火焰筒扩张角与旋流匹配对燃烧特性的影响

为研究旋流器流量分配对干式低排放(Dry Low Emission,DLE)燃烧室燃烧特性的影响规律,针对单头部中心分级旋流燃烧室,以天然气作为燃料,在保持旋流数不变的前提下开展两级旋流器不同空气分配比例下的试验测试和数值模拟,获得不同结构参数条件下燃烧室的综合燃烧性能以及污染物排放等变化规律。研究表明：随主燃级/预燃级旋流器流量比增大,燃烧室中心回流区变小、回流区长度变短;预燃级局部当量比的增大造成燃烧室出口CO排放增加,主燃区燃烧加剧,热力型NOx排放也增加;同时,燃烧室中心高温区域向燃烧室出口方向扩张,出口温度分布均匀性变差。     

旋流数对某环管型燃烧室内燃烧及NOx生成特性的影响

采用数值模拟的方法对主喷嘴不同旋流数下某重型燃气轮机环管型燃烧室内流场、温度场和热力型NOx生成规律进行分析。结果表明：燃烧室内主喷嘴出口形成主回流区,根部贴近壁面处形成外部回流区;值班喷嘴出口处形成中心回流区;值班喷嘴出口扩散火焰区域与外部回流区温度较高,热力型NOx生成速率明显加快;旋流数增大,主回流区范围增大,外部回流区范围减小,中心回流区消失;燃烧峰值温度略有降低,高温区范围明显减小,热力型NOx生成速率降低;适当增大主喷嘴旋流数有利于控制NOx排放。     

旋流杯结构对火焰筒头部流场影响的试验研究

为深人研究旋流杯安装角、两级流量比、二级流通面积和套筒扩张角对火焰筒头部冷态流场的影响， 采用2D-3C粒子图像测速仪在常温常压下开展了相关试验研究。结果显示:适当增加叶片安装角可增大气 流的径向与切向速度分量，这一效果有助于提高油气掺混质量；内外两级流量比的增加将导致高速脉动区域 向内部移动，有利于燃油雾化，但回流区较窄、轴向速度较大，不利于稳定火焰和合理温度场的形成；随着二 级旋流面积的增大，回流区直径增大，射流速度降低，有利于稳定火焰;套筒扩张段在一定程度上对旋转射流 起引导作用，增大套筒扩张角将导致气流径向扩散能力加强。     

天然气低排放旋流燃烧室头部结构性能研究

本文设计了一种旋流燃烧室的旋流器及预混段结构。通过冷态数值模拟的方法评估了掺混段出口的总压损失及掺混不均匀度。计算结果显示同向双级旋流器能够在相对较低的总压损失下获得较好的掺混效果。之后通过相同的方法确定影响该型旋流器性能的四个几何参数:内层旋流数、外层旋流数、喷嘴直径和内外层流道面积比。研究结果得出了旋流器设计的具体尺寸。配合该旋流器设计,又通过燃烧数值模拟设计了三种掺混区布局。结果表明,较短的中心钝体结构会引起火焰锋面位置向燃烧室下游偏移,造成平面型火焰面,另外还会在掺混区中产生不稳定的回流区。最后通过改变预混段外径、中心体长度和直径得到了综合性能良好的燃烧室结构。     

中心分级燃烧室旋流角变化对燃烧特性的影响

实验研究了一种中心分级燃烧室值班级旋流角变化对燃烧性能的影响。采用了单头部单管式燃烧室,值班级一级旋流器旋流数分别为0. 63、0. 72和0. 93,实验研究了采用不同旋流数时燃烧室的点火、慢车贫油熄火、污染物排放和燃烧效率等燃烧特性。实验结果表明:旋流数变化对燃烧室的点火、慢车贫油熄火、污染物排放及燃烧效率等有很大影响;旋流数及一级旋流器和二级旋流器的旋流数差值增加后燃烧室的点火和慢车贫油熄火特性得到改善。一级旋流器旋流数的增加会导致污染物排放的增加及燃烧效率的下降。     

某型燃气轮机燃烧室预混燃烧流场数值研究

本文以某型燃气轮机燃烧室为模型,采用数值方法对其内部流场结构以及NO_x排放进行了研究。结果表明,燃烧室回流区由环形射流、中心回流、各旋流喷嘴中心回流、相邻旋流喷嘴之间的低速小回流以及在侧壁面与端壁之间形成的角落回流等5种不同流型共同组成;旋流数增加(0.6269~0.9403),燃烧室内回流区的体积减小,火焰长度减小,火焰根部向喷嘴端移动,燃烧室出口平面温度分布更均匀,燃烧室NO_x排放降低。     

三级旋流杯燃烧室流场测量与数值模拟

为满足高温升高热负荷燃烧室头部设计要求,参照旋流器设计准则,设计4种不同三级旋流杯燃烧室,采用数值模拟和PIV试验相结合方法对其冷态流场进行初步研究。研究结果表明:第3级旋流器叶片安装角增加,火焰筒头部旋流特性更显著,回流区直径增大,有利于火焰稳定;同时主燃孔射流深度增加,有利于截断火焰。第3级旋流器叶片数增加,主流速度衰减加快,气动损失增大,使火焰筒头部进气量减少,同时削弱三级旋流杯出口气流旋转强度,火焰筒头部回流区直径减小,不利于燃烧。     

旋流数对燃烧不稳定性及NO_x生成的影响

采用大涡模拟方法分析了旋流数对燃气轮机燃烧室内预混燃烧不稳定性以及NO_x生成特性的影响.结果表明:增大旋流数使得流场的扩张角增大,中心回流区范围扩大,对燃烧产物的卷吸能力增强,预混段内温度升高,高温区范围扩大,有利于燃料气流的着火与稳定燃烧,火焰长度也有所缩短;旋流数为0.7时,流场中仅存在一个进动涡核,旋流数较大时,则出现2个明显的进动涡核;增大旋流数使得涡旋周期性的脱落频率增加,破碎位置向上游移动,同时由于火焰长度缩短,热释放区域相对更为集中,从而导致燃烧室内压力脉动频率及其对应的压力峰值增大;增大旋流数也使得火焰宽度增大,峰值温度有所降低,有利于控制NO_x排放体积分数.     

钝体燃烧器环形后台阶预旋流动的数值研究

采用SST湍流模型对带旋流的三维环形后台阶的流场进行了数值分析,比较了不同孔阶比和来流旋流数对环形后台阶流场的影响.结果表明:在合适的边界条件和计算网格下,SST湍流模型对后台阶流动回流区长度的预测能力最佳;当来流旋流数为1.0时,钝体下游的中心回流区长度可以不受钝体孔阶比的影响,从而保证在多种工况下稳定的火焰;随着来流旋流数的增加,中心回流区长度接近正比例增加,来流预旋改变了钝体下游的流动结构,使轴向速度减小,速度峰值移向燃烧室的外侧壁面.通过对钝体孔阶比和旋流数进行联合优化,可得到合理的中心燃烧位置.     

初始条件对燃气轮机DLE燃烧室性能影响研究

以单头部中心分级旋流干式低排放(Dry Low Emission, DLE)燃烧室为研究对象,以天然气为燃料,针对不同的全局当量比、进口温度、进口压力条件开展试验测试和数值模拟,研究燃烧室的燃烧性能以及污染物排放的变化规律。研究发现：随全局当量比增大,中心回流区长度略有增大、宽度变窄、回流速度增大,燃料量的增加使得高温区面积明显扩大,燃烧室出口温升明显增大,出口温度分布系数变化不大,燃烧室出口CO和NO_x排放摩尔分数明显增大;随进口温度的增大,中心回流区长度先明显增大再减小、宽度变窄、回流速度先增大再减小,进口空气温度的升高使得反应速率加快从而导致燃烧室出口温度升高,但温升、出口温度分布系数变化不大,CO和NO_x排放摩尔分数增大;随进口压力的增大,中心回流区长度、宽度略有增大,回流速度增大,燃烧室内部和燃烧室出口温度无明显变化,出口温度分布系数减小,CO和NO_x排放摩尔分数受影响较小。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。