蒸发器流程布置的数值模拟研究与分析

基于湿球温度效率法，建立了蒸发器的稳态分布参数模型，分析了三种不同流路布置蒸发器的换热性能，并与前人的实验研究结果进行对比，计算所得的换热量与试验值的最大偏差为9．44％，说明该模型切实可行。运用该模型计算并分析了六种不同流路布置蒸发器的流动和换热特性，结果表明：逆流布置蒸发器换热最好，错流其次，顺流最差。各种流路布置方案管外迎风面风速不变时，随着管内冷媒流量的增大，管内压降、总换热景、显热换热量、潜热换热量均增大，但潜热所占比重增大。管内冷媒流量保持不变，蒸发器迎风面风速增大时，总换热量、显热换热量均增大，潜热换热量、压降、吸湿系数均减小；当风速增大到一定程度时，蒸发器换热量、压降的变化都趋于平缓。同时，在蒸发器流路布置中，重力的影响不可忽略。研究结论为蒸发器流程布置的优化设计提供了理论基础和指导方向。     

流程布置对R407C冷凝器性能的影响

本文基于传热单元法，建立了冷凝器的分布参数模型。以R407C为工质，运用该模型详细分析了四种不同流程布置两排管冷凝器的换热和流动特性，并与以R22为工质的冷凝器进行了性能比较。结果表明：采用R407C为工质时，四种流程布置中，无论是随着管内冷媒流量的变化，还是随着冷凝器迎风面风速的变化，逆流布置换热效果都是最好，换热量比顺流高约5％-40％，压降比顺流高约3％-10％，其次是错流布置，顺流布置最差。在与以R22为工质的冷凝器性能比较中，无论是随着管内冷媒流量的变化，还是随着迎风面风速的变化，R407C冷凝器换热量都比R22冷凝器高约3％-5％，压降低约5％-10％，是其理想的替代产品。     

来流不均匀性对冷凝器性能影响的数值研究

基于相关文献提出的冷凝器分布参数模型,运用该模型分析了不同来流分布、不同冷媒流量、不同流程布置以及不同换热管排数时来流不均匀性对冷凝器性能的影响,得出了一些实用性的结论。研究表明：不同的空气来流分布形式对冷凝器性能的影响程度不同,不均匀程度的大小可以由不均匀因子τ来衡量,当来流不均匀程度增大时,不均匀因子τ增大,冷凝器换热性能恶化,整体性能下降。     

流路布置对R22替代工质冷凝器性能的影响研究

基于相关文献提出的冷凝器分布参数模型,分别以R22的3种替代产品（R407C,R410A,R134A）为工质,分析了4种不同流路布置的2排管冷凝器的换热和流动特性,并与以R22为工质的冷凝器进行了性能比较。结果表明：采用R22的3种替代工质时,冷凝器性能的变化规律基本一样,4种流路布置中,在随着管内冷媒流量的变化和随着冷凝器迎风面风速的变化两种工况下,逆流换热效果最好,其次是错流,顺流最差;在与R22为工质的冷凝器性能比较中,采用3种替代工质的冷凝器换热量及进出口压降的变化趋势基本一样;在3种替代工质中,R410A性能较好,换热量最大、压降最低,但其冷凝压力比R22高出60%左右,R134A压降较大,这两种都不是理想替代物,而R407C与R22在换热量及压降方面最为接近,是其理想的替代工质。     

每管六涡扁长椭圆管换热板芯片间距对强化传热的影响

基于相关文献提出的冷凝器分布参数模型,运用该模型分析了不同来流分布、不同冷媒流量、不同流程布置以及不同换热管排数时来流不均匀性对冷凝器性能的影响,得出了一些实用性的结论,可用来预测来流不均匀对冷凝器性能造成的影响。所有研究表明：不同的空气来流分布形式对冷凝器性能的影响程度不同,不均匀程度的大小可以由不均匀因子τ来衡量,当来流不均匀程度增大时,不均匀因子τ增大,冷凝器换热性能恶化,整体性能下降。     

家用热泵空调器室外机换热器的流路优化

针对家用热泵空调器用的9.52 mm和7 mm双排室外换热器,在额定制冷制热工况下,利用仿真分析的方法研究流路数对换热器性能的影响,对9.52 mm换热器的流路的进一步优化,得到制冷制热综合性能更优的流路布置方式,并在整机上进行试验验证。结果表明,制冷剂侧压降对冷凝器和蒸发器的换热都有较大影响,特别是对较小管径的换热器;由于蒸发器中制冷剂侧压降较大,热泵空调器室外机用的换热器作冷凝器时对应的最佳流路数少于作蒸发器时的;适当增加过冷管数会进一步提高热泵空调器室外机换热器的综合换热能力;试验结果与仿真结果趋势大致相同。     

流程布置对R410A冷凝器性能的影响研究

本文基于效率-传热单元法,建立了空冷式冷凝器的分布参数模型.以R410A为工质,运用该模型详细分析了四种不同流程布置两排管冷凝器的换热和流动特性,并与以R22为工质的冷凝器进行了性能比较.结果表明采用R410A为工质时,四种流程布置中,无论是随着管内制冷剂流量的变化,还是随着冷凝器迎风面风速的变化,逆流布置换热效果最好,换热量比顺流高约5～15%,压降比顺流高约3～20%,其次是错流布置,顺流布置最差.在与以R22为工质的冷凝器性能比较中,无论是随着管内制冷剂流量的变化,还是随着迎风面风速的变化,R410A冷凝器换热量都比R22高约6～15%,压降低约30～50%.本研究结论为冷凝器流程布置的优化和设计提供了一定的理论基础和指导方向.     

不同流程布置风冷式冷凝器的数值研究

为了节省实验资源并缩短实验周期,本文应用三维分布参数模型对风冷式冷凝器的4种流程布置和5组不同制冷剂流量工况的流动换热性能进行数值研究,并通过实验验证了模型的可靠性。仿真模型对制冷剂换热量的预测与相同工况下的实验值的相对误差在±10%以内;制冷剂压降的预测值相对误差在±15%以内。模拟结果表明:为了使换热量尽量大的同时熵产数小,流程布置合流次数为0、2、3时所对应的最佳质量流量范围分别为511～540 kg/h、472～511 kg/h和432～472 kg/h。研究发现在低质量流量区域,选择有合流的管路更具优势;在高质量流量区域,则选择无合流的管路具有更好的传热特性。     

R22替代工质蒸发器的性能研究

基于湿球温度效率法,建立了蒸发器的稳态分布参数模型。分别以R22及其3种替代产品(R407C,R410A,R134A)为工质,运用该模型详细比较了在流量变化及风量变化两种情况下2排管蒸发器的换热和流动特性。结果表明：当迎风面风速不变时,随着管内冷媒流量的增大,各种工质蒸发器总换热量、显热换热量、潜热换热量均增大,但潜热换热量增大得更快。压降亦随着管内流量的增大而增大。当管内冷媒流量不变时,随着蒸发器迎风面风速的增大,各种工质蒸发器总换热量、显热换热量均增加,潜热换热量下降,同时压降亦下降,但下降的趋势随着风速的增大而最终趋于平缓。四种工质中,R134A性能较好,但其压降也最大,R410其次,压降最小,但其蒸发压力比R22高出60％左右。R407C与R22在换热量及压降方面最为接近,是其理想的替代产品。     

R22替代工质冷凝器的性能研究

本文基于传热单元法,建立了冷凝器的稳态分布参数模型.分别以R22及其3种替代产品(R407C,R410A,R134A)为工质,运用该模型详细比较了在流量变化及风量变化两种情况下2排管冷凝器的换热和流动特性.结果表明:无论是随着管内冷媒流量的变化,还是随着迎风面风速的变化,换热量及进出口压降的变化趋势基本一样.四种工质中,R410A性能较好(换热量最大,压降最低),但其冷凝压力比R22高出60%左右,R134A由于压降较大,两者都不是R22的理想替代物.R407C与R22在换热量及压降方面最为接近,是其理想的替代工质.     

Numerical and experimental studies of refrigerant circuitry of evaporator coils

This study attempts to analyze the performances of evaporator coils with complex refrigerant circuitry using a distributed simulation model, which has three elements: branch, tube and control volume. The governing equations for a control volume are presented in the paper together with the computer simulation procedure for branches, tubes and control volumes of a coil. The model predictions on four test coils are validated with experimental data collected under different airflow conditions using R134a as a refrigerant. Using this model, the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of the coils are studied. The study shows that while the thermal resistance of refrigerant side is comparable to that of airside, the coil comprehensive performance can be improved by changing the refrigerant mass velocity along the flow path. Compared with a common coil, using a complex refrigerant circuitry arrangement where the refrigerant circuits are properly branched or joined may reduce the heat transfer area by around 5% in coil design. A guideline is proposed for the refrigerant circuitry arrangements to improve the coil performance.     

分液冷凝器的管程理论设计及热力性能评价

根据分液冷凝器强化换热思想对其管程理论设计方法进行了研究。依据质量流速和干度来判断每一流程中制冷剂的流型,并依此选取Cavallini换热模型公式的方法求其平均换热系数,同时采用Cavallini两相压降模型和Darcy-Weisbach单相压降模型分别确定冷凝区和过冷段的压降。针对一个案例计算了三种管程设计方案下冷凝器管内冷凝换热系数和端压值,并用惩罚因子PF对其综合热力性能进行了评价。计算结果表明:不同的管程设计方案中管内制冷剂的流量分配均匀性存在较大的差异,均匀性越好,其综合热力性能越优。在质量流速为1200~1500 kg/(m2.s)范围内,与同等换热面积的蛇形管冷凝器相比,其中最好的分液冷凝器的PF值减小了48.5%~54.1%,可见设计优良的分液冷凝器的综合热力性能明显优于蛇形管冷凝器。     

Heat transfer performance variations of condensers due to non-uniform air velocity distributions

The heat transfer performance variations of condensers that are caused by non-uniform distributions of air flows are investigated using a numerical simulation method. A heat exchanger designed for the outdoor unit of a heat pump system is selected and represented using a numerical model. A non-uniform profile of the air velocity is constructed through measuring the air velocity at various locations on the outdoor unit. Numerical analyses are conducted for various refrigerant circuits and air flow conditions. The results demonstrate that the heat transfer capacity is reduced depending on the air flow rate and the refrigerant circuit configuration. It is also demonstrated that the capacity reduction rate is increased as the average air velocity decreases.     

Refrigerant performance evaluation including effects of transport properties and optimized heat exchangers

Preliminary refrigerant screenings typically rely on using cycle simulation models involving thermodynamic properties alone. This approach has two shortcomings. First, it neglects transport properties, whose influence on system performance is particularly strong through their impact on the performance of the heat exchangers. Second, the refrigerant temperatures in the evaporator and condenser are specified as input, while real-life equipment operates at imposed heat sink and heat source temperatures; the temperatures in the evaporator and condensers are established based on overall heat transfer resistances of these heat exchangers and the balance of the system.The paper discusses a simulation methodology and model that addresses the above shortcomings. This model simulates the thermodynamic cycle operating at specified heat sink and heat source temperature profiles, and includes the ability to account for the effects of thermophysical properties and refrigerant mass flux on refrigerant heat transfer and pressure drop in the air-to-refrigerant evaporator and condenser. Additionally, the model can optimize the refrigerant mass flux in the heat exchangers to maximize the coefficient of performance. The new model is validated with experimental data and its predictions are contrasted to those of a model based on thermodynamic properties alone.     

二氧化碳翅片管式蒸发器模拟与分析

运用分布参数法建立采用CO2的翅片管式蒸发器的数学模型，分析制冷剂侧和空气侧温度、压力和换热的变化情况。同时讨论迎面风速和制冷剂质量流量对蒸发器换热和流动性能的影响，结果表明提高迎面风速可以增加换热效果，但增加的趋势趋于平缓。制冷剂侧压降则成近似线性增大；随着管内工质流量的增大，蒸发器总换热量和制冷荆侧压降都成近似线性增大。这些工作有助于进一步了解CO2在翅片管式蒸发器中的换热和流动特性，并为换热器的优化设计和系统的匹配提供理论依据。     

Detailed simulation of fluted tube water heating condensers

Fluted tube-in-tube condensers are key components in advanced energy efficient water heating heat pumps. Therefore, there exists a need for a computer design tool that incorporates all the essential features of these heat exchangers. This paper describes the development of a detailed model to simulate fluted tube refrigerant-to-water condensers. The model allows the surface area to be divided into any number of sections for which all the refrigerant and water properties can be evaluated. This allows for the extension of the model to simulate heat exchangers for cycles employing zeotropic refrigerant mixtures. For the waterside existing empirical equations are used for both friction and heat transfer. However, on the refrigerant side no correlations are available in the literature to calculate friction and heat transfer coefficients. The approach followed in this paper is therefore to use existing smooth tube correlations combined with enhancement ratios based on correlations available for helical coils as well as enhancement factors based on empirical data for fluted tube condensers. The model is validated with the aid of results from independent tests on two commercial fluted tube heat exchangers. The average difference between the simulated and measured pressure drops is 7.27% and the average difference for the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) is 4.41%.     

R134a单元式风冷冷风机组冷凝器设计

单元式风冷冷风空调机组普遍采用波纹翅片管冷凝器。对冷凝器进行设计的关键是确定制冷工质在铜管内的冷凝换热系数及空气在翅片侧的表面换热系数，同时也需要考虑空气流过冷凝器的压降，以便选择风机。采用数学模型及换热关联式计算相关参数，在此基础上对R134a单元式风冷冷风空调机组的冷凝器进行设计。     

多元平行流冷凝器传热流动性能研究

平行流冷凝器空气侧采用间断型扩展表面的波纹型百叶窗翅片,制冷剂侧采用小水力直径的非圆截面微通道多孔铝制扁管,选用适合于该微尺度强化换热结构的传热和压降关联式,对某规格的平行流冷凝器建立数学模型并在一定工况下进行数值模拟.结果分析表明,制冷剂在非圆截面微通道内的冷凝过程中,表面张力对表面传热系数的强化效果明显;通过改变流程数和各流程管数来改变冷凝过程中的流通截面而达到调整流速的作用,从而可以保持较高的冷凝换热系数和较低的流动压降,与常规换热器相比具有显著的优越性.