngeal, cutaneous, and pharyngeal defects. The donor skin paddles averaged 22.4 cm2 (range, 14 to 40.8 cm2). There were no recipient site complications; however, there was 1 donor site hematoma that was managed with drainage. In all 16 cases, the island DP flap provided an appropriate source of donor tissue for reconstruction of limited defects of the pharynx, esophagus, and skin of the neck. CONCLUSIONS: The island DP flap is a reliable donor site that provides an excellent source of thin and pliable tissue for limited defects of the head and neck.     

Versatility and aesthetic performance of the submental flap for reconstruction of skin defects in head and neck

The submental flap (SMF) is a reliable option for head and neck reconstruction. It is a pedicle flap based on the submental artery and vein, divisions of the facial pedicle.The purpose of this Operative Technique is to describe the step-by-step setup of the submental flap for reconstruction of the preauricular region and to briefly examine its versatility and range of choices in skin and soft tissue defect reconstruction (see Supplemental video in the online version of the article).The harvesting of the SMF provides an aesthetically acceptable result for both the donor and reconstructed sites. The main advantages of the flap are its excellent color and texture match to the tissue in the cheek, and the possibility of restoring pilosity in male patients.In the opinion of the authors, the SMF is one of the best reconstructive alternatives for defects in the lower two-thirds of the face in elderly male patients.