废弃动力锂电池回收再利用技术及经济效益分析

传统能源与环境矛盾的日益突出,电动汽车已经越来越普及,电动汽车电池报废或更新换代使动力电池的回收以及梯次利用成为关键问题。近年来,在行业规范和政府补贴政策的支持下,我国废旧动力锂电池的拆解回收和梯级利用都得到了快速的发展。以动力锂电池为例,综述了废旧电动汽车用动力电池的梯级利用及拆解回收技术,并对相关经济效益进行了分析。随着废旧电池回收规模的日益增长,磷酸铁锂动力电池的梯级利用以及三元电池的湿法回收均具有较高的收益价值。     

电极结构对(NCM+AC)/HC混合型电容器电性能的影响北大核心CSCD

混合型电容器是一种介于锂二次电池和超级电容器之间的一种新型储能器件,在电化学储能领域有非常广泛的应用。混合型电容器的电极材料包括锂二次电池电极材料和超级电容器电极材料,在混合电容器内部形成“交叉结构”。本工作分别采用干法和湿法工艺制备出(NCM+AC)混合型正极片和硬碳负极片,并装配成064060软包混合型电容器。本工作系统分析了两种电极结构的特点及其对软包混合型电容器性能的影响。实验结果表明,干法电极内部含有丰富的PTFE纤维结构,原材料颗粒之间接触更为紧密。在相同厚度下,干法电极的活性物质负载量更大,电极体积密度大、欧姆电阻及极化电阻均较小。在相同体积的软包产品内,干法电极产品的容量、能量密度较湿法电极产品均提高20%以上。在正负极面密度比及N/P放电容量比均相同的条件下,干法电极产品在高低温性能、循环性能、倍率性能及高温负荷性能方面均优于湿法电极产品。干法电极制备工艺不使用任何溶剂,绿色环保,节省成本,PTFE纤维可以牢固地兜住NCM和AC,有助于在混合型电容器电极制备中推广应用。     

电极结构对锂离子电容器电性能的影响

分别采用干法和湿法涂布工艺制备出活性炭正极和石墨负极,制作成066090型软包锂离子电容器(LIC)单体.采用恒流充放电嵌锂法对负极进行预锂化,理论嵌锂深度为85％.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、剥离强度、电性能测试等表征方法,分析了干法和湿法涂布工艺对电极结构和形貌、黏结性能及电性能的影响.阐述了电极结构对软包LIC容量、内阻、耐久性、循环性能和低温性能的影响.结果表明,干法电极内有充分的黏结剂纤维结构,碳颗粒的接触紧密.干法电极的体积密度相比湿法涂布电极提高了8％以上,其剥离强度比湿法电极高50％以上.正极面密度/负极面密度为1时,在2.2～3.8 V的电压区间内,用干法电极组装的软包LIC的初始容量和内阻分别为645 F和25.5 mΩ,均高于用湿法电极组装的同类产品.用干法电极组装的软包LIC经1000 h耐久性测试后容量保持97％以上,经10万次循环充放电后容量保持88％,在-30℃下容量保持76％,均优于用湿法电极组装的同类产品.     

含铂废催化剂综合利用技术进展

化工领域产生的大量含铂废催化剂是重要的二次铂资源,对其进行回收利用具有很大的经济价值。不同类型的铂催化剂适合不同的回收工艺。目前Pt/C型废催化剂的回收主要采用载体燃烧法富集贵金属组分,然后通过湿法冶金工艺对粗铂进行精炼。Pt/Al2O3负载型催化剂的回收工艺主要包括湿法和干法,根据催化剂性质的差异,湿法分为溶解载体法(酸溶和碱溶)、选择性浸出活性组分法(酸浸出和氰化物浸出)和催化剂全溶法(酸溶);干法主要包括加热挥发法和熔融置换法,干法工艺流程短,但对设备的要求非常高,投资也很大。Pt合金催化剂的回收主要有炉灰回收法、过滤回收法和捕集网回收法,其中捕集网回收法是最简单高效的方法,是合成氨最佳的催化剂回收工艺。今后的研究方向应是缩短工艺流程,减少环境污染,尤其要减少回收过程中的碳排放。可以采用特殊的溶剂对废催化剂进行脱碳和脱硫预处理,以代替高温焙烧预处理。此外,国家应该统一规划废铂催化剂回收产业,尽快建立技术水平高、工艺路线合理、无三废排放的规模化废催化剂回收基地。     

锂离子电池用无溶剂干法电极的制备及其性能研究

采用无溶剂电极制备技术成功制备了锂离子电池用LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2干法电极片,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱仪(EDS)对干法电极片的形貌和元素分布进行了分析测试,通过倍率充放电、交流阻抗、循环充放电等测试手段研究了干法电极片的电化学性能.结果表明:纤维状PTFE广泛地分布在LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2活性物质颗粒的周围,在干法电极内部形成了一个致密、完整、柔性的网状黏结剂结构;电极循环500圈后,容量保持率为94.89％,循环性能明显优于传统的湿法涂布电极.500圈循环后的电极片内部仍保持着稳定的网状黏结剂结构,LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2活性物质颗粒表面的裂隙显著少于湿法涂布电极,表明由PTFE纤维构成的三维网络结构能够有效地改善电极片的抗劣化性能.由于干法电极技术在制备过程中不使用任何溶剂,有减少原材料、降低能耗、环境友好的优点,且该技术支持制备厚电极进而能够提高锂离子电池的能量密度,具有较强的实际应用价值.     

废包装桶的再生回收利用研究

简要叙述了国内的废包装桶的再生回收利用工艺现状,对比了目前常用的2种废包装桶再生工艺(湿法清洗工艺和干法处理工艺)的优缺点和适用范围,介绍了一种自动化程度高、节能环保效果较好的废包装容器干法再生利用的工艺路线。     

锂离子动力电池回收技术的专利分析CSCD

锂离子动力电池的回收是当前储能产业关注的焦点之一,为了解锂离子动力电池的回收现状,以CNABS和DWPI专利数据库中的检索结果为分析样本,对锂离子动力电池回收技术的专利申请量趋势、全球分布区域、国内外主要申请人、全球重点技术分布以及国内重点技术进行全面分析,结果表明,虽然锂离子动力电池回收技术是目前全球尤其是中国争相布局的产业对象,但目前各个企业的专利申请量均较小且技术布局零散,总体来说锂离子动力电池回收技术仍处于摸索阶段,产业前景不明,本文以期给锂离子动力电池回收技术未来的布局和发展提供一定的借鉴。     

Patent analysis of lithium ion power battery recycling technology

锂离子动力电池的回收是当前储能产业关注的焦点之一,为了解锂离子动力电池的回收现状,以CNABS和DWPI专利数据库中的检索结果为分析样本,对锂离子动力电池回收技术的专利申请量趋势、全球分布区域、国内外主要申请人、全球重点技术分布以及国内重点技术进行全面分析,结果表明,虽然锂离子动力电池回收技术是目前全球尤其是中国争相布局的产业对象,但目前各个企业的专利申请量均较小且技术布局零散,总体来说锂离子动力电池回收技术仍处于摸索阶段,产业前景不明,本文以期给锂离子动力电池回收技术未来的布局和发展提供一定的借鉴。     

锂电池规模化回收利用成行业难题

正新能源汽车的蓬勃发展,以及政策和市场的推动,使我国成为全球最主要的锂离子电池生产和消费国。大量锂离子电池进入市场,废旧锂离子电池回收和再利用问题也成为行业重大挑战。1大规模报废期将至中国汽车技术研究中心发布的数据显示,今年新能源汽车动力电池将逐步进入大规模报废回收期,预计到2020年我国动力电池回收量将超过22万t,2022年将达到42.2万t。目前动力电池的回收利用分为梯次利用和拆解回收,梯     

高炉干法除尘技术应用及节能分析

介绍梅钢3200高炉煤气净化采用干法除尘的工艺流程、干法除尘器的结构及有关参数,并与湿法除尘工艺对比．分析了采用干法除尘工艺后的节能效果．     

天然气膜法轻烃回收技术研究

简述了膜技术原理、特点和应用领域,重点介绍了在天然气净化过程中轻烃回收的应用。并对油田部分区块的干气、湿气进行膜技术实际应用理论计算,得出膜技术在天然气轻烃回收领域里有较好的应用前景,轻烃收率高,能耗低,经济效益显著。     

油田热采锅炉干度测挖技术

在热采锅炉运行中干度是一个重要参数，其精确程度影响着热采锅炉运行的安全性和热力采油的效果在水／蒸汽两相流的动态监测技术的基础上，开发出了干度微机测控技术，用压差节流装置测湿蒸汽的干度与流量等参数，配合温度、压力传感器便可以自动检测热采锅炉的运行情况，同时可以通过信号前馈和反馈控制锅炉给水量和风量，实现热采锅炉自动安全运行。     

Simulation of the influence of flue gas cleaning system on the energetic efficiency of a waste-to-energy plant

Municipal solid waste incinerators are designed to enhance the electrical efficiency obtained by the plant as much as possible. For this reason strong integration between the flue gas cleaning system and the heat recovery system is required. To provide higher electrical efficiencies acid gas neutralization process has the major importance in flue gas cleaning system. At least four technologies are usually applied for acid gas removal: dry neutralization with Ca(OH)₂ or with NaHCO₃, semi-dry neutralization with milk of lime and wet scrubbing. Nowadays, wet scrubbers are rarely used as a result of the large amount of liquid effluents produced; wet scrubbing technology is often applied as a final treatment after a dry neutralization. Operating conditions of the plant were simulated by using Aspen Plus in order to investigate the influences of four different technologies on the electrical efficiency of the plant. The results of the simulations did not show a great influence of the gas cleaning system on the net electrical efficiency, as the difference between the most advantageous technology (neutralization with NaHCO₃) and the worst one, is about 1%.     

New dry and wet Zn-polyaniline bipolar batteries and prediction of voltage and capacity by ANN

Chemically synthesized polyaniline doped with perchlorate ion was used as the electroactive material of the cathode in the construction of bipolar rechargeable batteries based on carbon doped polyethylene (CDPE) as a conductive substrate of the bipolar electrodes. A significant improvement in the originally poor adherence between the polymer foil and electroactive material layer of the anode was achieved by chemical pretreatment (etching) and single-sided metallization of the polymer foil with copper. A thin layer of optalloy was electroplated onto the surface of the copper-coated polymer foil to increase the battery overvoltage. A mixture of 1 wt% electrochemically synthesized optalloy, 92 wt% electrochemically synthesized zinc powder, 2 wt% MgO, 4 wt% ZnO and 1 wt% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was used as the anode mixture. Then, the electroactive mixture of the anode was coated onto the metallized surface of the CDPE. Graphite powder was used to coat the other side of the CDPE at 90 °C at 1 t cm⁻² pressure This side was coated with a cathode mixture containing 80 wt% polyaniline powder, 18 wt% graphite powder and 2 wt% acetylene black. The battery electrolyte contained 1 M Zn(ClO₄)₂ and 0.5 M NH₄ClO₄ and 1.0 × 10⁻⁴ M Triton X-100 at pH 3.2. Both 3.2 V dry and wet bipolar batteries were constructed using a bipolar electrode and tested successfully during 200 charge–discharge cycles. The battery possessed a high capacitance of 130 mAh g⁻¹ and close to 100% columbic efficiency. The loss of capacity during charge–discharge cycles for the wet bipolar battery was less than that for the dry bipolar battery. Self-discharge of the dry and wet batteries during a storage time of 30 days was about 0.64% and 0.45% per day, respectively. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to model the voltage and battery available capacity (BAC) only for the dry bipolar battery at different currents and different times of discharge.     

采用GSP气化技术的IGCC电站

通过调研、考察,综合分析了湿法和干法两种煤气化工艺、设备技术特点和经济效益及在IGCC电站的应用情况,结合南京化工园的石化企业实际．认为选择采用GSP干法煤气化技术在南京化工园内IGCC电站应用是合适的。     

Characterization of used alkaline batteries powder and analysis of zinc recovery by acid leaching

This paper discusses the spent alkaline batteries characterization and leaching stage experiments results with sulfuric acid as leachant, as part of a complex system, involving purification and electrolytic stages, aiming the Zn recovery. After dismantling batteries by mineral processing techniques, the black powder sample produced was submitted to X-ray diffraction and atomic absorption spectrophotometry in order to identify its composition. Batch laboratory experiments were conducted for acid leaching procedure to determine appropriate leaching conditions from the viewpoint of maximum zinc extraction. On these tests an amount of dry powder was added to sulfuric acid at different conditions and after leaching and filtration, the aqueous solutions were submitted to atomic absorption spectrophotometry analysis to verify the Zn content.     

Mechanical behavior of a battery separator in electrolyte solutions

The structural integrity of the separator is crucial to the abuse tolerance of a battery. To estimate its stress level in a battery, the mechanical property of the separator in situ in the battery environment must be known. This work investigated the tensile behavior of a single layer polypropylene (PP) separator in electrolyte solutions for Li-ion batteries using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The measurements were carried out in both dry (ambient) and wet conditions for both the machine direction (MD) and the transverse direction (TD). In the wet condition, samples were submerged either in a DMC solvent or in a electrolyte solution of 1.1 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC (1/1 by volume). The DMA experiments were performed under uniaxial tension, creep, and frequency sweep modes. The results in all three modes demonstrated that the mechanical properties of the separator were significantly lower in wet conditions. For instance, in the MD, relative to the dry condition, the ratio of the Young's modulus was about 0.49 and 0.52 for DMC and 1.1 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC, respectively. The results indicate that the mechanical properties measured in dry condition using samples that had been preconditioned in solutions are not sufficient to represent the in situ material behavior.     

压气机不同运行工况下湿压缩性能分析

湿压缩技术能够有效提高燃气轮机输出功,降低燃气轮机对大气环境的依赖程度.该技术对压气机的影响因素非常复杂,压气机的运行工况对湿压缩效果的影响甚大.本研究采用CFX软件对某型三级轴流压气机在不同工况下的干、湿压缩过程进行三雏数值模拟.结果表明:压比不变的情况下,高转速时压气机近失速边界处质量流量增加,低转速时质量流量下降...     

火电厂大型机组除渣系统选择研究

本文介绍了大型电站锅炉常用的两种除渣系统--风冷干式除渣机系统和湿式刮板捞渣机除渣系统,进行了两种系统对锅炉煤质的适应性研究和对锅炉效率及燃烧稳定性的影响研究,并对两种系统进行了技术经济分析,最后提出了大型机组除渣系统的选择建议.     

Facilitating mass transport in gas diffusion layer of PEMFC by fabricating micro-porous layer with dry layer preparation

For a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), dry layer preparation was optimized and applied to fabricate a micro-porous layer (MPL) for a gas diffusion layer (GDL). The MPLs fabricated by dry layer preparation and the conventional wet layer preparation were compared by physical and electrochemical methods. The PEMFC using dry layer MPLs showed better performance than that using wet layer MPLs, especially when the cells were operated under conditions of high oxygen utilization rate and high humidification temperature of air. The mass transport properties of the GDLs with the dry layer MPLs were also better than with the wet layer MPLs, and were found to be related to the pore size distribution in GDLs. The differences in surface morphology and pore size distribution for the GDLs with the dry layer and wet layer MPLs were investigated and analyzed. The dry layer preparation for MPLs was found to be more beneficial for forming meso-pores (pore size in the range of 0.5–15 μm), which are important and advantageous for facilitating gas transport in the GDLs. Moreover, the GDLs with the dry layer MPLs exhibited better electronic conductivity and more stable hydrophobicity than those with the wet layer MPLs. The reproducibility of the dry layer preparation for MPLs was also satisfying.