药物学课堂教学导入探讨

教学导入是课堂教学的重要环节,目的是激发学生的学习兴趣和引发学习动机。阐述了导入设计原则,对原有知识导入、病例导入、经验导入三种形式的药物学课堂教学导入进行了初步探讨。     

复方秋水仙碱离子导入防治疤痕增殖的临床观察及实验室研究

本文报道复方秋水仙碱离子导入法对疤痕增殖的防治效果。观察了预防性导入18个,治疗性导入14个点,导药前后局部体表温度、组织学、组织化学和超微结构的改变。临床结果表明:预防性导入的有效率为100%,治疗性导入有效率为85.7%,证     

电场方向对咖啡因电穿孔与离子导入经皮渗透的影响比较

目的研究电穿孔及离子导入时电场方向对分子型药物咖啡因经皮渗透的影响。方法采用双室扩散池方法,进行咖啡因饱和水溶液经人尸体皮肤被动扩散,电穿孔导入(指数衰减型脉冲,脉冲幅度为350 V,脉冲率为4次.m in-1,脉冲数为25,放电容量为22μF)、离子导入[0.25 mA.(cm2)-1,4 h]实验,考察电穿孔及离子导入对药物经皮渗透速率、累积经皮渗透量的影响,比较电穿孔与离子导入的促透作用。结果电穿孔与离子导入的咖啡因经皮渗透速率和累积渗透量均显著大于被动扩散。电场方向改变,电穿孔的促透作用无明显改变,离子导入的促透作用明显改变,正极离子导入的促透作用显著大于负极导入。在该实验条件下,外加脉冲的促透作用显著低于离子导入。结论与被动扩散相比,电穿孔和离子导入可显著增加分子型药物咖啡因的经皮渗透速率和累积渗透量。电场方向对电穿孔的促透作用无影响,而对离子导入的促透作用有明显影响。     

美国、欧盟及中国生物制品注册分类探析

(接3月下)2.1.2基因治疗产品。包括体外基因导入(在体外将基因导入人细胞,然后将该细胞注入人体)和体内基因导入(将基因通过适当的导入系统直接导入人体)。2.1.3疫苗(该产品用于诱导或增强特异抗原反应,包括所有预防或治疗性疫苗)。2.1.4变态反应原制品,用于诊断、治疗过敏性疾病和过敏反应检测试验。2.1.5抗毒素、抗蛇毒血清和蛇毒。2.1.6血液、血液成分、血浆来源制品     

病例导入教学方法在普外科实习教学中的应用分析

目的探讨病例导入教学方法在普外实习教学中的应用效果。方法分析病例导人教学法的特点和优势,列出病例导入法教学过程。结果病例导入式教学法在普外科实习中的应用过程包括前期准备、病例导入、组织学生讨论、对教学过程进行总结反思,布置作业。结论病例导入教学法能够把传统教学方法转变为以老师为主动学生为主体的科学的现代的教学模式,有利于培养学生独立思考、解决问题能力,有利于提高教学效果。     

促进多肽和蛋白质类药物透皮给药技术的研究进展

综述了近年来以物理方法促进多肽和蛋白质药物透皮给药技术研究的进展,包括目前广泛研究的离子导入、电致孔导入和超声导入技术.     

促进多肽和蛋白质类药物透皮给药技术的研究进展

综述了近年来以物理方法促进多肽和蛋白质药物透皮给药技术研究的进展,包括目前广泛研究的离子导入、电致孔导入和超声导入技术。     

促进多肽和蛋白质类药物透皮给药技术的研究进展

综述了近年来以物理方法促进多肽和蛋白质药物透皮给药技术研究的进展，包括目前广泛研究的离子导入、电致孔导入和超声导入技术。     

中药电导入治疗慢性软组织炎症的研究

目的 通过对中药电导入与电刺激的对比研究,探讨中药电导入的作用原理。方法 利用消炎止痛中药水煎制剂进行脉冲直流电导入兔躯干肌,以同频率、同强度的脉冲直流电组、空白组为对照。通过组织学观察、生化测定、组化分析了解肌组织的适应性改变。结果 中药制剂电导入后肌组织代谢增强,血供增加,自由基清除能力增强。结论 中药电导入具有电刺激和中药的双重作用,有利于肌肉组织功能恢复,有增强抗疲劳的良好作用,对肌组织无不良影响。     

药物导入疗法

药物导入疗法常用的有直流电药物导入疗法和超声药物导入疗法。药物导入法已有170多年历史。我国自50年代初就用药物导入治疗疾病,并开始了对其基础理论的研究。特别中草药的浸出液(或煎煮液)的药物导入已达近百种,对无     

黏膜给药系统的研究进展

目的介绍传统剂型,新技术,新方法在黏膜给药系统上的研究进展。方法综述了凝胶剂、喷雾剂、气雾剂、粉雾剂等传统剂型;微球、脂质体、纳米粒、乳剂、原位凝胶等新技术以及吸收促进剂、生物黏附剂、前体药物、酶抑制剂等方法在促进药物黏膜吸收方面的进展。结果国内外对这些剂型、方法、技术等已经进行了广泛和深入的研究,取得了较大的进展。结论黏膜给药系统已成为目前研究的热点,它是传统给药方式的补充,具有广阔的应用前景。同时,为了进一步促进黏膜给药系统的发展,对安全、低毒、有效的吸收促进剂和新型载药体系的开发仍将是今后研究的主要方向。     

微针与新型经皮给药载体结合的研究进展

经皮给药系统具有给药方便、血药浓度稳定、无首过效应等优点,但皮肤的屏障作用使得药物难以透过皮肤。近年来,出现了很多新型经皮给药的药物载体,如脂质体、醇质体、囊泡等,这些能通过化学方法促进药物的经皮渗透。而微针能穿透皮肤角质层形成微孔通道,通过物理方法促进药物的渗透,将微针与新型经皮给药载体结合能显著提高药物的经皮吸收的速率。本文对微针与新型经皮给药载体结合的最新研究进行了综述,并展望了微针辅助新型药物载体经皮给药的发展前景。     

促进药物透皮吸收方法的研究进展

从物理方法和药剂学改进两方面对促进药物透皮吸收的研究方法加以讨论.     

新型脂质体在经皮给药系统中的应用

摘 要 药物经皮传递系统的角质层屏障等问题日益受到关注,而新型脂质体作为药物传递载体,可以有效解决这一问题。新型脂质体能明显提高药物经皮渗透,从而增强疗效,具有广阔的应用价值和开发前景。本文结合国内外研究现状,对在经皮给药系统中作为载体应用的新型脂质体的分类、促渗机制及其应用进展做一综述。     

醇传递体在透皮给药系统中的研究进展

由于角质层的限速屏障作用,大部分药物透过皮肤的能力较差。醇传递体因能够将药物传递到皮肤深层和全身循环,且制备方法简单,使用安全而受到关注,为药物的经皮渗透提供了新的传递载体。醇传递体具有高度变形性、促进药物经皮渗透、缓释、防止药物代谢降解等优点,在药物的经皮吸收方面具有广阔的应用价值和开发前景。本文通过查阅国内外文献对醇传递体在透皮给药系统中的研究和应用等方面进行综述,为其今后在透皮领域的进一步发展提供借鉴。     

透皮吸收促进剂在经皮给药系统中的质控和评价方法

透皮吸收制剂是国际上第三代药物制剂的研究重点领域。透皮吸收促进剂在处方中的合理应用和质量控制及其评价方法日益重要。通过对透皮促进机理、协同作用等的探讨,介绍透皮吸收促进剂的选用原则,并对透皮给药制剂和局部用药局部起效的皮肤外用制剂处方中使用的要求加以讨论,介绍了现有的评价方法和基本的技术要求。     

Drug delivery into the skin by degradable particles

Recently, it was demonstrated that particles could be utilized as carrier systems for drugs into the hair follicles. In the present study, a two-component drug delivery system is presented consisting of degradable particles loaded with fluorescein isothiocyanate and a separate protease formulation for degradation. The particles were applied alone, 30 min previous to the protease application and simultaneously with the protease onto porcine skin. Subsequently, biopsies were removed, and the penetration depths of the particles were analyzed using laser scanning microscopy.The obtained results demonstrate that the particles alone achieved a penetration depth of around 900 μm. Similar results were obtained for the successive application of particles and protease, whereas a release of the fluorescent dye was only observed in the upper 250 μm corresponding to the penetration depth of the protease. In the case of the simultaneous application, the particles were partly dissolved before application, leading to a reduced particle size and diminished penetration depth.The results revealed that degradable particles are a promising tool for drug delivery into the skin.     

Imaging of Cells and Nanoparticles: Implications for Drug Delivery to the Brain

A major challenge in the development of central nervous system drugs is to obtain therapeutic effective drug concentrations inside the brain. Many potentially effective drugs have never reached clinical application because of poor brain penetration. Currently, devices are being developed that may improve drug delivery into the brain. One approach involves the encapsulation of drugs into nanocarriers that are targeted to the brain, where the drug is released. Alternatively, living cells have been engineered to produce the pharmaceutical of interest at the target site. It is important to follow the fate of these drug delivery devices inside the body to verify their efficiency in reaching the brain. To this end, both ex-vivo approaches and in-vivo imaging techniques are used, including ex-vivo biodistribution, autoradiography, MRI, optical imaging, PET and SPECT. All these methods have their specific advantages and limitations. Consequently, selection of the tracking method should be based on the specific aims of the experiment. Here, we will discuss the methods that are currently applied for tracking brain drug delivery devices, including the most commonly used labels and labeling procedures for living cells and nanocarriers. Subsequently, we will discuss specific applications in tracking drug delivery devices.     

Drug delivery and in vitro models of the blood-brain barrier

An understanding of the physiology of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is crucial when addressing complex issues such as drug delivery, pathogenesis of chronic neurological diseases and bio-defense. Rational central nervous system (CNS) drug design cannot entirely and exclusively rely upon the physicochemical properties of putative neurotherapeutics, since lipophilicity alone is a poor predictor for drug penetration into the CNS. This is particularly true for three large families of CNS drugs: antineoplastics, antivirals and anti-epileptics. For these drugs, in contrast to peripheral acting drugs (eg, antihistamines), negligible penetration across the BBB is preferable in order to avoid CNS side effects. Studies performed using small animals such as rodents cannot be directly extrapolated to human brain tissue, as demonstrated by both clinical and in vitro studies. Furthermore, most of the promising CNS drugs that proved effective in vitro have failed in clinical trials due to misleading predictive permeability data extrapolated from models that were not capable of fully reproducing the functional properties of the BBB in vivo. Therefore, a great effort has been made to develop new in vitro models able to reproduce the physiological, anatomical and functional characteristics of the BBB allowing for a better prediction of drug penetration across the BBB, and enabling the design of new pharmaceutical strategies to bypass the shielding of brain parenchyma. Herein we provide a detailed review and discussion of currently employed in vitro BBB models along with probable future developments.     

Drug delivery to hair follicles

Introduction: The optimization of drug delivery to and via the hair follicles is gaining more and more importance as it has been recognized that the hair follicles are an interesting target site for topical applications. They are closely surrounded by capillaries and antigen-presenting cells, are associated with the sebaceous glands and are the host of stem cells in the bulge region of the hair follicle.

Areas covered: The present review shortly summarizes the complexity of the structure, biology and functions of the hair follicle and presents the models and methods suitable to investigate follicular penetration. Drug delivery to hair follicles was clearly shown to be dependent on the physicochemical properties of the applied substances and vehicles as well as on the activity status, size and density of the hair follicles. Especially particulate substances were demonstrated to be proficient drug carriers into the hair follicles, whereas dependent data for transfollicular penetration into the deeper viable skin layers could only be found for non-particulate substances which then, however, received rapid access to the circulation when the follicular pathway was accessible.

Expert opinion: Promising concepts to optimize hair follicle delivery and to beneficially utilize particulate substances for efficient follicular drug delivery are the application of external or internal stimuli for controlled drug release from the particles such as the combined application with protease or the usage of gold nanoparticles in combination with near-infrared irradiation.