Kappa-晒化卡拉胶对实验动物的抗心律失常作用

Kappa-硒化卡拉胶是一含硒有机化合物。ip 9 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×5d或单次ig 35,70,140mg·kg~(-1)能显著提高乌头碱致大鼠HA的阈剂量,此作用可与Na_2SeO_3 1 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×5d ip比拟.随着Kappa-硒化卡拉胶ig剂量增加,尚可提高乌头碱所致VE,VT和VF的阈剂量。ip 9mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×5 d或ig 70mg·kg~(-1)能提高BaCl_2致大鼠或哇巴因致豚鼠HA的阈剂量。对BaCl_2致大鼠VF或哇巴因致豚鼠VE的阈剂量,分别在ig70mg·kg~(-1)与140mg·kg~(-1)时有提高,而ipNa_2SeO_3 1 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×5d无此明显影响。     

鲁非罗尼对大鼠和犬的长期毒性试验

目的:考察连续给予脯氨酰羟化酶抑制剂鲁非罗尼(LF)对实验动物的毒性反应。方法:对SD大鼠和Beagle犬连续口服给药6个月,进行常规观察并测定血清和组织中的羟脯氨酸含量。结果:IF在2500mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)剂量时使大鼠尿素氮(BUN)升高,总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(ALB)降低,血清和肝脏羟脯氨酸含量降低,肝、肺和肾重量系数增加;50和350mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)剂量对大鼠各项指标无明显影响。LF 50,150和450mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)剂量对犬各项指标无明显影响。结论:LF安全剂量高,仅在极高剂量才引起可逆性毒性反应。     

宫清颗粒诱导Th17/Treg亚群偏移减轻药物流产后子宫出血

目的探讨米非司酮药物流产中Th17/Treg亚群偏移与子宫出血量的相关性及宫清颗粒诱导Th17/Treg亚群偏移减轻药物流产后子宫出血的作用与机制。方法孕小鼠30只,随机分为正常妊娠组和米非司酮大(1.5 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×3 d,ig)、小剂量组(0.88 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×3 d,ig),每组10只,改良碱性正铁血红素法检测子宫出血量,流式细胞术双染色法检测子宫组织Th17(CD3~+CD4~+IL-17A~+)、Treg(CD4~+CD25~+Foxp3~+)亚群比例。孕小鼠40只,随机分为米非司酮组(1.5 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×3 d,ig)和宫清大、中、小剂量组(米非司酮1.5 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×3 d+宫清颗粒308.16、154.08、77.04 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×5 d,ig),每组10只,检测子宫出血量及子宫组织Th17、Treg亚群比例,RT-PCR法检测子宫组织白细胞介素-17A(IL-17A)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)mRNA转录水平。结果药物流产小鼠子宫出血量与Th17亚群比例、Th17/Treg比值呈负相关(r=-0.700、r=-0.867,P<0.05),与Treg亚群比例呈正相关(r=0.554,P<0.05)。宫清颗粒作用后小鼠子宫出血量明显减少;Th17亚群比例升高,Treg亚群比例降低,Th17/Treg比值升高(均P<0.05);IL-17A mRNA表达升高,IL-10、TGF-βmRNA表达降低,均P<0.05。结论米非司酮药物流产中Th17/Treg亚群偏移与子宫出血量密切相关,宫清颗粒优势诱导Th17亚群偏移,进而减轻子宫出血。     

缬沙坦与福辛普利对儿茶酚胺诱导的心肌肥厚的影响(英文)

目的:研究血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂缬沙坦和新型血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂福辛普利对心肌肥厚的影响.方法:SD大鼠ip去甲肾上腺素1.5 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×15 d,造成心肌肥厚模型.缬沙坦ig 15 mg· kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×15 d,福辛普利ig 30 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×15 d.测量心重指数,心肌胶原含量,肌球蛋白ATP酶及细胞膜和线粒体Na~ ,K~ -ATP酶,Ca~(2 )-ATP酶的活性,并检测此模型中心肌细胞的凋亡水平.结果:缬沙坦和福辛普利均能阻止心肌肥厚的发生,减少胶原合成,提高肌球蛋白ATP酶及细胞膜和线粒体Na~ ,K~ -ATP酶、Ca~(2 )-ATP酶的活力,抑制心肌细胞的凋亡.结论:缬沙坦和福辛普利可防止儿茶酚胺诱导的心肌重塑,心肌细胞凋亡可能在儿茶酚胺诱导的心肌重塑中起重要作用.     

腹直肌冷脓肿的诊治体会

腹直肌冷脓肿是腹壁脓肿的一部份,由于其解剖上的特点,又是特异性感染,缺乏急性炎症的表现,大多没有结核的临床症状,容易误诊.近来连续遇见三例,只有一例得到术前确诊,现就其诊疗体会报道如下. 一、临床病例例1,女性,25岁,农民.右上腹无痛性包块四月入院,除局部稍有不适外,余无异常.否认结核病史.查右上腹包块7×9 cm大小,活动差,中等硬,无触痛.胸透(一),血象正常.院外B超:肝右叶腹侧9.3×7.9cm液性暗区;本院B超:右上腹8.6×7.7×5.3cm包块,包膜清楚,内有点状回声及乳头样回声,向后上推移肝及胆囊,提示右上腹皮样囊肿.肝扫描右叶下段(肝门区)放射性核素分布稀疏缺损,右上腹包块处无放射性分布,     

nobiliside A隐形纳米脂质体对小鼠RM-1前列腺癌的抑制作用

目的比较nobiliside A隐形纳米脂质体(NASNL)和nobiliside A普通脂质体(NACL)对小鼠RM-1前列腺癌的抑制作用。方法 RM-1前列腺癌荷瘤小鼠随机分为6组(均n=10):阴性对照组(生理盐水)、阳性对照组(环磷酰胺20 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))、NACL低、高剂量组(1 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)、2 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))和NASNL低、高剂量组(1 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)、2 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)),均尾静脉注射给予相应药物,连续7 d。通过比较各组小鼠的肿瘤生长曲线、抑瘤率、肿瘤组织的病理变化等考察2种脂质体的抑瘤效果。结果 NASNL两剂量组的肿瘤生长速度均低于相应剂量的NACL组(P<0.05)。NASNL两剂量组的抑瘤率均高于相应的NACL组,其中NASNL高剂量组的抑瘤率是NACL高剂量组的2倍。NASNL各组肿瘤细胞坏死程度高于NACL各组。结论 NASNL的肿瘤抑制作用明显优于NACL。     

荆花胃康胶丸对溃疡大鼠胃黏膜NO,NOS和ET含量的影响

目的:观察荆花胃康胶丸对溃疡大鼠胃黏膜内皮素(ET)、一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)含量的影响。方法:采用Okabe氏法造成大鼠胃溃疡模型,随机将模型动物分为蒸馏水对照组、荆花胃康胶丸30,20, 10 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)组、硫糖铝10 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)及法莫替丁5 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)组,每组8只。各组均灌胃给药,qd,连续10 d。末次给药后次日,测定各组溃疡面积,并测定溃疡周围组织NO,NOS及ET含量。结果:与对照组相比,荆花胃康胶丸30,20,10 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)组的溃疡面积显著降低,溃疡周围组织NO及NOS的含量明显增高,ET的含量明显降低(P＜0．01),且呈现剂量依赖性;荆花胃康胶丸30 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)组的保护作用优于硫糖铝及法莫替丁组(P＜0．05)。结论:荆花胃康胶丸可能通过增加胃溃疡组织NO及NOS的含量及降低ET的含量来发挥胃黏膜修复作用。     

马钱子碱及其脂质体对移植性肝癌Heps小鼠的抗肿瘤作用和毒性的比较

目的:比较马钱子碱(brucine,B)和马钱子碱脂质体(brucine liposome,BL)对移植性肝癌Heps小鼠的抗肿瘤作用和毒性。方法:ICR雄性小鼠接种肝癌Heps瘤株造成移植性肝癌Heps小鼠模型(简称Heps小鼠),测定B(1·61,3·23,6·46 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),ip,8 d)和BL(以B计,1．61和3．23 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),ip,8 d)对实体瘤小鼠的抑瘤率和腹水瘤小鼠的生命延长率;并比较各组实体瘤小鼠的体重、免疫器官(脾和胸腺)指数、血细胞指数(白细胞、红细胞、血小板和血红蛋白)和肝、肾功能指数(AST,ALT和BUN)。结果:低、中、高剂量的B(1．61,3．23,6．46 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))对Heps实体瘤小鼠的抑瘤率分别为35．05%,43．70%,46．09%;同剂量的BL(1．61,3．23 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))的抑瘤率分别为45．41%和58．19%。BL对Heps实体瘤小鼠的肿瘤抑制作用显著强于B,但B和BL对Heps腹水瘤小鼠生存时间均无延长作用。B和BL在1．61,3．23 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)时对Heps实体瘤小鼠的造血、免疫系统以及肝、肾功能不仅无明显的毒性,相反还能提高其免疫器官的重量和指数,显著提高Heps小鼠的白细胞和血小板计数,并能显著降低Heps小鼠的AST,ALT和BUN的异常升高。结论:BL对移植性肝癌Heps小鼠的抗肿瘤活性明显强于B,并且对Heps小鼠造血、免疫系统以及肝肾的毒性低,通过深入研究BL可望成为一种新型的抗癌药物。     

芍药甙在兔和大鼠体内的药动学研究

兔iv25mg·kg~(-1)芍药甙后,血药浓度—时间曲线符合二室模型。药动学参数为T_(1/2α)=5.93min,T_(1/2β)66.02min,V(?)=516.8ml·kg~(-1),CL=6.11ml·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)。兔ig250mg·kg~(-1)芍药甙,生物利用度为F=7.24％±4.15％,T_(max)=77.4min,C_(max)=21.57mg·L~(-1)大鼠ig550mg·kg~(-1)芍药甙,24h内粪、尿排泄量及iv55mg·kg~(-1)7h内胆汁排泄量分别占给药量的10.61％、1.08％、864％。离体肝脏灌流结果提示:芍药甙在肝内代谢少.     

肝损害大鼠ig泛普洛韦的药代动力学

目的:研究肝损害大鼠ig泛昔洛韦(famciclovir)后体内喷昔洛韦(penciclovir)药代动力学,探讨肝损害大鼠肝醛氧合酶体外氧化泛昔洛韦的酶动力学行为。方法:用HPLC法测定CCI_4引起肝损害的SD大鼠ig泛昔洛韦200mg·kg~(-1)后的血浆中喷昔洛韦浓度及肝损害的SD大鼠肝醛氧合酶匀浆中泛昔洛韦浓度。结果:肝损害大鼠喷昔洛韦药代动力学参数为t_(1/2ka)(0.34±0.13)h,C_(max)(43.4±27.6)mg·L~(-1),AUC_(0～8h)106.3±19.5mg·L~(-1)·h[对照分别为(0.53±0.14)h,(27.6±6.4)mg·L~(-1),(91.8±17.3)mg·L~(-1)·h,P<0.05]。肝损害大鼠肝醛氧合酶体外氧化泛昔洛韦的酶动力学参数为K_m(0.1632±0.0882)mmol·L~(-1)、V_(max)(36.87 15.46)nmol·min~(-1)·mg~(-1)protein[对照组K_m,V_(max)分别为(0.1184±0.0479)mmol·L~(-1),(51.72±21.09)nmol·min~(-1)·mg~(-1)protein;P<0.05和P<0.01]。结论:肝损害大鼠对泛昔洛韦吸收和转化成喷昔洛韦能力明显减低,但消除基本不变。肝醛氧合酶的亲和力和最大反应速率均降低,可能是肝损后泛昔洛韦药动学行为改变的因素之一。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.