大型风电机组和电力系统联网及相关问题

为了解决能源供应和二氧化碳排放等问题,实现可持续发展,风能是人类近期最有可能大规模开发和利用的可再生能源。介绍当前主要存在的风力发电机系统及其控制,随着风力发电的迅速发展,大容量的风电场联网运行是必然趋势。以丹麦某计划建设中的海上风电场为例,讨论风电场可能采用的联网方式。以ABB公司所做的德国某海上风电场的联网案例来对比分析直流联网和交流联网的各自特点。分析了风力发电机组联网后与电网间的相互影响的问题,从电力系统的角度而言,如果风能将不再被视为一个“不重要的”能源,那么,就需要考虑风力发电机组对于电力系统稳定性、电能质量和系统建模的影响;从风机保护的角度而言,需要考虑电力系统发生故障时,风力发电机组对电力系统的暂态响应。     

Analysis of renewable energy integration into the transmission network

The increasing use of renewable energy contributes to climate change mitigation. However, a massive penetration of these latter systems into the power grid creates technical challenges due to the intermittent nature of these resources. A methodology to identify and overcome these challenges is presented in this work. A detailed network analysis is performed to simulate the impact of renewable sources on the grid and accordingly suggest mitigation methods. Different case studies were carried out on the Moroccan grid taking into consideration the country actual installed and planned renewable farms including concentrated solar power (CSP), photovoltaics (PV), and wind plants with doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG). A PSS®E software simulation tool is used in this work to conduct power flow analysis on the network’s lines, bus bars, and transformers. It is also used to investigate the voltage profile and stability of the electric grid. In addition, an N-1 contingency analysis is done to identify their impact on the reliability and security of supply. Finally, this paper presents solutions to reinforce the transmission grid.     

电网故障时双馈风电机组定子电压特性及影响分析

随着以双馈风力发电机为主的风力发电的大规模并网,电网故障期间并网双馈风电机组对电网的影响不断显现,使电网安全稳定运行面临着严峻挑战。为了有效评估双馈风电机组的暂态过程及其对电网的影响,需要掌握电网故障期间双馈发电机机端电压的大小及变化规律。基于双馈发电机的暂态过程,推导了稳态运行以及外部电网三相短路下双馈发电机定子电压的表达式。在此基础上,对双馈发电机定子电压的暂态特性进行了研究,明确了定子电压的影响因素,分析了电网故障时双馈风电机组对电网暂态电压分布的影响。最后通过仿真进一步分析了定子电压的变化规律并验证了推导的正确性。     

Power Electronic Drives,Controls, and Electric Generators for Large Wind Turbines–An Overview

Abstract—Wind represents a major and growing source of renewable energy for the electric power systems. This article provides an overview of state-of-the-art technologies and anticipated developments in the area of power electronic drives, controls, and electric generators for large multi-megawatt wind turbine systems. The principal components employed in a turbine for energy conversion from wind to electricity are described, and the main solutions that are commercially available are briefly reviewed. The specific issues of complex mission profiles, power codes, and reliability are discussed. Topics of power electronics, ranging from devices to circuit topologies, and similar matters for electric generators, together with results of optimal design studies are included. It is shown that the individual power rating of wind turbines has increased over the years, and technologies required to reach and exceed a power rating of 10 MW are discussed. The role of power electronics for improving the operation of wind turbines and ensuring compliance with power grid codes is analyzed with a view at producing fully controllable generation units suitable for tight integration into the power grid and large-scale deployment in future smart power systems.     

变速恒频双馈异步风力发电系统低电压穿越技术综述

随着以变速恒频(VSCF)双馈异步发电机(DFIG)为主体的大型风力发电机组在电网中所占比例的快速提高,电力系统对并网风力发电机在外部电网故障、特别是电网电压骤降故障下的不问断运行能力提出了更高的要求.本文首先分析了电网电压骤降对DFIG运行的影响,提出了DFIG风力发电系统低电压穿越运行的控制目标,继而总结、评价了各种适合于DFIG风力发电系统的低电压穿越技术,最后指出了DFIG风电系统低电压穿越技术的优化方向,以期展示该技术的最新进展及发展趋势.     

Controller saturation nonlinearity in doubly fed induction generator‐based wind turbines under unbalanced grid conditions

Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is widely used in wind energy generation systems due to its cost‐effective, partially rated back‐to‐back power converters, variable rotor speed operation, and maximum wind power capture. The conventional design assumes balanced grid voltage and utilizes power protection for the power converters. The DFIG wind turbine is naturally one of the major components in distributed generations of the smart grid system. However, newly developed smart grid system is rich in unbalanced loads. This paper summarizes the limiter settings of controllers and explores the nonlinear behaviors of the DFIG‐based wind power generation system with unbalanced loads. The generator rotor speed and an unbalanced load resistance are chosen as variation parameters. An emerging low‐frequency linear‐modulated oscillation at line second harmonic frequency with DC drifting is identified on the DC link voltage of the back‐to‐back power converters. In terms of second harmonic and the usually reported hazardous low‐frequency oscillation, the saturation nonlinearity and over‐modulation of the back‐to‐back power converter and its power flow are investigated and analyzed. The built‐in detailed model of the DFIG wind energy generation system in Matlab with SimPowerSystems library is used in this study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于PSCAD的2MW双馈风力发电机组低电压穿越能力研究

随着以变速恒频双馈异步发电机为主体的大型风力发电机组在电网中所占比例的迅速提高,电力系统对并网风机在外部电网故障,特别是电网电压跌落下的不间断运行能力提出了更高的要求。首先介绍了德国EON风力发电系统低电压穿越标准,在定子磁链定向的基础上推导了双馈风力发电系统的有功无功解耦控制策略,最后在PSCAD中建立了具有Crowbar保护电路的2 MW双馈风力发电系统模型。仿真结果表明双馈风力发电系统具有很好的电压风穿越能力,正常运行状态下能够实现单位功率因素运行。     

Intelligent soft-starter-based grid-integrated induction generator for pitch-regulated wind turbine system

Among the renewable energy sources, wind turbines play a vital role in power generation. One of the effective ways of power regulating systems is the pitch-regulated wind turbine, which is used to interface the grid and generator smoothly. In this paper, a novel approach of a pitch-regulated wind turbine using an intelligent soft-starter-based induction generator is presented. A neuro-fuzzy approach has been used as an intelligent tool in the soft-starter to estimate the firing angle of thyristors accurately so as to integrate the generator to the grid smoothly. Various wind turbine models such as 600, 1,000, and 1,500 kW are taken for simulation and simulation results have been presented to prove the proposed methodology.     

双馈异步发电机的工作原理及电磁设计

双馈异步发电机是结合了异步发电机和同步发电机优点的一种发电机。它在风力、水力等发电领域有广泛的应用前景。该文分析了双馈异步电机基本工作原理,给出了其电磁设计的特点,包括确定电机的计算功率及主要尺寸电机的电磁负荷及转子励磁电压等。     

Security-constrained power generation scheduling with thermal generating units,variable energy resources,and electric vehicle storage for V2G deployment

This paper investigates the role of integration of distributed storage with high penetration of variable renewable sources in power systems. The paper analyzes the impact of such integrations on the security, emission reduction, and the economic operation of electric power systems. The paper also identifies strategies for a larger penetration of variable generation resources without compromising the power system security. Mixed integer linear programing (MILP) is applied for the optimization of the day-ahead hourly security-constrained unit commitment. The assimilation of EVs (both as a provider and a utilizer of energy), renewable energy sources, and smart grid is regarded as a novel, low-cost, and low-emission solution to the existing challenges of electric power systems including the means of storing large quantities of energy considering variable renewable energy sources and large carbon footprints of conventional thermal units. Numerical studies are conducted in this paper to showcase the potential impacts of EV fleets as battery storage for peak load shaving, minimizing power grid operation costs and hourly wind curtailments, and optimizing the environmental impacts based on hourly commitment and dispatch of thermal generating units.     

双馈式风力发电系统低电压穿越技术分析

随着风电穿透功率的急剧增加,风力发电对地区电网稳定性的影响不容忽视,双馈式风电系统低电压穿越技术的研究成为热点问题。介绍了欧洲部分国家低电压穿越的标准,详细分析了双馈感应发电机在电网电压跌落时的暂态特性,总结和分析了双馈式风力发电系统低电压穿越功能的实现方案,并对双馈式风力发电系统低电压穿越技术的发展趋势进行了展望,指出在风电场规划设计阶段,必须慎重选择并网点,同时定制具有相应低电压穿越能力的风机。     

双馈风力发电机组并网控制策略及性能分析

为了实现双馈风力发电机组无冲击电流并网,基于电网电压定向矢量控制技术,提出了一种考虑转子电流动态调节特性的双馈风力发电机组空载并网控制策略。基于Matlab/Simulink仿真平台,建立了双馈风力发电机系统及其并网控制的数学模型,并对不同初始运行转速的双馈风力发电机组的自动并网运行特性进行了仿真。仿真实验结果证明无论初始转速为同步转速,还是超、亚同步转速,利用提出的并网控制策略,双馈风力发电机组能很好快速地建立定子电压,并网过渡过程定子电流基本没有冲击。     

并网型双馈电机风力发电系统建模与仿真

双馈电机已成为变速恒频风力发电系统的主流电机.文中介绍了交流励磁变速恒频双馈电机运行的基本原理,推导了风力机模型和交流励磁双馈电机动态数学模型.交流励磁变速恒频双馈电机风力发电系统空载运行和发电运行由于涉及并网时刻状态转移导致建模复杂,故提出用S函数描述双馈电机的数学模型,结合MATLAB中Simulink环境建立完备的系统仿真模型.由仿真结果可看出,所提系统实现了最大风能追踪控制,且动态响应快,双馈电机可运行于不同转差频率下亚同步和超同步状态,同时稳态时转子侧和定子侧注入电网谐波基本为零.     

Performance and efficiency control enhancement of wind power generation system based on DFIG using three-level sparse matrix converter

Nowadays, the power generation systems based on wind turbines is increasing continuously in the world. Hence, there are intense efforts provided by researchers for the development of this area. In high power system applications, multilevel converters are a competitive alternative to the two-level inverters. In this paper, a three-level sparse matrix converter (SMC3l) associated to a grid connected variable speed wind generation (VSWG) scheme using a doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) is investigated. Therefore, the dynamic behavior of a wind generator, including models of the wind turbine, DFIG, SMC3l control algorithm and power control is studied. Simulation results of the dynamic models of the wind generator are presented, for different operating modes sub-synchronous, synchronous and hyper-synchronous, to show the good performance and the efficiency control enhancement of the VSWG system using the proposed SMC3l.     

基于矢量裕度法的风电并网对低频振荡模式影响分析

近年来可再生能源发电装机容量的持续性增长给电力系统稳定性带来新的问题。文中提出一种基于频率响应矩阵计算风电并网对电力系统低频振荡模式影响的方法。分析结果表明,同步电网和风电机组系统频率响应矩阵部分元素的相位之和,决定了系统不同接入点风电对低频振荡模式的影响。相较于传统的分析方法,矢量裕度法不需求取特征向量和留数,只需得到低频振荡模式和风电机组系统与同步电网系统的传递函数矩阵,且过程简单,结果直观。当多台风电机组同时并入系统时,可在二维复平面将各台机组分别产生的影响图示化。分析结果的有效性通过内蒙古电网算例得到验证。     

双馈电机风电场无功功率分析及控制策略

提出一种双馈电机风力发电系统无功极限的计算方法，该方法以双馈电机风电系统的功率关系为基础，考虑了网侧变换器在其功率允许范围内的无功发生能力，系统动态无功极限为定子与网侧变换器的无功极限之和。对双馈电机风电场在强电网无功调节中的应用进行了探讨，提出双馈电机风电场对当地用户进行就近无功补偿的策略，并给出相应的无功分配策略，包括风电场各风机之间以及单台风电机组定子和网侧变换器之间的无功分配原则。双馈电机风电场在实现变速恒频优化运行的同时，充分发挥了风电机组和整个风电场的无功处理能力，使其参与所连电网的无功调节。     

大规模风力发电并网对系统小干扰稳定性的影响

以西北电网酒泉风电系统为算例,分析了不同风电机组类型、不同风电容量、不同并网位置对电力系统小干扰稳定性的影响。仿真结果表明：相比于恒速风力机模型和直驱式同步发电机模型,风电场采用双馈异步发电机模型并网对系统小干扰稳定性的影响较好;随着双馈并网有功出力的增加,系统小干扰稳定性减弱;选择合适的风电场位置可以为系统提供较好的阻尼。     

Power Electronic Converter Configurations Integration with Hybrid Energy Sources – A Comprehensive Review for State-of the-Art in Research

Abstract

The electricity demand is increasing day by day. On the other side, fossil fuels are depleting at a higher rate. The abundantly available renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and fuel cells are becoming popular sources of energy. But due to the intermittent availability of these renewable energy sources, two or more energy sources are integrated together. Power electronic converters are used for integrating different energy sources. Various power electronic converter (PEC) topologies have been proposed and analyzed in detail to control maximum power point, voltage, frequency, and harmonic distortions. Each of these configurations will differ in its topology and operating principle. The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of various aspects of PEC configurations available for integration of renewable energy sources by systematization into three groups (AC shunt coupled, DC shunt coupled, and hybrid coupled systems). Emphasis is also given to coordination power control, maximum power point, and grid integration challenges related to the hybrid energy system. Furthermore, a general, system modeling of solar, wind, and grid integration is presented here to give an overall picture of a hybrid renewable energy system.     

永磁同步直驱风力发电系统并网的仿真研究

风力发电技术是分布式发电技术的重要组成部分,而永磁同步直驱风力发电系统的应用日益广泛.但直驱风力发电机产生的电能存在着电压幅值频率随风速变化、功率不稳定等诸多问题.为解决该问题,基于永磁同步直驱风力发电系统各个部分的工作原理,采用现代电力电子技术结合先进的控制技术,分析并设计出适合于直驱风力发电系统的逆变装置.在此基础...     

Design and evaluation of PV-wind hybrid system with hydroelectric pumped storage on the National Power System of Egypt

National and international policies encourage increased penetration of solar and wind energy into electrical networks in order to reduce greenhouse gas emission. Solar radiation and wind speed variations complicate the integration of wind and solar generation into power systems and delay the transition of these sources from centralized to distributed energy sources. The increased penetration of nontraditional energy sources into the electric grid stimulates the demand for large capacities in the field of energy storage. A mathematical model, which describes the operation of a proposed hybrid system, including solar PV, wind energy, and a pumped storage hydroelectric power plant is developed in this paper. This hydropower plant utilizes seawater as a lower reservoir, and only a tank has to be built in order to reduce the installation cost of the storing system. The pumped storage power plant used for compensation of the variation of the output energy from the PV and wind power plants by discharging water from the upper reservoir, which is previously pumped in the case of surplus energy from PV and wind turbine power plants. The impact of the proposed system on the grid utility is investigated in accordance with the values of energy exchange(deficits and surpluses of energy) between the considered hybrid system and the grid. The optimum design is determined by the pump and turbine capacities, upper reservoir volume, and the volume of water left in the tank for emergencies. Different scenarios of the optimum operations are presented for analysis. The results obtained from the examined scenarios indicate the ability of such a hybrid energy system to reduce the exchange of energy with the grid. This paper indicates the technical feasibility of seawater pumpedstorage hydropower plant for increasing the Egyptian national grid's ability to accept high integration of renewable energy sources.