1,3-丙二醇发酵过程中底物抑制及其对策的研究

研究了底物甘油浓度对Klebsiellapneumoniae发酵生产 1 ,3 丙二醇的影响 ,并通过实验确定了最佳的初始甘油浓度和甘油开始对产物生成产生抑制作用的浓度。针对底物抑制现象 ,提出了菌种驯化和流加甘油发酵两种解决途径。结果表明 :采用原始菌株发酵 ,适宜的甘油初始浓度为 642 .4mmol/L ,此时 1 ,3 丙二醇浓度和转化率分别可达 2 60mmol/L和 0 .492mol/mol;在较高甘油初始浓度 (789mmol/L)的情况下 ,经驯化培养获得的耐底物抑制菌株 ,可将最终 1 ,3 丙二醇浓度和转化率分别提高到 30 0 .9mmol/L和 0 .530mol/mol;采用流加甘油发酵工艺 ,1 ,3 丙二醇浓度和转化率分别可提高到 397.7mmol/L和 0 .62 5mol/mol。     

若干因素对发酵法生产1,3-丙二醇的调控作用

利用一株新筛选的克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae ZJU 5205)对发酵法生产1,3-丙二醇进行了研究,考察了 pH、溶氧及添加辅助底物葡萄糖对发酵过程的调控作用。实验结果表明,相比于未调控 pH 发酵,恒定 pH 值发酵得到的菌体浓度明显增高,甘油消耗加快,1,3-丙二醇的最终浓度以及甘油到丙二醇的转化率(Y_(P/S))明显提高,分别达16.39g/L和0.51mol/mol;厌氧发酵时的菌体浓度和甘油消耗速率均高于微氧发酵,但1,3-丙二醇最终浓度和转化率低于微氧发酵;添加葡萄糖为辅助底物能够有效促进菌体生长,但1,3-丙二醇最终浓度和转化率却低于以甘油为单一底物时的发酵结果。     

葡萄糖作辅助碳源对klebsiella pneumoniae发酵生产1,3-丙二醇的影响

在Klebsiella pneumoniae发酵甘油生产1,3 丙二醇的种子培养及发酵实验中,考察了葡萄糖作辅助碳源对菌体生长及1,3 丙二醇生成的影响. 结果表明,在种子培养期,以葡萄糖和甘油为混合碳源可缩短种子培养周期;在批次发酵和流加发酵中,葡萄糖作辅助碳源可使1,3 丙二醇产率及得率明显提高,但不同的葡萄糖加入方式对产率及得率促进的效果不同. 在初始发酵培养基中添加5 g/L葡萄糖、并在4 40 h进行葡萄糖与甘油混合液连续流加的条件下,1,3 丙二醇浓度、产率及得率较单一甘油为底物的流加发酵结果分别提高41.2 , 38.6 和8.3 .     

甘油和木糖共发酵生产1,3-丙二醇的研究

以克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌代谢甘油为研究对象,采用木糖作为发酵过程中的辅助底物与甘油共发酵生产1,3-丙二醇,以解决甘油单耗过大的问题,并研究了甘油和木糖共发酵过程中相关代谢物浓度的变化规律。实验表明:克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌可利用D-木糖经过磷酸戊糖途径为菌体代谢提供大量的还原力(NADPH和NADH),促进1,3-丙二醇的合成。与甘油单独发酵相比,以木糖作为辅助底物的微氧批次补料发酵中,1,3-丙二醇的质量浓度、甘油转化率及产量分别提高了10.58%,21.11%和10.98%。共发酵生产1,3-丙二醇在降低甘油到1,3-丙二醇单耗的同时,还可以促进副产物的生成,为克雷伯氏菌发酵多联产工艺提供了可能,从而较全面地降低甘油发酵生产1,3-丙二醇工艺的技术成本,具有一定的研究意义。     

以粗甘油为原料高产1,3-丙二醇菌株的等离子体复合诱变

为提高克雷伯氏杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)以粗甘油为底物发酵生产1,3-丙二醇的水平,尝试使用大气压介质阻挡放电等离子体与LiCl进行复合诱变,结合FeCl3和产物耐受的筛选方法,得到一株产量较高的突变菌株KpM30.经批式流加发酵,1,3-丙二醇的产量、摩尔转化率分别达到70.2 g/L和0.5...     

蔗糖与葡萄糖作辅助碳源对重组Klebsiella pneumoniae发酵生产 1,3-丙二醇的影响

实验研究了重组Klebsiella pneumoniae批式发酵生产1,3-丙二醇过程中辅助碳源蔗糖与葡萄糖对发酵过程的影响,对发酵工艺进行了放大,并对流加策略进行了优化. 结果表明,葡萄糖为发酵生产1,3-丙二醇的辅助碳源优于蔗糖;以重组Klebsiella pneumoniae为菌种,以葡萄糖为辅助碳源,采用指数流加策略,30 L发酵罐中1,3-丙二醇的产量最高达85.2 g/L,产率达0.63 mol/mol,比单纯以甘油为碳源分别提高37.35%和25.00%.     

大气压介质阻挡放电等离子体强化克雷伯氏菌发酵的研究

大气压空气介质阻挡放电等离子体作为一种新型强化微生物发酵方法,用于克雷伯氏菌发酵生产1,3-丙二醇。采用气相色谱法检测1,3-丙二醇浓度;用紫外-可见分光光度计检测代谢关键酶活性;采用荧光分光光度计检测细胞膜通透性。考察不同等离子体处理时间对克雷伯氏菌接种体在2%、4%和6%甘油浓度种子培养基中揺瓶发酵的影响。结果表明,等离子体处理4 min接种体在6%甘油浓度种子培养基中揺瓶发酵,1,3丙二醇浓度达到最大值17.2 g?L-1,比对照组提高89%(9.1g?L-1)。甘油脱氢酶比活性0.19 U?mg-1,甘油脱水酶比活性10.9 U?mg-1,1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶比活性0.65 U?mg-1,比对照组(0.04,9.2和0.09 U?mg-1)分别提高4.8倍,18%和7倍。6%甘油浓度间歇发酵,等离子体组1,3-丙二醇浓度和生产强度分别为24.6 g?L-1和1.23 g?(L?h)-1,均比对照组提高56%;转化率0.54 mol?mol-1,与对照组相近(0.53 mol?mol-1)。在间歇发酵过程中,等离子体处理组菌体细胞膜通透性显著高于对照组。4%甘油浓度批式流加发酵,等离子体组1,3-丙二醇浓度46.9 g?L-1,转化率0.50 mol?mol-1,生产强度1.51 g?(L?h)-1,转化率和生产强度分别比对照组提高14%和40%。上述结果表明,大气压介质阻挡放电等离子体可以提高克雷伯氏菌生产1,3-丙二醇能力。     

控制氮源浓度提高1,3-丙二醇的发酵水平

通过对克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)甘油发酵生产1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PD)发酵过程的研究发现,氮源浓度对菌体生长、产物和副产物的代谢有着重要影响.氮源浓度较低时,菌体生长和产物生成都会因氮源不足受到影响;氮源浓度较高时会导致菌体过度生长和副产物的大量生成,降低1,3-PD的最终浓度和甘油到1,3-丙二醇的转化率.控制合适的氮源浓度可以提高1,3-PD的发酵水平,1,3-PD的最终浓度达到61.20 g·L-1、甘油到1,3-丙二醇的转化率达到0.72 (mol·mol-1),分别比对照提高了10%和20%.     

基于生长代谢耦联的1,3-丙二醇发酵过程底物流加控制策略

研究了克雷伯氏杆菌转化甘油生产1,3-丙二醇的底物流加控制策略,其特征是批式流加发酵过程与细胞生长和代谢相耦联. 通过细胞生长动力学分析,建立了对数生长期和稳定期底物消耗与生物量和碱液消耗量之间的函数关系. 2次在线反馈补料发酵实验结果表明,甘油浓度控制在20±2 g/L时,1,3-丙二醇的终浓度分别达80.3和78.8 g/L以上,与手动反馈补料相比,1,3-丙二醇浓度分别提高了25.0和23.5 g/L.     

外源添加ATP对K.pneumoniae菌体生长和产物合成的影响

基于K.pneumoniae生成1,3 丙二醇过程中甘油脱水酶催化失活与复活的特性,在发酵培养基中添加不同质量浓度的三磷酸腺苷(ATP),考察ATP对菌体生长、1,3 丙二醇(1,3 PD)、其他副产物合成的影响。实验结果表明:添加ATP抑制菌体生长,加入质量浓度为0 4g/LATP,OD值比参照低53%;添加ATP促进单位细胞合成1,3 丙二醇,加入质量浓度为0 4g/LATP,1,3 丙二醇质量浓度/OD值比参照高90%;添加ATP能提高甘油到1,3 丙二醇转化率,加入0 8g/LATP,甘油到1,3 PD的最大转化率达到0 76mol/mol。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.