黄浆水在酿造酱油中的应用

该研究以黄浆水代替酿造酱油生产中的拌醅盐水,通过高盐稀态发酵制备黄浆水酱油。对黄浆水的化学成分及水质指标进行测定,并以传统酿造酱油为对照,对黄浆水酱油品质及挥发性风味成分进行分析。结果表明,黄浆水中含有多种化学成分,富含碳源、氮源及无机盐,适用于酱油酿造。黄浆水酱油的氨基酸态氮、可溶性无盐固形物、全氮含量分别为0.96、18.73、1.56 g/100 mL,均优于传统酿造酱油,且达到GB 18186-2000《酿造酱油》中特级酱油标准;黄浆水酱油游离氨基酸含量为49.79 mg/mL,且鲜味氨基酸含量较高（13.26 mg/mL）;黄浆水酱油中共检出挥发性风味化合物77种,以醇类（839.93 μg/L）和酯类（808.23 μg/L）化合物为主。将大豆黄浆水应用到酿造酱油生产中,可增强酱油的风味口感,提高酱油品质,有效节约能源,为实现废弃物的高值利用提供了新思路。     

延迟采收及不同酿造工艺对北国红山葡萄干红酒单宁含量影响

采用Folin-Denis法测定延迟采收及3种酿造工艺对北国红山葡萄干红酒单宁含量的影响。结果表明,利用3种酿造工艺均能有效浸出正常采收和延迟采收的北国红山葡萄中的单宁,延迟采收北国红酿制的干红酒单宁含量显著高于正常采收（P＜0.05）,采用工艺二酿制的北国红干红酒单宁含量显著高于工艺一和工艺三（P＜0.05）,且随着陈酿的进行,北国红干红酒的单宁含量显著低于发酵刚结束（P＜0.05）。正常采收和延迟采收的北国红利用3种酿造工艺酿制的干红酒单宁含量分别为0.92 g/L、1.17 g/L、1.10 g/L、1.46 g/L、1.52 g/L、1.45 g/L,其中延迟采收的北国红采用工艺二酿制的干酒单宁含量为1.52 g/L,柔顺指数为5.3,显著高于其他处理（P＜0.05）。     

全大豆和脱脂大豆酿造酱油的差异化研究

全大豆和脱脂大豆的主要成分差异是有机溶剂浸出的油脂类物质,分别以全大豆和脱脂大豆为主要原料酿造酱油试验,利用理化指标、感官鉴评和气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）分析2种酿造酱油的品质差异。研究结果表明,全大豆酿造酱油整体滋味协调,醇香、酱香浓郁,色泽棕红亮,而脱脂大豆酿造酱油滋味一般,酸味较强,醇香和酱香较淡,色泽较深。GC-MS鉴定出挥发性风味化合物47种,其中全大豆酿造酱油的主要挥发性化合物为酯类28.75%、醇类25.27%、酚类19.17%、酸类18.24%和醛酮类3.75%,而脱脂大豆酿造酱油的主要挥发性化合物为醇类50.50%、酯类26.25%、酸类16.16%、醛酮类2.86%和酚类0.99%,挥发性香气化合物的相对含量差异是引起2种酱油风味差异的主要原因。     

玉米和高粱小曲酒酿造特性研究对比

在实验室条件下,以玉米和高粱为原料进行小曲酒的酿造,通过对比酿酒原料及酿造过程中理化性质的差异,结合对玉米原料不同的处理工艺,以期改善玉米酿造小曲酒的酒质。结果表明,高粱的粗淀粉含量与玉米差异不显著（P＞0.05）,水分含量显著高于玉米（P＜0.05）。高粱酒样的酒精度显著高于玉米酒样（P＜0.05）;高粱糟醅的酸度、残余淀粉以及其细菌数量显著低于玉米糟醅（P＜0.05）,水分及其酵母菌数量显著高于玉米糟醅（P＜0.05）。对玉米先蒸粮再粉碎能够有效提升玉米酿造的小曲酒酒质,酒样酒精度由14.3%vol提升至24.4%vol,乙酸乙酯的含量由0.2 g/L提升至0.6 g/L。     

酿造酱油挥发性风味成分测定方法的建立与组成比较

为建立一种测定酿造酱油中挥发性风味成分的顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱方法(HS-SPME-GC-MS),以3-辛醇作为内标,应用HS-SPME-GC-MS技术,对酱油中的香气成分进行快速、准确的定量分析.优化的SPME条件是:75μm CAR/PDMS萃取头、萃取温度50℃、萃取时间40min、NaCl质量浓度220g/L,回收率在81.3%～105.9%之间.使用该方法,从低盐固态酱油中鉴定出挥发性风味成分36种,总含量均值为3022.9μg/L;从高盐稀态酱油中鉴定出挥发性风味成分64种,总含量均值为3 749.1μg/L.两种酱油在酸类、醛类、酯类、呋喃酮类物质的含量上有显著的差异.     

国产酒花香气成分及酿造特性的研究

为探究国产酒花在啤酒酿造中的酿造价值,将7种中国本土种植和培育的啤酒花（卡斯卡特、D1号、拿盖特、柯密特、青岛大花、哥伦布、哈拉道）在模拟啤酒酿造过程中添加,并在关键酿造节点取样,使用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）技术分析酒花在啤酒酿造过程中不同时期香气成分,并通过感官品评综合评估其酿造价值。结果表明,7种国产酒花香气成分均能满足啤酒酿造要求,除哥伦布为高α-酸酒花,青岛大花为苦型酒花外,其余品种均为苦香兼优型酒花,该类酒花既可煮沸时添加也可用于后期酒花干投,其中,卡斯卡特酒花与D1号酒花干投样品中月桂烯含量分别为0.458 μg/L、0.324 μg/L,远高于一般酒花,非常适合印度淡色艾尔啤酒（IPA）酿造。     

谷物酿造传统食醋化学成分研究进展

近年来谷物酿造传统食醋的营养保健功能逐渐受到重视,而其保健功能和营养价值与其所含的化学成分密切相关。食醋由于原料和工艺的复杂性,其化学组成非常复杂。近年来报道的化学成分包括氨基酸、有机酸、多元醇、糖类、黄酮类、挥发性成分、类黑精和无机元素。本文对近年来谷物酿造食醋化学成分研究的相关文献进行了总结和分析,并按照化学成分的种类对其研究现状进行综述,为在食醋质量标准中建立专属性更强的指标和促进食醋的开发利用提供依据。     

单粮和多粮型白酒发酵过程的成分差异分析

为探索单粮（高粱）酿造和多粮（高粱、大米、小麦、糯米和玉米）酿造的白酒在发酵过程中挥发性成分的差异,采用顶空固相微萃取、液液微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱对不同原料酿造的馥合香型白酒酒醅中挥发性成分进行鉴定。结果表明：在两种酒醅中均检测到86?种挥发性成分,单粮酒醅中生成更多的酚类和酸类化合物,多粮酒醅中生成更多的醇类和含氮化合物。比较两种酒醅中关键差异化合物发现,单粮酒醅发酵生成更多的苯乙醛;而多粮酒醅发酵生成更多的乙酸己酯、肉豆蔻酸乙酯、苯甲醇、6-甲基-2-乙基吡嗪和2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪。除上述吡嗪类化合物以外,多粮酒醅中吡嗪类化合物总含量显著高于单粮酒醅（P＜0.05）,这可能是多粮酒醅不同于单粮酒醅的典型特征。     

黑曲霉和红曲霉酿造黄酒理化成分及 挥发性物质的比较分析

目的比较分析黑曲霉和红曲霉酿造黄酒理化成分及挥发性物质的差异。方法首先从乌衣红曲中分离纯化出了黑曲霉和红曲霉,然后采用纯种发酵的方式制备液体曲进行黄酒酿造。利用化学方法、高效液相色谱技术分析了发酵过程中成分的变化并采用气相色谱质谱联用技术分析所酿造样品的挥发性成分。结果总酸、酒精度及总氨基酸含量在发酵过程中均呈不断增加的趋势,但黑曲黄酒中总酸和总氨基酸含量显著高于红曲黄酒。2种曲霉酿造的黄酒在挥发性成分组成及含量上存在较大的差异,红曲黄酒含有27种成分,黑曲黄酒中含有25种成分; 2-庚醇、2-壬醇、2-甲基丁酸等成分只在红曲黄酒中检出,而乙醛、2苯基-2-丁烯醛等成分只在黑曲黄酒中检出。结论黑曲霉酿造的黄酒氨基酸含量较高,而红曲霉酿造的黄酒挥发性风味成分更加丰富。     

黑果枸杞风味品质的分析研究

摘要：目的 分析黑果枸杞风味物质的构成及对产品品质的影响。方法 采取顶空固相微萃取（headspace-solid phase microextraction,HS-SPME）结合气相色谱-质谱联用法（gas chromatography - mass spectrometry, GC-MS）对其挥发性成分进行分析,采用峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对质量分数。采用高效液相色谱法对糖酸类化合物及氨基酸的含量进行了测定。结果 共鉴别出包括醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类、酸类、酚类、杂环化合物和含硫化合物等共99种挥发性物质,其中55种为食用香料,呈香物质中杂环化合物含量最高,其次是酯类和醇类。两种鲜味氨基酸和六种甜味氨基酸的含量分别为0.48 g/100g和0.50 g/100g,糖酸类化合物中苹果酸、柠檬酸、果糖和蔗糖的含量分别为0.011 g/100g、0.11 g/100g、0.0885 g/100g和0.0217 g/100g。结论 本研究明确了黑果枸杞中主要的风味物质,分析了影响其风味品质的香气成分、糖酸类物质和呈味氨基酸的组成和含量。     

起泡山楂黄酒酿造工艺优化及品质评价

以山楂、糯米为原料,在闽西客家传统甜型黄酒酿造工艺基础上酿制起泡山楂黄酒。以酒精度与感官评分为评价指标,采用单因素试验及响应面试验对其酿造工艺条件进行优化,并对其品质进行分析。结果表明,起泡山楂黄酒最佳酿造工艺条件为：浓缩山楂汁添加量10%、二次发酵初始糖度110 g/L、二次发酵温度16 ℃。在此最优发酵工艺条件下,起泡山楂黄酒酒精度为6.5%vol,感官评分为93.5分,其总糖、氨基酸态氮、非糖固形物、总黄酮含量分别为61.30 g/L、0.26 g/L、16.80 g/L、16.64 mg/L。     

The reason for the preferential use of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in eastern African brewing

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is a cereal that is widely used as an ingredient for alcoholic beverages in Eastern Africa. However, the reason for its preferred use in brewing over other types of cereal is still unknown. In this study, we aim to clarify the reason for selective use of finger millet in Eastern African brewing, through a field survey and laboratory experiments. The field survey was conducted in a rural village of Tanzania, named Bupigu. In the village, finger millet was used to prepare four types of foods: ugali (stiff porridge), uji (thin porridge), togwa (saccharified beverage) and pombe (alcoholic beverage). Among them, pombe brewing was the principal method of utilization. In addition, the survey showed that the villagers recognize that finger millet is responsible for the strong taste of pombe. Furthermore, the laboratory experiment showed that the α‐amylase activity of finger millet is higher than that of other cereals cultivated in Eastern Africa, suggesting that finger millet is a preferable ingredient for enhancing the efficiency of ethanol production. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the high amylase activity, which led to high ethanol concentrations in the alcoholic beverages, is a preferable characteristic of the finger millet.     

黄酒生产过程中生物胺的形成及变化

采用高效液相色谱的方法分析某企业春、秋和冬酿黄酒生产过程中的总生物胺及色胺、组胺、苯乙胺、酪胺、尸胺、腐胺、精胺、亚精胺8种生物胺含量,探讨了黄酒原料及整个发酵生产过程中生物胺形成和分解机制。结果表明,冬酿黄酒中主要的生物胺是腐胺、酪胺和色胺,在整个生产过程中呈现先降低后升高的趋势,其中后酵生物胺含量最高,为186.7 mg/L;春酿、秋酿和冬酿黄酒中前酵阶段生物胺含量差异不明显（P＞0.05）,后酵阶段秋酿黄酒和冬酿黄酒生物胺含量显著高于春酿黄酒（P＜0.05）,煎酒阶段冬酿黄酒生物胺含量显著高于春酿黄酒和秋酿黄酒（P＜0.05）;冬酿和秋酿黄酒中酪胺含量分别为72.11 mg/kg和30.26 mg/kg,以及高含量的腐胺和色胺,具有潜在的食品安全隐患。     

传统房县黄酒酿造工艺研究

通过单因素和正交试验,对传统房县黄酒的酿造工艺进行优化。结果表明,传统房县黄酒的最佳酿造工艺条件为酒药接种量 0.5%,料水比1∶0.5（g∶mL）,发酵温度28 ℃,发酵时间24 d。在此条件下,酿造得到的房县黄酒米香浓郁,柔和甘冽,酒体谐调,具有区别于典型产区黄酒的独特产品风格,酒精度为17.6%vol、β-苯乙醇含量为168.2 mg/L、异戊醇含量为63.5 mg/L、总糖为154.6 g/L、总酸为7.5 g/L、非糖固形物为32.6 g/L、氨基酸态氮为0.47 g/L。     

蛹虫草甜米酒的酿造工艺研究

以蛹虫草大米为原料,酿造蛹虫草甜米酒。通过单因素和正交试验,对蛹虫草甜米酒的酿造工艺进行优化。结果表明,蛹虫草甜米酒的最佳酿造工艺条件为：甜酒曲接种量为1.5%,料液比为1∶3.0（g∶mL）,发酵温度28 ℃,发酵时间为3 d。在此工艺条件下,蛹虫草甜酒中虫草总糖含量为10.03 g/100 mL,虫草素含量1.24 mg/100 mL,酒精度1.2%vol,感官评分95分。此最佳工艺酿造的蛹虫草甜米酒呈现淡黄色,酒液澄清透明,复合香气协调浓郁,口感甜爽,余味绵长,同时具有较高的营养价值。     

125th Anniversary Review: The science of the tropical cereals sorghum,maize and rice in relation to lager beer brewing

Mainstream lager beer brewing using the tropical cereals sorghum, maize and rice, either as malt or as raw grain plus commercial enzymes, is becoming widespread. This review examines the differences in composition between these tropical cereals and barley and their impact on brewing processes and beer quality. All of these cereals have a starch gelatinization temperature some 10 °C higher than barley. The sorghum prolamin proteins are particularly resistant to proteolysis owing to disulphide cross‐linking involving γ‐kafirin. Unlike barley, the major endosperm cell wall components in sorghum and maize are arabinoxylans, which persist during malting. The rice cell walls also seem to contain pectic substances. Notably, certain sorghum varieties, the tannin‐type sorghums, contain considerable levels of condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), which can substantially inhibit amylases, and probably also other brewing enzymes. Tropical cereal malts exhibit a similar complement of enzymic activities to barley malt, with the notable exception of β‐amylase, which is much lower and essentially is absent in their raw grain. Concerning beer flavour, it is probable that condensed tannins, where present in sorghum, could contribute to bitterness and astringency. The compound 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline, responsible for the popcorn aroma of maize and also the major aroma compound in rice, presumably affects beer flavour. However, much more research is needed into tropical cereals and beer flavour. Other future directions should include improving hydrolysis of prolamins into free amino nitrogen, possibly using prolyl carboxypeptidases and investigating tropical cereal lines with useful novel traits such as high amylopectin, high protein digestibility and low phytate. Copyright © 2013 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Effect of Thermal Treatment on Selected Cereals and Millets Flour Doughs and Their Baking Quality

Selected cereals (rice and sorghum) and millets (finger millet and pearl millet) were steamed for 20 min at ambient pressure. The rheological properties of doughs, made from these steamed as well raw grain flours, were characterized in addition to examining their baking quality. The two-cycle compression test was employed and instrumental values were correlated with sensory attributes (color, aroma, taste, stickiness, chewiness, tearing strength, cohesiveness, and rollability) using principal component analysis (PCA). Rice doughs made from both raw as well as thermally treated flour imparted maximum hardness (96.6–99.3 N) and least cohesiveness (0.05–0.09) with highest stickiness values (105–110°) among all the dough samples at the same moisture content. Pearl millet and raw sorghum flour doughs possessed the least instrumental hardness, adhesiveness, and stickiness and were the easiest to flatten. The PCA biplot showed that sensory and instrumental cohesiveness formed a cluster on the left side on the x axis while shear force, and sensory attributes like tearing strength, chewiness, stickiness, and rollability formed another cluster on the other side of the axis. Raw rice and finger millet doughs were associated with the high extent of instrumental and sensory stickiness. Thermally treated pearl millet and sorghum doughs were the best followed by treated rice and finger millet samples to give the desirable dough characteristics, and were quite close to wheat chapathi in texture.     

生米制醋中液态酿酒工艺因素优化

对生米酿酒工艺中发酵的温度、糖化酶用量、活性干酵母用量、料水比、乌衣红曲用量、不同的糖化发酵剂、不同的大米原料进行了单因素的优化试验.确定最佳工艺因素为:发酵温度25℃～30℃,糖化酶用量0.45％(酶活5×104U),活性干酵母用量0.3％,料水比1∶2.5倍,乌衣红曲用量3％,糯米原料较优.并选择3个重要的单因素进行正交优化验证.液态生米酿酒原料出品率可达到300％(15％vol酒精度).     

乌衣红曲黄酒发酵酸败因素分析及工艺调控

该文介绍了乌衣红曲的特性,分析了乌衣红曲的质量,并对乌衣红曲黄酒大罐发酵酸败因素进行了分析.用生产实例证明乌衣红曲很红或很黑时进行工艺调整,取得了一定的效果.并在浸曲、投水、冷却温控等前发酵重点工序进行了作业示范.为乌衣红曲黄酒酿造企业提供生产参考.