达沙替尼与槲皮素在大鼠体内药动学相互作用特征

目的:探讨达沙替尼与槲皮素联用后在大鼠体内药动学相互作用特征。方法:将大鼠随机分为3组,分别灌胃给药达沙替尼3.5 mg·kg^-1、槲皮素35 mg·kg^-1、达沙替尼3.5 mg·kg^-1+槲皮素35 mg·kg^-1,连续给药14 d,于第15天给药后不同时间点眼眶采血,离心获取上层血浆。采用酶解法处理血浆样品,建立高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法同时检测血浆中的达沙替尼与槲皮素,描绘平均血药浓度-时间曲线,通过DAS 3.2.2软件对药动学参数进行分析。结果:达沙替尼单用与联用状态下主要药动学参数如下,AUC_0-t:(0.28±0.035),(0.49±0.051)μg·h·mL^-1;AUC_0-∞:(0.29±0.035),(0.51±0.047)μg·h·mL^-1;MRT_0-t:(7.74±0.31),(7.44±0.25) h; MRT_0-∞:(8...     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定人血清中奋乃静浓度及其临床应用

目的采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)建立测定人血清中奋乃静浓度的方法。方法色谱条件:色谱柱为Aglient XDB-C18(4.6 mm×50 mm,1.8μm);流动相为甲醇-水(90∶10,V/V,2 mmol·L^-1甲酸铵);流速为0.7 m L·min^-1;柱温35℃;进样量10μL。采用乙腈蛋白沉淀法前处理血清样本,定量离子对分别为m/z 404.15→m/z 171.15(奋乃静)和m/z 412.15→m/z 179.15(奋乃静-d8)。采用该方法对52例233份精神分裂症患者多次口服奋乃静后稳态药物浓度进行监测。结果奋乃静标准曲线方程为Y=2.014X-0.012 8(R2=0.998 6),线性范围为0.10~10.00 ng·mL^-1。定量下限(0.10 ng·mL^-1),低(0.30 ng·mL^-1),中(3.00 ng·mL^-1),高(7.50 ng·mL^-1) 4个浓度的质控样品的批内和批间精密度RSD<15%,提取回收率分别为101.11%,95.37%,96.52%,101.32%。结论使用HPLC-MS/MS法检测奋乃静的血药浓度具有灵敏度高、可操作性强、结果准确度高等优点,可用于临床上奋乃静的血药浓度监测。     

低血浆白蛋白对丙戊酸钠血药浓度的影响

目的：研究低血浆白蛋白(Alb)对丙戊酸钠(VPA)浓度的影响。方法：选取常州市第一人民医院2018年1月–2022年3月使用VPA并进行血药浓度监测的564例患者,血浆Alb<35 g·L^-1为试验组,≥35 g·L^-1为对照组,收集患者一般临床资料、用药情况及VPA血药浓度监测结果等信息,比较VPA血药浓度、剂量校正浓度及肝功能异常发生率的差异,并分析Alb含量对低血浆Alb患者VPA浓度的影响。结果：试验组与对照组患者VPA平均血药浓度为(77.40±28.47)和(67.14±29.33)μg·mL^-1,平均剂量校正浓度为(7.92±2.69)·10^-2和(6.99±2.43)·10^-2μg·mL^-1·mg^-1,肝功能异常发生率为17.05%和10.46%,在低血浆Alb患者中,Alb重度降低组和中度降低组VPA浓度显著高于轻度降低组,以上差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：低血浆Alb患者VPA浓度及肝功...     

克洛己新分散片在中国健康成人的生物等效性研究

目的 评价克洛己新分散片和克洛己新片在中国健康成年人体内的药代动力学与相对生物利用度。方法 用单中心、随机、开放、两周期、交叉的试验研究设计。24例健康受试者随机交叉单次口服受试制剂和参比制剂516 mg,用HPLC-UV法测定头孢克洛的血药浓度,用LC-MS/MS法测定溴己新的血药浓度,用WinNonlin 6.1软件计算药代动力学参数。结果 受试者服用受试制剂和参比制剂后,血浆中头孢克洛受试制剂和参比制剂的C_max分别为（13.00±3.72）和（11.15±3.62）μg·mL^-1,t_max分别为（0.87±0.53）和（1.08±0.80）h, AUC_0-t分别为（17.05±2.76）和（16.85±2.87）μg·mL^-1·h, AUC_0-∞分别为（17.32±2.78）和（17.02±2.86）μg·mL^-1·h; AUC_0-t和AUC_0-∞的90%置信区间（CI）分别为96....     

腹膜透析相关腹膜炎患者万古霉素血药浓度监测结果分析

目的:分析腹膜透析(腹透)相关腹膜炎患者万古霉素血药浓度结果及特点,为腹透患者合理使用万古霉素提供参考。方法:收集2015年1月-2020年12月我院第一医学中心监测万古霉素血药浓度的腹透相关腹膜炎患者的病例资料,回顾性分析万古霉素血药浓度的分布情况、临床治疗方案,探讨血药浓度与治疗方案的关系。结果:万古霉素治疗腹透相关腹膜炎的常用方案为腹腔给药1g·次^-1,给药间隔以每3~4d一次为主。63例次万古霉素血药浓度结果中,浓度>15μg·mL^-1的比例为47.6%。首剂使用万古霉素1g腹腔给药后,首次监测血药浓度<15μg·mL^-1的比例为85.7%(18/21),血药浓度均值为(11.0±3.2)μg·mL^-1;第2次和第3次给药后血药浓度均值分别为(15.7±3.6)μg·mL^-1和(18.9±5.2)μg·mL^-1,血药浓度>15μg·mL^-1的比例逐渐提高,前3剂给药后血药浓度均值存在显著性差异(P<0.01)。给药≥3次后监测血药浓度>20μg·mL^-1的比例为25.0%(7/28)。结论:腹透相关腹膜炎患者的万古霉素血药浓度存在较大的个体差异。首剂给予万古霉素1g留腹后血药浓度不易达标,建议首剂给予更高的负荷剂量或缩短前2剂的给药间隔;多次给药后,血药浓度升高,存在蓄积风险,应根据血药浓度延长给药间隔或减少剂量。     

虫草素及其代谢物3′-脱氧肌苷在大鼠体内的药动学

目的 建立血浆虫草素及代谢物3’-脱氧肌苷(3′-Deo)的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)测定方法,研究其在大鼠体内的药动学。方法 以2-氯腺苷(2-Chl)为内标,甲醇沉淀蛋白,色谱柱为Kinetex C₁₈(3 mm×100 mm, 2.6μm),流动相为水(5 mmol·L^-1乙酸铵)-甲醇溶液,梯度洗脱。电喷雾离子源,正离子多反应监测。研究大鼠灌胃虫草素(10 mg·kg^-1)后血浆虫草素及3′-Deo药动学。结果 虫草素和3′-Deo分别在0.5～100和1～200 ng·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,定量下限分别为0.5和1 ng·mL^-1。大鼠灌胃虫草素后,血浆虫草素浓度较低,主要转化为3′-Deo。虫草素和3′-Deo的峰浓度(C_max)分别为(5.4±3.4)和(142.0±50.0) ng·mL^-1,血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC_{0-360 min})分别为(658.4±459.3)和(...     

左乙拉西坦血药浓度影响因素探讨及参考区间的初步建立

目的建立癫痫患儿左乙拉西坦血药浓度的参考区间,并探讨血药浓度相关的影响因素,为临床个体化用药提供参考。方法收集规律服用左乙拉西坦不少于3个月的0~14岁门诊及住院的332例患儿血样,用高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法测定左乙拉西坦的血药浓度,分析单用药组、联合用药组及不同性别对左乙拉西坦血药浓度的影响。结果血药浓度数据分析显示,单用药组与联合用药组的左乙拉西坦血药浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。单用药组男性血药浓度为9.40(5.90~12.50)μg·mL^-1,女性为7.73(5.59~10.42)μg·mL^-1;联合用药组男性血药浓度为9.57(6.82~12.90)μg·ml-1,女性为7.62(5.84~10.40)μg·mL^-1;总用药组男性血药浓度为9.06(5.22~12.40)μg·mL^-1,女性为7.73(5.41~11.20)μg·mL^-1,单用药组与总用药组不同性别间血药浓度差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。本研究总样本左乙拉西坦血药浓度参考区间为2.5~24μg·mL^-1。结论儿童抗癫痫治疗时血药浓度与剂量存在相关性;而性别及联合用药等因素的影响,后续还需扩大样本量进一步研究验证。     

复方替米沙坦片中主成分的血药浓度测定及体内药动学特征

目的建立用于测定人血浆中复方替米沙坦片中两种成分替米沙坦和氢氯噻嗪的HPLC测定方法,并用于研究健康志愿者口服复方替米沙坦片的药动学特征。方法 12名健康志愿者口服试验片剂,于规定时间点取血,分别用高效液相-荧光法和高效液相-二级质谱联用测定人血浆中替米沙坦和氢氯噻嗪浓度。用梯形法计算AUC,以实测值计算t_max和ρ_max,采用药动学统计软件DAS2.0计算其他药动学参数。结果替米沙坦的线性范围为2.5～500μg·L^-1,r=0.999 9,方法回收率99.42%～108.69%,RSD均≤2.62%,最低检测浓度为1.25μg·L^-1;氢氯噻嗪的线性范围为1～200μg·L^-1（r=0.999 4）,方法回收率95.58%～112.15%,RSD均≤4.86%,最低检测浓度为0.5μg·L^-1。12名受试者口服复方替米沙坦后,替米沙坦的主要药动学参数为:AUC_0→t（1 800±859）μg·h·L^-1,AUC_0→∞（1 967±858）μg·h·L^-1,ρ_max（181±68）μg·L^-1,t_max（1.7±0.9）h,t_1/2（22.15±10.64）h。氢氯噻嗪的主要药动学参数为AUC_0→t（519±151）μg·h·L^-1,AUC_0→∞（542±149）μg·h·L^-1,ρ_max（72.3±25.1）μg·L^-1,t_max（2.3±0.9）h,t_1/2（7.44±2.50）h。结论建立的替米沙坦和氢氯噻嗪的HPLC测定方法灵敏、准确、专属,适合于复方制剂两成分的血药浓度测定。体内药动学研究表明该复方制剂两成分没有改变各自体内的药动学行为。     

用LC-MS/MS法同时测定血清中维奈托克、伏立康唑和阿糖胞苷的血药浓度

目的 建立一种高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法同时检测人血清中维奈托克、伏立康唑、阿糖胞苷的药物浓度,拟应用于人体药代动力学试验生物样本的测定。方法 用蛋白沉淀法进行血浆样本前处理,Kinetex C18液相色谱柱(2.1 mm×50.0 mm, 2.6μm),A相为3 mmol·L^-1甲酸铵+0.1%甲酸水溶液,B相为0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液,流速0.3 mL·min^-1,梯度洗脱;在正离子模式下,多反应监测模式扫描监测维奈托克m/z 868.3→636.2和navitoclax m/z 974.4→742.4、伏立康唑m/z 350.2→281.1和氟康唑m/z 307.1→238.3、阿糖胞苷m/z 244.1→112.1和阿昔洛韦m/z 226.1→152.0。结果 该方法中维奈托克、阿糖胞苷、伏立康唑分别在2～5 000 ng·mL^-1、2～2 000 ng·mL^-1、5～2 000 ng·mL^-1线性关系良好,定量下限分别为2 ng·mL^-1     

兔血浆中纳曲酮LC-MS/MS分析方法的建立及其在纳曲酮-3-O-辛酸酯药动学研究中的应用

目的建立快速灵敏的液相色谱-串联质谱法,研究纳曲酮-3-O-辛酸酯在兔体内的药动学。方法纳曲酮辛酸酯进入体内后可快速水解为纳曲酮,因此纳曲酮-3-O-辛酸酯在兔体内的药动学参数可基于纳曲酮的血浆样品浓度检测而获得。血浆样品预处理采用甲基叔丁基醚液液萃取方法,以纳洛酮为内标。采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,3.5μm)型色谱柱,以甲醇/0.1%甲酸水溶液(50∶50,V/V)作为流动相,流速0.2 mL·min^-1;正离子多反应监测模式:纳曲酮(m/z 342.2→324.1),内标纳洛酮(m/z 328.1→310.2);选用12只新西兰大耳白兔,分别im给予等摩尔剂量的纳曲酮和纳曲酮-3-O-辛酸酯,于给药前及给药后不同时间点取血,所得的血药浓度数据采用非房室模型计算主要药动学参数。结果血浆内源性物质均不干扰样品峰,建立的LC-MS/MS体内分析测定方法的绝对回收率>76%,线性范围为0.5~100μg·L^-1(r²>0.999)。兔im给予纳曲酮1.0 mg·kg^-1后纳曲酮的主要药动学参数为:Tmax为(6.7±2.6)min,Cmax为(681±153)μg·L^-1,T_1/2为(40.0±7.5)min,AUC0-t为(25850±4642)μg·min·L^-1,MRTtn为(43.7±6.1)min。兔im给予等摩尔剂量的纳曲酮辛酸酯1.2 mg·kg^-1后,纳曲酮的主要药动学参数为:Tmax为(240.0±120.0)min,Cmax为(61.3±10.6)μg·L^-1,T_1/2为(295.7±133.0)min,AUC0-t为(30650±6775)μg·min·L^-1,MRTtn为(406.1±5.0)min。结论本研究建立的LC-MS/MS方法灵敏度高,适用于纳曲酮-3-O-辛酸酯的药动学研究。与im等摩尔剂量的纳曲酮相比,纳曲酮-3-O-辛酸酯的达峰时间和半衰期显著延长,达峰浓度显著降低。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.