多囊卵巢综合征患者达英-35治疗后不同间隔启动促排卵的妊娠结局

目的 探讨多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)高雄激素血症不孕患者应用达英-35(炔雌醇醋酸环丙孕酮)降低雄激素后,不同间隔启动HMG促排卵对妊娠结局以及子宫内膜血管体积百分比的影响.方法 33名高雄激素PCOS不孕患者,在给予达英-35治疗至血睾酮正常后,启动HMG促排卵.根据促排卵前停用达英-35的时间不同分为短间隔组和长间隔组.统计组间HCG日子宫内膜厚度、妊娠率等差异.再选择实验组5名高雄激素PCOS患者,停用达英-35月经来潮第3天开始应用人工周期诱导胚胎种植窗子宫内膜;对照组为5名因男性不孕就诊,月经周期正常的女性患者,尿LH峰值后7~9d取子宫内膜.病理证实为分泌中期子宫内膜后,CD34免疫组织化学染色内膜组织,计数血管内皮细胞体积百分比.结果 入选病例的一般情况、HCG日内膜厚度等组间差异无统计学意义.短间隔组(20.83%)的临床妊娠率较长间隔组(54.2%)显著降低(P<0.05).达英-35后月经来潮当月胚胎种植窗的子宫内膜血管内皮细胞体积百分比中位数(4.82%)较对照组(6.35%)显著降低(P<0.05).结论 PCOS不孕患者停用达英-35后月经来潮当月启动促排卵的临床妊娠率较停用至少一个月经周期的患者显著降低.达英-35治疗后月经来潮当月的胚胎种植窗子宫内膜血管较正常月经周期患者明显稀疏.     

多囊卵巢综合征患者冻融胚胎移植3种内膜准备方案的临床结局比较

目的:比较多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者冻融胚胎移植(FET)周期3种不同内膜准备方案的临床妊娠结局,探讨适合PCOS患者的子宫内膜准备方案.方法:回顾性分析127例PCOS患者冻融胚胎移植周期的临床资料,比较激素替代组(HRT组)、HMG诱导排卵组(HMG组)和来曲唑诱导排卵组(LE组)的子宫内膜厚度、临床妊娠率、种植率、早期流产率、活产率.结果:HRT组47例,43个移植周期,HMG组35例,32个移植周期,LE组45例,42个移植周期,3组年龄、不孕年限、体重指数、血清睾酮水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),周期取消率、子宫内膜厚度、复苏后胚胎存活率、平均移植胚胎个数,移植优质胚胎率、周期临床妊娠率、周期种植率、早期流产率、活产率亦差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:PCOS患者FET周期3种子宫内膜准备方案均能获得良好的妊娠结局,来曲唑诱导排卵可作为PCOS患者FET周期内膜准备方案之一,应个体化选择临床用药方案.     

多囊卵巢综合征患者子宫内膜增生相关因素的分析

目的:探讨多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)患者子宫内膜增生(endometrial hyperplasia,EH)的发生率及相关预测因素。方法:以160例PCOS患者为研究对象,以80例因输卵管因素或男方因素不孕的非PCOS患者为对照组。研究P-COS诊断要素在EH中的作用;比较两组EH的发生率及不同亚型PCOS患者EH的发生率;研究PCOS患者临床特征与EH的关系。结果:月经稀发和高雄激素血症组的EH发生率明显增高(P均<0.05);PCOS组EH发生率明显高于对照组(18.75%vs 7.5%,P=0.021)。PCOS患者月经周期>59天或超声子宫内膜回声异常时,EH发生率显著升高(P=0.005,P=0.003)。结论:月经稀发和高雄激素血症在EH中发挥重要作用,只存在月经稀发或高雄激素血症的可疑PCOS患者亦应重视其子宫内膜病变。PCOS患者EH发生率增高,尤其是月经周期>59天或存在子宫内膜回声异常者,应高度警惕子宫内膜病变。     

月经稀发不孕患者256例临床分析

目的 观察月经稀发不孕患者的内分泌特征及子宫内膜病理改变.方法 对华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院2002-01-2005-08就诊的256例月经稀发不孕患者进行早期卵泡期超声检查,放免测定血清中卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、泌乳素（PRL）、睾酮（T）,并对部分患者的子宫内膜进行病理检查.结果 月经稀发患者中卵巢呈多囊性改变者（PCO）占77.34%.高雄激素血症者占16.4%,LH/FSH≥2者占45.7%.按照2003年鹿特丹欧洲生殖联会修订的标准,PCOS占月经稀发患者的77.3%.其中PCOS中子宫内膜呈分泌期改变占62.4%.结论 （1）月经稀发、PCO为PCOS 的最主要临床特征.（2）PCOS患者中内分泌异常以LH/FSH≥2为主,仅少数患者为高雄激素血症.（3）一部分PCOS患者诊刮其子宫内膜呈分泌期改变,表明其可能存在排卵.     

二甲双胍、达因-35联合来曲唑治疗多囊卵巢综合征疗效观察

目的：观察二甲双胍、达因-35和来曲唑治疗PCOS的疗效。方法：PCOS患者60例,随机分成3组,A组服用二甲双胍和达因-35治疗3个月后,用来曲唑促排卵;B组服用二甲双胍和达因-35一个月后,用来曲唑促排卵;C组直接用来曲唑促排卵。观察三组优势卵泡数目、子宫内膜厚度、血清雌二醇水平、排卵率、妊娠率。结果：三组有排卵的周期中HCG日子宫内膜的厚度、优势卵泡数目及血雌二醇水平差异无显著性（P〉0．05）,三组排卵率、妊娠率比较,A组和B组差异无显著性（P〉0．05）,c组和A组及B组差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：PCOS患者经二甲双胍和达因-35预处理1到3个月后,可以提高排卵率和妊娠率。     

卵泡期地塞米松应用对克罗米芬抵抗的多囊卵巢综合征促排卵作用研究

目的:探讨克罗米芬(CC)联合地塞米松(DEX)对CC抵抗的多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者的促排卵效果。方法:将50名CC抵抗患者随机分为治疗组(A组)和对照组(B组)。A组患者在月经第3￣7日口服CC100mg/d,同时在月经周期的第3￣12日口服DEX1.0mg/d;B组CC的应用同A组,同时在月经周期的第3￣12日口服叶酸片0.5mg/d。月经第8日开始监测卵泡发育情况。当有1个卵泡直径≥18mm或2个卵泡直径≥17mm时,肌注hCG10000IU,36h后性生活。观察2组注射hCG日成熟卵泡数和子宫内膜厚度、促排卵天数、月经周期第22日孕酮水平、排卵率和妊娠率。结果:A组注射hCG日的成熟卵泡数、子宫内膜厚度、月经第22日血清中孕酮水平以及排卵率和妊娠率与B组相比差异均有显著性(P<0.05￣P<0.01);促排卵天数组间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:对CC抵抗的PCOS患者,DEX可以促进排卵,改善CC对子宫内膜的抗雌激素效应,增加子宫内膜厚度,提高排卵率和妊娠率。     

超促排卵与胚胎着床前期子宫内膜容受性的关系

目的：探讨体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）中超促排卵与胚胎着床前期子宫内膜容受性的关系。方法：选择行长方案IVF-ET患者70例,检测自然周期排卵后第3天和超促排卵周期取卵后第3天（即ET日）的子宫内膜厚度和血流状态。按子宫内膜穿支血流显示情况分为3级：Ⅰ级,内膜穿支血流≤2支;Ⅱ级,内膜穿支血流为3~5支;Ⅲ级,内膜穿支血流≥6支。随访IVF-ET结局,分为妊娠组（24例）和非妊娠组（46例）。结果：妊娠组自然周期内膜穿支血流情况与未妊娠组间差异有统计意义（P ＜0.05）,而2组间超促排卵周期内膜穿支血流情况差异无统计意义（P ＞0.05）。妊娠组自然周期和超促排卵周期子宫内膜穿支血流情况均较为丰富,差异无统计意义（P ＞0.05）;而未妊娠组超促排卵周期子宫内膜穿支血流情况较自然周期丰富,差异有统计意义（P ＜0.01）。自然周期和超促排卵周期子宫内膜血流参数和子宫内膜厚度差异均无统计学意义（均P ＞0.05）。结论：自然周期内膜穿支血流丰富可能提示较高妊娠率,可作为子宫内膜容受性的参考指标之一。超促排卵可能改变胚胎着床前期子宫内膜容受性,但尚无影响子宫内膜厚度及血流参数的相关证据。     

不同雄激素水平PCOS患者诱导排卵临床结局分析

目的:探讨多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者在不同雄激素水平下诱导排卵的临床妊娠结局。方法:PCOS合并不孕患者352例,根据诱导排卵前基础睾酮(T)水平分为4组:A组60例,基础T正常,直接诱导排卵;B组64例,基础T正常,但仍给予达英-35治疗3个周期后诱导排卵;C组120例,基础T升高,给予达英-35治疗3个周期,复查T正常后诱导排卵;D组108例,基础T升高,给予达英-35治疗3个周期,复查T仍高于正常水平,经患者知情同意后,诱导排卵。比较4组子宫内膜厚度、尿促性素(HMG)用量、周期排卵率、临床妊娠率、流产率的差异。结果:4组子宫内膜厚度、排卵周期临床妊娠率组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组HMG用量最多,周期排卵率、总临床妊娠率最低,与其它3组的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.05);B、C、D组间周期排卵率、总妊娠率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A组早期流产率最高,但4组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:基础T水平正常的PCOS患者,诱导排卵前应用口服避孕药治疗可改善临床妊娠结局;口服避孕药治疗后T未降至正常水平,且有生育要求的PCOS患者可试行诱导排卵治疗。     

来曲唑、他莫昔芬和氯米芬治疗多囊卵巢综合征不孕疗效比较

目的比较多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)不孕患者经纠正内分泌代谢紊乱后应用3种不同促排卵药物的效果及对子宫内膜的影响。方法选择2009年3月至2010年1月中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院妇产科生殖中心128例PCOS不孕患者,于本院行第1次促排卵,有高雄激素或胰岛素抵抗者经预处理至少3个月。随机分为3组,来曲唑44个周期、他莫昔芬40个周期和氯米芬44个周期。结果月经第10天的子宫内膜厚度,他莫昔芬组[(6.4±1.2)mm]高于来曲唑组[(5.4±1.7)mm]和氯米芬组[(5.4±1.3)mm](P=0.01);HCG日血雌二醇(E2)水平,来曲唑组[(838.6±678.2)pmol/L]低于他莫昔芬组[(2629.2±1931.5)pmol/L]和氯米芬组[(1971.2±1222.8)pmol/L](P<0.001);3组间加用尿促性腺激素(HMG)周期数,HCG日子宫内膜厚度、血黄体生成素及孕酮、直径≥18mm成熟卵泡数,妊娠率和早期流产率,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);HCG日子宫内膜的厚度与注射HCG的月经周期日及月经第10天的子宫内膜厚度呈正相关(P<0.05),与药物的种类及HCG日血E2水平等无显...     

超促排卵与胚胎着床前期子宫内膜容受性的关系

目的：探讨体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF—ET）中超促排卵与胚胎着床前期子宫内膜容受性的关系。方法：选择行长方案IVF-ET患者70例,检测自然周期排卵后第3天和超促排卵周期取卵后第3天（即ET日）的子宫内膜厚度和血流状态。按子宫内膜穿支血流显示情况分为3级：I级,内膜穿支血流≤2支;II级,内膜穿支血流为3—5支;Ⅲ级,内膜穿支血流≥6支。随访IVF-ET结局,分为妊娠组（24例）和非妊娠组（46例）。结果：妊娠组自然周期内膜穿支血流情况与未妊娠组间差异有统计意义（P〈0．05）,而2组间超促排卵周期内膜穿支血流情况差异无统计意义（P〉0．05）。妊娠组自然周期和超促排卵周期子宫内膜穿支血流情况均较为丰富,差异无统计意义（P〉0．05）;而未妊娠组超促排卵周期子宫内膜穿支血流情况较自然周期丰富,差异有统计意义（P〈0．01）。自然周期和超促排卵周期子宫内膜血流参数和子宫内膜厚度差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论：自然周期内膜穿支血流丰富可能提示较高妊娠率,可作为子宫内膜容受性的参考指标之一。超促排卵可能改变胚胎着床前期子宫内膜容受性,但尚无影响子宫内膜厚度及血流参数的相关证据。     

达英-35联合克罗米芬治疗顽固性PCOS所致不孕症的临床观察

目的　观察达英 - 35 (Diane - 35 )联合克罗米芬 (CC)治疗顽固性多囊卵巢综合征 (polycysticovarysyndrome ,PCOS)所致不孕症的疗效。方法　排卵障碍所致不孕的 6 0例顽固性PCOS患者随机分为Diane CC组 (n =30 )和CC组 (n =30 ) ,Diane CC组采用达英 - 35联合CC治疗 ,CC组采用剂量与治疗组相同的CC治疗。结果　治疗组睾酮 (T) ,黄体生成素 (LH)水平较前明显下降 (P <0 0 5 )。治疗组排卵率达 6 1 1 % ,妊娠率达 5 3 3% ,而对照组周期排卵率 9 0 % ,妊娠率 6 7% ,两组疗效比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1 )。结论　达英 - 35联合CC治疗顽固性PCOS所致不孕症能获得较高的排卵率及受孕率     

人绝经期促性腺激素联合氯米芬或来曲唑用于多囊卵巢综合征患者促排卵疗效比较

的探讨人绝经期促性腺激素（HMG）＋氯米芬（CC）、HMG和来曲唑（LE）＋HMO对多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）患者宫腔内供精人工授精的治疗效果。方法将2007年12月-2008年5月期间在我中心就诊的114例PCOS妇女的114个宫腔内人工授精（AID）周期分为3组：CC＋HMG周期组38个周期，HMG周期组38个周期，LE＋HMG周期组38个周期。分析比较3组的年龄、血清T水平、绒毛膜促性腺激素肌肉注射日（HCG日）平均卵泡直径（MFD）≥14mm的卵泡（成熟卵泡）个数、平均卵泡E2水平、子宫内膜厚度、HCG日单优势卵泡发育成熟百分率、HMG用量和周期妊娠率。结果CC＋HMG组、HMG组和LE＋HMG组患者年龄和血清T水平比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05），CC＋HMG组HCG日成熟卵泡个数为（2．9±1．6）个，明显多于其他两组[HMG组为（1．6±1．0）个，LE＋HMG组为（1．9±1．2）个]，差异有显著性（P〈0．05），而内膜厚度较其他两组薄，差异有显著性（P〈0．05），HMG组与LE＋HMG组HCG日成熟卵泡个数和子宫内膜厚度比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。3组HCG日单优势卵泡发育成熟百分率分别21．05％、78．95％和52．63％，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。CC＋HMG组、HMG组和LE＋HMG组HMG用量分别为（4．89±1．59）支和（9．88±4．59）支、（9．68±4．67）支（75IU／支），CC＋HMG组与后两组比较，差异有显著性（P=0．00）。HMG组、LE＋HMG组HMG用量比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。3组的周期妊娠率分别为36．84％、39．48％和31．57％，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论HMG促排卵周期更易得到单优势卵泡发育成熟；CC＋HMG促排卵HMG用药量最少；CC＋HMG、HMG和LE＋HMG均可获得满意的周期妊娠率。     

不孕症合并子宫内膜非典型增生患者助孕治疗的临床分析

目的探讨不孕症合并子宫内膜非典型增生患者经保守治疗后助孕治疗的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析8例不孕症合并子宫内膜非典型增生患者，经孕激素或促性腺激素释放激素激动剂（GnRHa）治疗子宫内膜非典型增生缓解后，采用助孕治疗，观察助孕治疗的疗效及其对子宫内膜的影响。结果经孕激素或GnRHa治疗后，8例患者子宫内膜非典型增生全部缓解。共进行单纯促排卵治疗7个周期，促排卵联合人工授精2个周期，体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF—ET）7个周期，冻融胚胎移植2个周期。单纯促排卵周期均未妊娠，人工授精1个周期双胎妊娠；7个IVF—ET周期中，胚胎移植6个周期，3个周期获得临床妊娠；冻融胚胎移植1个周期获得临床妊娠。现足月分娩6活婴。1例未妊娠患者在促排卵后4个月发现子宫内膜癌变。结论不孕症合并子宫内膜非典型增生的患者经孕激素或GnRHa治疗缓解后，及时助孕治疗能提高妊娠率，但需严密观察，注意子宫内膜癌发生的可能。     

Vitamin D improves endometrial thickness in PCOS women who need intrauterine insemination: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial

Purpose

To determine whether administration of vitamin D affects the success rates of intra uterine insemination (IUI) in infertile polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) women and their endometrial thickness.

Methods

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in an infertility clinic of Women’s Hospital, and 110 infertile PCOS patients undergoing IUI were randomly divided to receive vitamin D or placebo. Endometrial thickness, IUI results, number of dominant follicles, duration of IUI cycle, and dose of HMG used in IUI were determined.

Results

The endometrial thickness was significantly different in the group treated with vitamin D versus the placebo group (p = 0.003). There was no statistical difference in pregnancy out come between the two groups (RR = 1.167, CI 95 % 0.70–1.93). No statistical difference was found in number of dominant follicles (p = 0.96), duration of IUI cycles (p = 0.70) and dose of HMG used for IUI (p = 0.95).

Conclusions

It seems that administration of vitamin D induces endometrial proliferation in PCOS women during IUI cycle.     

Endometrial thickness measurement throughout a menstrual cycle in non-obese infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Purpose

To analyze the changes in the endometrial thickness in infertile polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients throughout an entire menstrual cycle and compare the changes to those seen in infertile patients without PCOS.

Methods

This prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in a total of 58 non-obese, infertile women with PCOS. The endometrial thickness was measured at three different times throughout the menstrual cycle by ultrasound. Age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched control group consisted of 62 non-obese infertile patients without PCOS. Demographic, hormonal and the ultrasonographic measurements of the two groups were compared.

Results

Day 3 levels of LH were significantly different between the groups (p?=?0.013). Ovarian volume measurement was significant between the groups (p?=?0001). All the endometrial thickness measurements in the early, mid-cycle and late luteal phases were also significantly different; p?=?0.001 for all.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated an increased endometrial stripe measurements throughout a menstrual cycle in infertile patients with PCOS, when compared to infertile patients without PCOS.     

Effects of metformin on insulin resistance, androgen concentration, ovulation and pregnancy rates in women with polycystic ovary syndrome following laparoscopic ovarian drilling

AIM: To evaluate the effects of metformin on insulin resistance, androgen concentration, ovulation rates and pregnancy rates in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: Forty-two infertile women with PCOS were selected in this randomized clinical study. Basal steroid and gonadotropin levels were measured, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. The patients were randomly divided into group 1 (n = 21) and group 2 (n = 21). Group 1 patients were treated with laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD). Group 2 patients underwent laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) and received 1700 mg per day of metformin for 6 months. LOD was performed in women with PCOS using a unipolar electrode. Serum progesterone (P) level > 5 ng/mL was considered as a confirmation of ovulation. Ovulation and pregnancy rates were determined after six cycles. RESULTS: Serum androgens and insulin response to OGTT decreased significantly after metformin therapy. Mean serum P levels and endometrial thickness were significantly higher in cycles treated with metformin plus LOD (34.6 +/- 25.4 ng/mL, 8.4 +/- 1.1 mm) than in those treated with LOD alone (26.2 +/- 24.7 ng/mL, 7.9 +/- 2.8 mm) (P < 0.05). The ovulation (56 of 65 cycles, 86.1% vs 29 of 65 cycles, 44.6%) and pregnancy rates (nine of 21 women, 47.6% vs four of 21 women, 19.1%) were significantly higher in group 2 than in group I. CONCLUSIONS: Metformin improves insulin resistance, reduces androgen levels and significantly increases the ovulation and pregnancy rates in infertile women, following LOD.     

Ovulation induction using sequential letrozole/gonadotrophin in infertile women with PCOS: a randomized controlled trial

Research questionIs sequential letrozole/human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) superior to letrozole alone in ovulation induction and pregnancy promotion among infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?DesignThis open-label randomized controlled trial comparing sequential letrozole/HMG and letrozole alone included 174 participants enrolled from August 2019 to January 2020 at the Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Infertile women aged between 18 and 40 years who met Rotterdam criteria for PCOS and without other known causes of infertility were selected for this study. Patients were randomly assigned at a 1:1 ratio to receive 2.5 mg letrozole on cycle days 3–7 (n = 87) or 2.5 mg letrozole on cycle days 3–7 with a sequential injection of 75 IU HMG on cycle days 8–10 for one treatment cycle (n = 87). The pregnancy outcome was recorded after one treatment cycle.ResultsWomen receiving sequential treatment achieved a significantly higher ovulation rate than those in the letrozole group (90.8% versus 70.1%, P = 0.001) and the live birth rate of the sequential group was significantly higher than that of the letrozole protocol (23.0% versus 10.3%, P = 0.025); there was no statistical variation with respect to adverse events.ConclusionsThe data suggest that the sequential letrozole/HMG protocol may be superior to the letrozole alone protocol in terms of ovulation induction and pregnancy promotion among infertile women with PCOS.     

N-acetylcysteine as an adjuvant to clomiphene citrate for successful induction of ovulation in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral N-acetylcysteine (NAC) administration as an adjuvant to clomiphene citrate (CC) on induction of ovulation outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Material and Methods: In this placebo-controlled double-blind randomized clinical trial, 180 PCOS infertile patients were randomly divided into two groups for induction of ovulation. Patients in group 1 received CC 100?mg/d plus NAC 1.2?g/d and patients in group 2 received CC plus placebo for 5?days starting at day 3 of the cycle. On the 12th day of the menstrual cycle in the presence of at least one follicle with an 18-20-mm diameter in ultrasound evaluation, 10?000?U hCG was injected intramuscularly and timed intercourse was advised 36?h after hCG injection. Serum β-hCG level was measured on the 16th day after hCG injection. Results: The number of follicles >18?mm and the mean endometrial thickness on the day of hCG administration were significantly higher among the CC+NAC group (P-value?=?0.001). The ovulation and pregnancy rates were also significantly higher in the CC+NAC group (P-value?=?0.02 and 0.04, respectively). No adverse side-effects and no cases of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome were observed in the group receiving NAC. Conclusion: NAC as a safe and well-tolerated adjuvant to CC for induction of ovulation can improve the ovulation and pregnancy rates in PCOS patients. It may also have some beneficial impacts on endometrial thickness.     

Ultrasound and menstrual history in predicting endometrial hyperplasia in polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of endometrial thickness on vaginal ultrasound assessment and menstrual history in predicting endometrial hyperplasia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who presented with infertility due to anovulation. METHODS: This was a prospective study in a university referral-based fertility and endocrine clinic. Fifty-six women with PCOS presenting with infertility due to anovulation underwent both vaginal ultrasound assessments and endometrial biopsies. The main outcome measures were the predictive value of sonographic endometrial thickness (primary objective) and the menstrual history with other clinical characteristics (secondary objective) for proliferative endometrium and endometrial hyperplasia in logistic regression analysis. Their predictive value was further examined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: Thirty-six PCOS patients (64.3%) had proliferative endometrium and 20 (35.7%) had endometrial hyperplasia. Five of the latter (25%) had cytologic atypia. Endometrial thickness less than 7 mm or intermenstrual interval less than 3 months (corresponding to more than four menstrual periods yearly) was associated with proliferative endometrium only. The endometrial thickness correlated positively with endometrial hyperplasia (P =.018) and, together with the average intermenstrual interval, were significant predictors of endometrial hyperplasia (P <.001). CONCLUSION: These findings point to the usefulness of obtaining a detailed menstrual history in women with PCOS by identifying those at increased risk of endometrial hyperplasia and who require an endometrial biopsy. The endometrial thickness corroborates this clinical impression and is particularly useful when the menstrual history is uncertain. Endometrial hyperplasia in this population is effectively excluded when the endometrial thickness is less than 7 mm.