Survey of iron,zinc, calcium,copper, lead,and cadmium in rice samples grown in Iran

In the present study ninety nine polished white rice samples were collected in three areas, all over Lorestan Province located in the west of Iran, and analysed for six elements by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). For individual elements, Zinc (Zn) showed the highest concentration among the analysed essential elements with a mean of 28.6 mg kg^?1 and next to copper (Cu) of 22.8 mg kg^?1. Analysis of the essential and toxic elements for possible inter-area variation by ANOVA showed that there are significant differences between the areas. There was no significant difference between areas for Zn concentrations. Most of the samples nearly contained world wide average concentration of iron (Fe) and Zn in rice grains that were reported by various researches. But, the content of calcium (Ca) in the rice samples produced in Lorestan Province were much lower than other countries, meanwhile Cu concentrations were much higher than other studies. Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) concentrations in the sampled rice were lower in comparison with their upper limits (0.1 and 0.2 mg kg^?1 for Cd and Pb, respectively) approved by Iranian Ministry of Health. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no health problems result from Lorestan rice consumption, for these two elements.     

接装纸中汞、砷、铅等8种元素的分析研究

本文利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES法)同时测定接装纸样品中铅、铜、镉、铬、锡、锑元素含量,汞、砷元素含量采用冷原子吸收光谱法和银盐法测定.结果表明接装纸样品中锡元素含量最高,铜次之,汞、砷、铅相比,砷元素含量较高,部分样品中砷、铅元素含量超出食品包装用纸的最高限量标准.采用ICP-AES法同时测定接装纸6种元素,操作简便,重复性好,回收率高.此外,本文还对接装纸荧光物质和脱色程度进行了测定分析,从随机抽检的47份国产、进口接装纸样品看,进口白色接装纸无荧光,国产白色接装纸有荧光,珠光色接装纸个别有荧光,纸边为白色的接装纸荧光程度不一.脱色试验表明,进口接装纸,国产印刷型接装纸、珠光纸不脱色,涂布型接装纸均有不同程度的脱色.     

Toxic and micronutrient elements in organic,brown and polished rice in Brazil

Concentration levels of As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Tl, Sn, Sb Co, Cu, Mn, Se, Zn, Cr, Ni and Mo in different types of rice cultivated in irrigated fields in Brazil were evaluated. Arsenic, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn and Cu were found in higher concentrations in brown rice samples, suggesting the prevalence of these elements in the bran. Meanwhile, lower concentrations of Pb, Mo, Cr, Se and Co were found in parboiled rice. Organic rice did not differ of cultivated conventionally rice. Thallium, Hg and Sb were not detected in any rice sample whose limits of detection were 0.7 μg kg^?1, 2.5 μg kg^?1 and 8 μg kg^?1, respectively. The concentrations of the investigated elements were compared with those reported for polished rice and brown rice from other countries, unveiling concentrations in general at the same level for rice produced at non-contaminated sites.     

Toxic and essential elements in butter from the Black Sea region,Turkey

In this study, 88 randomly selected samples of butter produced in the Black Sea region of Turkey were purchased from different retail markets during different periods and investigated for toxic and essential elements content. Quantitative analyses of elements in the samples were performed using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Mean concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in the butter samples were 18.93, 100.32, 384.66, 4199.1, 887.47, 168.64, 56.13, 16.34 and 384.66 µg kg^?1, respectively. Cd and Co were detected in 19 (mean content 0.29 µg kg^?1) and 81 (mean content 3.81 µg kg^?1) samples of 88 butter samples, respectively. However, the dietary intake of these elements by the population of the Black Sea region is currently well below the dietary reference intake (DRI) and provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) levels of essential and toxic elements.     

Occurrence and stability of inorganic and organic arsenic species in wines,rice wines and beers from Central European market

We investigated in total 80 wine samples of different types and seven grape juice and 23 beer samples purchased from markets in Central Europe in order to understand the arsenic (As) speciation and help assess the potential As toxicity via intake of alcoholic beverages. Generally, total As concentrations in most samples investigated were below the drinking water limit 10?µg?l^?1 published by the World Health Organization (WHO); ranging from 0.46 to 21.0?µg?l^?1 As in red and white wines and from 0.75 to 13.4?µg?l^?1 As in beers. In addition, concentrations of total As in rice wine and in rice beer were 0.63–6.07 and 3.69–8.23?µg?l^?1 As, respectively. The total As concentrations in ice wine ranged from 7.94 to 18.8?µg?l^?1 As, significantly higher than in white and red wine. Arsenite predominated as the As species in most of the wine samples, whereas arsenate was the dominant species in rice wine, beer and rice beer. Methyl As components were usually minor components in all wine and beer samples. Monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid and two additional unknown As species were frequently found in grape juice, late harvest and ice wine with higher sweetness. After air exposure, arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid were stable at 4°C for months, probably due to the acidic conditions of wine and beer samples. The presence of sulfite had little influence on As speciation in wine. Despite the predominance of more toxic arsenite and arsenate in wine and beer, the estimated weekly exposure to As (via consumption of beer, wine and rice wine) is low. The As intake per capita is 6.81?µg from beer, <1.93?µg from wine and 0.88?µg from rice wine, estimated using the median of total As concentration multiplied by the average consumption per capita of the corresponding beverage.     

稀酸提取-ICP-MS法快速测定大米中锰、铜、锌、铅、镉、铷、锶含量的研究

本文建立了常温条件下,利用稀酸提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法快速测定大米中元素(锰、铜、锌、铅、镉、铷、锶)的方法。实验通过优化影响提取的各个因素,确定了最终提取条件。该方法各元素的回收率均在90%~111%,且标准物质相关元素的浸提结果均在相应赋值范围内。多家实验室联合验证的统计结果显示7家实验室的各元素HorRat值均小于1,表明该方法拥有很好的重现性和再现性。稀酸温和提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法具有高效、快速、准确的特点,可将样品处理时间缩短至30 min内,与经典微波消解-ICP-MS法比较,锰、铜、锌、铅、镉、铷、锶元素的测定值无显著性差异(p>0.05)。     

食用菌对镉、铅、汞、砷生物富集状况研究进展

食用菌是味鲜、低热量、高蛋白、具有多种生物活性因子的健康食品,野生食用菌更是食物中的珍品。环境镉、铅、汞、砷污染日益严重,通过食物链并经口摄食是人体对环境中有害污染物最主要的暴露途径,所以食品中污染的镉、铅、汞、砷被认为是典型有毒元素。与维管植物相比,大型真菌对生长环境中的金属和类金属等矿质元素具有更强的吸收和富集性能,包括镉、铅、汞、砷。对食用菌中镉、铅、汞、砷的含量水平,在菌体中各部位的分布及其生物富集作用的研究进展进行了概述,特别关注了野生食用蘑菇中镉、铅、汞、砷的研究现状。研究表明通过选择优良品种、改善生产环境、改革栽培技术等,市售人工栽培食用菌在镉、铅、汞、砷的污染问题上有所控制,按照相关标准抽检合格率较高,基本能够保证质量安全。但是野生食用菌种类繁多,生长环境复杂,生长过程可控性差,因此需要进一步加强调研和食用安全风险评价,开发野生食用菌产品质量控制技术,保障消费者的健康。     

ICP-MS测定饼干中的铅、砷、铬、镉、铜、锌、铁和锰

探讨了应用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定饼干中铅、砷、铬、镉、铜、锌、铁和锰8种重金属元素的方法。运用微波消解系统对样品进行消解,以铋、锗、钪和铟作为内标物,用ICP-MS对消解液进行检测,并采用国标方法对其结果进行验证。利用加标回收率试验和国家标准物质小麦(GBW 10052)检测试验考察了方法的准确性和可靠性。结果表明,该方法所测元素在标准溶液浓度范围内呈线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限在0.002~0.500 mg/kg之间,相对标准偏差均小于6.55%,本法与国标方法测量结果的相对偏差在3.73%~8.40%之间,加标回收率在88.0%~106%之间,标准物质的测定值与标准参考值符合要求。     

Trace elements and radionuclides in palm oil,soil, water,and leaves from oil palm plantations: A review

Oil palm (Elaeisguineensis) is one of the most productive oil producing plant in the world. Crude palm oil is composed of triglycerides supplying the world's need of edible oils and fats. Palm oil also provides essential elements and antioxidants that are potential mediators of cellular functions. Experimental studies have demonstrated the toxicity of the accumulation of significant amounts of nonessential trace elements and radionuclides in palm oil that affects the health of consumers. It has been reported that uptake of trace elements and radionuclides from the oil palm tree may be from water and soil on the palm plantations. In the present review, an attempt was made to revise and access knowledge on the presence of some selected trace elements and radionuclides in palm oil, soil, water, and leaves from oil palm plantations based on the available facts and data. Existing reports show that the presence of nonessential trace elements and radionuclides in palm oil may be from natural or anthropogenic sources in the environment. However, the available literature is limited and further research need to be channeled to the investigation of trace elements and radionuclides in soil, water, leaves, and palm oil from oil palm plantations around the globe.     

超声波提取-原子吸收光谱法测定谷物中镉、铜、铅和锌的含量

优化超声波辅助提取-原子吸收光谱法测定大米等谷物中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn含量的方法。结果表明：0.1g谷物(粒径＜50μm)中加入5mL HNO3 -H2O2溶液(2:1,v/v),先预超声10min,再放入60℃超声水浴中超声提取10min后,Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn均可以被定量回收,加标回收率在96.0%～107.5%之间。t检验结果表明超声提取法与常规湿式消解法分析结果差异不显著。方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.9%～7.0%,检出限为0.007～0.019mg/L。     

Li, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo levels in foodstuffs from the Second French TDS

In 2006, the French Food Safety Agency (AFSSA) conducted the Second French Total Diet Study (TDS) to estimate dietary exposures to the main minerals and trace elements from 1319 samples of foods typically consumed by the French population. The foodstuffs were analysed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted digestion. Occurrence data for lithium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, selenium and molybdenum were reported and compared with results from the previous French TDS. The results indicate that the food groups presenting the highest levels of these essential trace elements were “tofu” (for Li, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Mo),“fish and fish products” particularly “shellfish” (for Li, Co, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo), “sweeteners, honey and confectionery” particularly dark chocolate (for Cr, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu), “cereals and cereal products” (for Mn, Ni and Mo) and “ice cream” (for Cr, Co and Ni).     

Intake of essential and non-essential elements from consumption of octopus,cuttlefish and squid

Total concentrations of essential (Cu, Zn, Se and Cr) and non-essential (Hg, Cd, Pb and As) trace elements were measured in the flesh and hepatopancreas of Octopodidae (Eledone moschata, Eledone cirrhosa, Octopus salutii), Sepiidae (Sepia elegans, Sepia orbignyana) and Loliginidae (Illex coindeti, Loligo vulgaris) from the Mediterranean Sea. As expected, the hepatopancreas showed higher metal concentrations than flesh; the only exceptions were Hg and As, which were equally distributed in the two tissues. Regarding the edible portion, the highest toxic metal concentrations were in Octopodidae (Hg: 0.44, Cd: 0.49, Pb: 0.10 µg g^?1 wet weight) and Sepiidae (Hg: 0.27, Cd: 0.50, Pb: 0.12 µg g^?1 wet weight), while Loliginidae tended to accumulate less metal, especially Hg (Hg: 0.11, Cd: 0.30, Pb: 0.05 µg g^?1 wet weight). The other elements showed a heterogeneous distribution among the different cephalopod families. Loliginidae showed the highest Se concentrations (1.18 µg g^?1 wet weight), Octopodidae of Cu (37.37 µg g^?1 wet weight) and Zn (42.00 µg g^?1 wet weight) and Sepiidae of As (61.43 µg g^?1 wet weight), while Cr was uniformly distributed among the various families (0.38–0.43 µg g^?1 wet weight). In these seafoods, the concentrations of essential and non-essential elements were within the prescribed limits set by various authorities, except for Cu and As. Health risks posed by toxic elements to humans via dietary intake of these mollusks were assessed on the basis on Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI), while the estimated intakes of essential elements were compared to Dietary Reference Intakes (RDIs). A 70-g serving of these mollusks was shown to provide a large contribution to Cd intake (0.89 µg kg^?1 body weight), corresponding to 35.6% of PTWI. Concerning the essential elements, the consumption of these mollusks made an important contribution to daily dietary intake of Se, Cu and Zn.     

Mycotoxins,trace elements,and phthalates in marketed rice of different origin and exposure assessment

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to determine levels of 11 mycotoxins, 10 trace elements, and 6 phthalates in rice samples from Serbian and Chinese market. Mycotoxins were not detected in any of the analysed rice samples. Results revealed similar median levels for following elements: Mn, 17.5 and 15.7 mg kg^?1; Fe, 2.47 and 2.12 mg kg^?1; Cu, 1.95 and 1.59 mg kg^?1 in marketed samples from Serbia and China, respectively. Median concentration of Ni in Serbian marketed samples was 1.9 times higher than in Chinese ones. The median levels (µg kg^?1) of phthalates ranged from 1.2 (benzylbutyl phthalate [BBP]) – 566 (di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate [DEHP]) and 1.7 (BBP) – 348 (DEHP) in Serbian and Chinese marketed samples, respectively. The results were used to assess daily exposure of Serbian and Chinese adult consumers. The calculated target hazard quotients indicated that the potential risk attributable to the analysed contaminants in rice samples should not be of concern neither for the Serbian nor the Chinese consumers.     

火焰原子吸收分光光谱法测定玉米中铁、锰、铜、锌

采用HNO3-HClO4(4+1)湿法消解样品,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定玉米中铁、锰、铜、锌的含量。测得铁、锰、铜、锌的回收率分别在97%～99%、95%～100%、95%～103%,100%～104%之间,平均回收率为95%～104%,RSD为0.1%～0.9%,表明该方法准确可靠。     

Food Safety Offenses in New South Wales,Australia: A Critical Appreciation of Their Complexities

Food is essentially a primary need of all life to remain alive. Faults or carelessness of human beings renders foods unsafe, which may cause disease and death. This article examines selected food safety offenses of New South Wales aimed at assessing their definitional clarity and penal rationality looking through the lens of an offender's culpability. It carries out a critical analysis based on archival materials and concludes that the present offense provisions hold significant merits to regulate food safety; however, further clarity of their inherent complexities could enhance their efficacy.     

Assessment of daily intake of toxic elements due to consumption of vegetables, fruits, meat, and seafood by inhabitants of Xiamen, China

This study was designed to estimate the dietary intake of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) (total and methyl), and arsenic (As) by inhabitants of Xiamen, China. The concentrations of these toxic elements (TEs) were determined in vegetables, fruits, meat, and seafood samples randomly acquired in 5 districts of Xiamen between 2005 and 2009. Health risks were evaluated for inhabitants of Xiamen due to dietary consumption. The target hazard quotient (THQ) values for individual elements were far below 1, indicating minimal noncarcinogenic risks from TEs for inhabitants of Xiamen under the current food consumption rate. However, consumption of the entire foodstuffs could lead to potential health risks since the 95th percentile HI was higher than 1. The relative contributions of Cd, Pb, Hg T, and As to the HI were 16.0%, 15.9%, 5.9%, and 62.2% for the mean exposure level, and 13.3%, 13.4%, 5.6%, and 67.9% for the 95th percentile estimate. The THQ value of methyl mercury through consumption of cephalopod was less than 1. Tomato, cephalopod, eggplant, cabbage, orange, and pork were the main sources of total dietary intakes of TEs. The estimation of carcinogenic risk shows that the carcinogenic rate of arsenic exceeded the accepted risk level of 10(-4) . Therefore, the carcinogenic risk of arsenic for inhabitants of Xiamen is of concern. Practical Application: Tomato, cephalopod, eggplant, cabbage, orange, and pork were the main sources of dietary intakes of TEs in Xiamen, China. The carcinogenic risk of arsenic for inhabitants in this area who consume large amounts of fruits and vegetables daily may be of concern. Consumers are encouraged to eat fruits and vegetables with different origins and eat less cephalopod to reduce the possibilities of continuously eating commodities from the contaminated areas.     

Physicochemical Properties,Minerals, Trace Elements,and Heavy Metals in Honey of Different Origins: A Comprehensive Review

Honey is a popular natural food product with a very complex composition mainly consisting of both organic and inorganic constituents. The composition of honey is strongly influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, which vary based on its botanical and geographical origins. Although minerals and heavy metals are minor constituents of honey, they play vital role in determining its quality. There are several different analytical methods used to determine the chemical elements in honey. These methods are typically based on spectroscopy or spectrometry techniques (including atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry). This review compiles available scientific information on minerals and heavy metals in honey reported from all over the world. To date, 54 chemical elements in various types of honey have been identified and can be divided into 3 groups: major or macroelements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Cl), minor or trace elements (Al, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cd, Tl, Co, Ni, Rb, Ba, Be, Bi, U, V, Fe, Pt, Pd, Te, Hf, Mo, Sn, Sb, La, I, Sm, Tb, Dy, Sd, Th, Pr, Nd, Tm, Yb, Lu, Gd, Ho, Er, Ce, Cr, As, B, Br, Cd, Hg, Se, Sr), and heavy metals (trace elements that have a specific gravity at least 5 times higher than that of water and inorganic sources). Chemical elements in honey samples throughout the world vary in terms of concentrations and are also influenced by environmental pollution.     

陕西省主产区主栽品种猕猴桃果实中Cu、Zn、Mn、Pb、Cd含量检测

目的:采集陕西省猕猴桃生产基地的10个主产区中的4个品种猕猴桃果实,对其金属元素含量进行检测分析。方法:采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定Cu、Mn、Zn、Pb、Cd5种金属元素的含量,并与国家标准进行比对和评价。结果:10个产区4个品种的猕猴桃果实中Cu、Mn、Zn的检出率均为100%,Pb检出率为13.64%,Cd未检出,在所有检出样品中仅Zn超标,其余均低于国家水果污染物限量标准。不同产地,不同品种中5种元素含量均有一定差异,其中2号产区部分样品以及部分秦美猕猴桃Zn超标较为严重,Zn的污染需引起有关部门的重视。     

河南烟叶营养元素和还原糖,烟碱含量及其与评吸质量的相关性

研究了烟叶１２种营养元素（Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｓ、Ｃｌ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｂ）及还原糖（ＲＳ）、烟碱（ＮＴ）含量和区域分布特点,建立了它们与评吸质量的线性回归、多元回归方程,并阐明各元素适宜水平有利于烟叶品质的提高。初步发现烟叶低氯含量与评吸品质呈正相关关系。易超过上限含量的Ｎ、Ｃａ、Ｓ、Ｃｌ、Ｆｅ等元素均能使品质降低。河南烟区烟叶评吸质量具有区域间变化小的特点,进一步提高具有同等潜力。在当前生产技术条件下,Ｋ是提高烟叶品质的主导因素,可能还有Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｂ元素（因土壤类型不同而异）,高Ｃａ含量成为限制烟叶品质改善的制约因素之一。