N80钢CO2腐蚀过程的EIS研究

应用电化学阻抗谱研究了N80钢在饱和CO2的模拟地层水中CO2腐蚀过程的电化学行为.结果表明:在饱和CO2的模拟地层水中阻抗谱出现三个时间常数,分别对应高频的容抗弧,中低频的感抗弧和低频的容抗弧.阳极极化条件下的阻抗谱与自腐蚀电位下的阻抗谱形状相同,表明腐蚀机理未发生改变.但极化条件下反应电阻下降,反应速率加快.阴极极化条件下,阻抗谱未出现感抗弧,表明阴极过程不存在吸附中间产物.     

塑性变形条件下16MnR钢的CO2腐蚀电化学行为

油气田管材常常在各种应力和变形状态下服役,为了研究应力和变形对钢CO2腐蚀电化学行为的影响,利用电化学技术分别测量了16MnR钢在不同弯曲塑性变形状态下的CO2腐蚀电化学阻抗谱、线性极化电阻和自然腐蚀电位.结果表明:随着应变的增大,自然腐蚀电位负移,线性极化电阻逐渐减小,腐蚀速率增大.在拉伸和压缩塑性变形状态下16MnR钢CO2腐蚀的电化学阻抗谱均由高频容抗弧和低频感抗弧组成.随着应变的增大,容抗弧和感抗弧逐渐收缩,反应的总阻抗减小.冷加工变形增大了16MnR钢的电化学活性,使阳极溶解加快,腐蚀速率增大.     

3Cr低合金钢在含饱和CO_2的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电化学行为

研究了含饱和CO2的NaCl溶液pH值对3Cr低合金钢腐蚀及其电化学行为的影响。结果表明: 当NaCl溶液的pH值较低(2, 3.9)时, 腐蚀产物膜为单层结构, 呈龟裂状; 当pH值较高(6.5)时, 腐蚀产物具有三层结构, 外层腐蚀产物为颗粒状, 内层仍呈龟裂状。NaCl溶液的pH值对3Cr低合金钢的腐蚀电化学行为也有显著影响。 NaCl溶液的pH值升高能改变电极过程中的主要阴极反应, 使腐蚀电位逐渐负移, 且电荷转移电阻的增大使腐蚀电流密度减小。     

09Cr2AlMoRE钢和N80油套管钢的CO2腐蚀电化学行为

利用交流阻抗技术对比研究了N80油套管钢和09Cr2AlMoRE钢（称新型合金）在饱和CO2的地层水中的腐蚀电化学行为,同时利用SEM观察了两种材料在1MPa,120℃腐蚀7d（天）所成膜的形貌。结果表明,N80钢的阳极电化学阻抗谱出现了高频的容抗弧、中低频的感抗弧和低频的容抗弧;而新型合金的阳极电化学阻抗谱只出现了高、低频容抗弧,感抗弧已很少了。对于阴极电化学阻抗谱,N80钢的阻抗谱只由一容抗弧组成,而新型合金则由高频容抗弧、中频Warburg阻抗和低频容抗弧共同组成。对两种材料阴、阳极过程中极化电阻的计算表明,新型合金阴、阳极过程中的极化电阻大于N80钢相应过程的极化电阻,表明新型合金能有效地抑制了CO2腐蚀。     

触变成形AZ91D镁合金在NaCl溶液中腐蚀行为的电化学分析

用动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱的方法对触变成形AZ91D镁合金在NaCl水溶液中腐蚀行为进行了研究.结果表明:在相同浓度的NaCl水溶液中,随着腐蚀时间的延长,开路电位逐渐提高(正移),同一腐蚀电位下触变成形AZ91 D镁合金的阳极极化电流明显减小,电化学阻抗谱(EIS)显示其容抗减小,腐蚀产物在合金表面沉积,对基体金属具有一定的保护作用,因而其腐蚀速度减小;随着溶液中Cl-浓度的增大,开路电位呈下降(负移)趋势,且其开路电位的正移速度较慢,同一腐蚀电位下触变成形AZ91D镁合金的阳极极化电流增大,EIS显示其线性阻抗减小,腐蚀反应的过程加快,所以腐蚀速度增大.     

00Cr15超级马氏体不锈钢在含H_2SO_4的酸性NaCl溶液中的电化学特征

超级马氏体不锈钢耐各种介质的腐蚀对其使用至关重要。采用电化学噪声(ENC)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和动电位极化(PDP)曲线,研究了00Cr15超级马氏体不锈钢在含H2SO4的酸性NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:随着其浸泡时间的延长,噪声电阻逐渐增大,噪声谱功率曲线的斜率在48 h时突然下降,即钝化膜变得稳定;电化学阻抗谱中的容抗弧随时间的延长逐渐增大,48 h后基本不再变化;随浸泡时间的延长,点蚀电位升高,维钝电流密度下降;00Cr15超级马氏体不锈钢在含H2SO4的酸性NaCl溶液中的再钝化能力强,耐蚀性好。     

AM60镁合金在侵蚀性溶液中的电化学阻抗分形(英文)

研究了AM60镁合金在0.1 mol/L NaCl,Na2SO4和饱和Mg(OH)2溶液中浸泡96小时的电化学阻抗谱(Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,EIS)行为。溶液中含有Cl-时,阻抗谱呈现高中频两个容抗弧和低频感抗成分,且低频感抗组分在浸泡36小时后消失。AM60浸泡在Na2SO4溶液中具有类似的电化学阻抗行为,区别在于低频弛豫过程和容抗大小。相比于Cl-离子,SO42-离子具有相对较弱的腐蚀进攻能力。在饱和Mg(OH)2溶液中,由于Mg(OH)2弱水解有效抑制了阴阳极反应(极化曲线结果),EIS谱图仅有中高频两个容抗弧,没有对应孔核形成和消失的低频感抗行为。由于高频容抗弧对应AM60原表面的双电层信息,其弥散系数n、分形维数DE可以获取腐蚀过程中的细节信息。阻抗分形维数DE随时间的变化曲线结果表明Cl-具有最强的腐蚀进攻性,同时也具有再钝化效应,以修复由于Cl-进攻形成的孔核。SO42-离子腐蚀进攻性相对较弱,且没有再钝化现象。饱和Mg(OH)2溶液中DE的增加主要是由于不溶性Mg(OH)2沉积吸附在镁合金表面,增加表面的粗糙度。     

电沉积Ni-W合金在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

通过电沉积的方法制备了Ni-W晶态合金与Ni-W非晶态合金.采用极化曲线与电化学阻抗谱测试了Ni-W合金在0.5mol/L NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为.结果表明,Ni-W非晶态合金在0.5mol/L NaCl溶液中的极化曲线与Ni-W晶态合金相比,腐蚀电位较正,且钝化区间明显.Ni-W非晶态合金在0.5mol/L NaCl溶液中的电化学阻抗谱容抗弧半径远远大于Ni-W晶态合金,并且随着浸泡时间的延长Ni-W非晶态合金的表面生成一层钝化膜,容抗弧半径变化较小,而Ni-W晶态合金的容抗弧半径随浸泡时间的延长而越来越小,表面腐蚀越来越严重.总体来说,Ni-W非晶态合金的耐蚀性能要远远优于Ni-W晶态合金.     

X100钢在模拟碱性土壤溶液中的腐蚀行为

为了给X100钢在工程中的应用提供数据参考,采用电化学方法,选用典型模拟碱性土壤溶液,通过改变Cl-浓度、浸泡时间以及极化恒电位值,研究X100钢的电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明:X100钢的腐蚀为活化-钝化过程,其交流阻抗谱包括高频容抗弧和低频容抗弧,在低频段出现Warburg阻抗;CE浓度从0.15mol/L增大到0.25mol/L时,溶液中的电荷转移电阻增大,反应形成的钝化膜越来越致密,导致腐蚀速率减小;浸泡时间从2h增加到8h时,电荷转移电阻减小,导致电极表面腐蚀加剧;在-0.60~0.40V极化扫描下,电荷转移电阻明显增加,钝化膜变得致密,导致腐蚀抗力增大,腐蚀速率减小。     

含H2S/CO2腐蚀环境下80S和80S-3Cr抗硫油管材料的性能研究

天然气开发生产中常有H2S、CO2共存,引起生产油管严重腐蚀,为了研究H2S/CO2腐蚀环境中不同含硫量对80S和80S-3Cr 2种抗硫油管材料抗腐蚀性能的影响,通过动电位极化扫描和电化学交流阻抗测试研究了2种材料的电化学腐蚀行为.研究结果表明:(1)2种材料的极化曲线均随含硫量增大向X轴负向移动,阴极反应由活化和扩散作用联合控制,当Na2S·9H2O浓度达到1.0％时极化曲线的阳极分支出现了钝化区;(2)2种材料的腐蚀电位Ecorr均随含硫浓度增大而负向增大,其腐蚀电流密度Jcorr减小,各相应条件下80S-3Cr的Jcorr相比80S更小;(3)含硫条件下Nyquist谱具有中高频区容抗弧和低频区Warburg阻抗的2个时间常数,且Warburg阻抗特征随含硫浓度增大而更明显;(4)随含硫浓度增大,电荷传递电阻Rt不断增大,而Warburg阻抗Zw减小;(5)基体表面先形成的腐蚀产物中的S元素含量更高,80S-3Cr的腐蚀产物与80S相比S元素含量更低.综合可知:H2S、CO2共存腐蚀环境中在金属表面优先形成了具有保护性的硫化铁类产物,抑制了金属材料的腐蚀,同时80S-3Cr材料与80S材料相比具有更好的抗H2S/CO2腐蚀性能.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。