蚌埠市青少年超重肥胖与进食障碍的关系

了解蚌埠市超重肥胖青少年进食障碍相关症状和心理行为特征,为预防青少年肥胖和进食障碍的发生提供科学依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,抽取蚌埠市小学四年级至初中三年级共910名学生,并进行问卷调查和体格测量,分析超重肥胖与进食障碍的相关性.结果 共发现超重肥胖学生203名,占22.3%;正常体重学生547名,占60.1%;低体重学生160名,占17.6%.男生超重肥胖率(30.6%,147名)高于女生(13.0%,56名),差异有统计学意义(x2=40.55,P<0.01).超重肥胖组青少年瘦身倾向、不满体型、低自尊感和饮食障碍危险评分得分均高于体重正常组和低体重组(F值分别为7.83,29.37,3.99,17.03,P值均<0.05);且瘦身倾向、不满体型、低自尊感和内感受缺陷得分与体质量指数均呈正相关(r值分别为0.19,0.30,0.09,0.08,P值均<0.05).随着体质量指数的增加,青少年进食障碍的总体危险性增高(r,=0.11,P<0.01).结论 青少年肥胖所导致的一系列身心问题,增加个体患进食障碍的风险.应积极预防肥胖的发生,矫正和干预青少年进食障碍.     

青少年青春发动时相和超重肥胖与进食障碍之间的关系

目的 了解蚌埠市青少年超重肥胖、青春发动时相和进食障碍情况及其相互关系,为预防青少年肥胖的发生提供依据。方法 在蚌埠市方便抽取2所九年制学校,从五至八年级随机抽取683名学生,采用青春发育量表(PDS)和进食障碍量表(EDI-C)的分量表进行问卷调查,并测量身高、体重等指标,分析超重肥胖、青春发动时相与进食障碍的关系。结果 男生超重肥胖率高于女生,女生青春发动时相提前率、瘦身倾向得分、体型不满得分和进食障碍总分高于男生(χ²/t值分别为28.69,57.99,3.47,2.59,3.30,P值均<0.05);不同年级学生超重肥胖率、贪食得分和进食障碍总分差异均有统计学意义(χ²/F值分别为28.39,5.11,3.95,P值均<0.01)。超重肥胖与青春发动时相提前、进食障碍之间呈正相关,青春发动时相提前与进食障碍呈正相关(r值分别为0.18,0.17,0.14,P值均<0.01)。青春发动时相提前在超重肥胖与进食障碍之间起的部分中介效应对总效应的贡献率为14.25%。结论 青少年超重肥胖与进食障碍相关,青春发动时相提前在超...     

我国7城市中学生进食障碍的流行状况

目的调查城市中学生进食障碍的流行状况，为预防进食障碍提供理论依据。方法采用三阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法，从北京等7个城市中随机抽取14—18岁中学生3544名为研究对象，使用进食障碍问卷，收集中学生进食障碍的相关态度和行为并进行分析。结果初中一、二年级和高中一、二年级中学生有贪食倾向的比例分别为19．3％、23．7％、28．0％和31．8％；有内感受缺陷的比例分别为33．3％、33．0％、37．5％和40．8％；有完美主义倾向的比例分别为4．9％、4．4％、5．3％和5．5％；有成熟恐惧的比例分别为25．7％、25．3％、24．9％和28．5％。求瘦倾向、贪食、形体不满和内感受缺陷分量表得分及问卷总分均与年级呈正相关关系。结论随着年级的增加，城市中学生进食障碍相关态度和行为有更加严重的趋势。     

男女中学生体重与心理健康的研究

[目的]了解超重、肥胖与男女初中学生生活满意度、抑郁、焦虑、自我意识水平之间的相关性。[方法]对象为渠县某中学1818名初一和初二学生,用多维学生生活满意度量表、流行病学调查中心用抑郁量表、特质焦虑量表和儿童自我意识量表及相应的评价标准进行心理健康评定,同时测量身高、体重,计算体重指数(BMI)值。参考中国儿童青少年超重和肥胖筛查BMI值分类标准进行分组,分析男女及体重正常、超重、肥胖组学生心理健康状况的差异以及男女生BMI与4个量表评分的相关性。[结果]男生超重和肥胖检出率(21.5%和7.7%)显著高于女生(8.0%和2.8%)。体重正常组生活满意度评分的性别差异有统计学意义(P=0.002),超重组抑郁评分的性别差异有统计学意义(P=0.046)。在女生中,体重正常、超重和肥胖3组的抑郁、特质焦虑和自我意识评分的差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),肥胖组抑郁和焦虑评分显著高于体重正常组(P=0.012和P=0.035),肥胖组自我意识评分低于体重正常组(P=0.014),超重组抑郁评分高于体重正常组(P=0.025)。[结论]超重、肥胖检出率女生低于男生,但女生超重和肥胖者心理健康水平与体重正常者的差别较男生明显。     

合肥市某中学超重、肥胖与不同性别初中学生心理健康水平的相关性

目的了解超重、肥胖与男女初中学生生活满意度、抑郁、焦虑、自我意识水平之间的相关性。方法对象为合肥市某中学1818名初一和初二学生,用多维学生生活满意度量表、流行病学调查中心用抑郁量表、特质焦虑量表和儿童自我意识量表及相应的评价标准进行心理健康评定,同时测量身高、体重,计算体重指数(BMI)值。参考中国儿童青少年超重和肥胖筛查BMI值分类标准进行分组,分析男女生及体重正常、超重、肥胖组学生心理健康状况的差异以及男女生BMI与4个量表评分的相关性。结果男生超重和肥胖检出率(21．5%和7．7%)显著高于女生(8．0%和2．8%)。体重正常组生活满意度评分的性别差异有统计学意义(P=0．002),超重组抑郁评分的性别差异有统计学意义(P=0．046)。在女生中,体重正常、超重和肥胖3组的抑郁、特质焦虑和自我意识评分的差异均有统计学意义(P＜0．05),肥胖组抑郁和焦虑评分显著高于体重正常组(P=0．012和P=0．035),肥胖组自我意识评分低于体重正常组(P=0．014),超重组抑郁评分高于体重正常组(P=0．025)。结论超重、肥胖检出率女生低于男生,但女生超重和肥胖者心理健康水平与体重正常者的差别较男生明显。     

超重、肥胖中专女生情绪症状和自我意识评定

目的 分析超重、肥胖对中专女生抑郁、焦虑等情绪症状和自我意识的影响，为学校开展超重、肥胖女性青少年心理健康教育提供依据。方法 在某中专学校运用身高标准体重法界定35名肥胖、62名超重和100名正常体重女生，采用流行病学调查用抑郁自评量表、Zung焦虑评定量表和Piers-Harris儿童自我意识评定量表分别评定三组研究对象的抑郁、焦虑等情绪症状和自我意识。结果 肥胖组抑郁、焦虑症状检出率分别为37．1％、22．9％，超重组为14．5％、6．5％，对照组为22．0％、7．0％。肥胖组抑郁症状检出率高于超重组，焦虑症状检出率高于超重组和对照组，差异均有显著性；肥胖组自我意识总分和3个分量表得分显著低于超重组和对照组，三组差异有显著性；超重组自我意识评分与对照组间的差异无显著性。结论 该中专学校肥胖女生的抑郁、焦虑状况较为严重，肥胖可能降低中专女生的自我意识。     

河南省初中生青春发动时相对进食问题的影响

探讨初中生青春发动时相对进食障碍的影响,为预防和干预初中生进食障碍提供参考.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法抽取河南省洛阳市、项城市3所初中学校的763名学生,对其进行问卷调查,问卷包括自填式青春期发育量表中译版(C-PDS)和进食问题调查量表(EDI).结果 女生对身体不满、对瘦的追求维度得分均高于男生,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-3.38,-2.79,P值均<0.01);九年级学生的进食问题总分和对瘦的追求、贪食、对身体不满意、无效感、对他人不信任、内省6个因子得分均高于七、八年级,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).初中生青春发动时相与对瘦的追求、对身体不满意、内省呈正相关,与贪食呈负相关(r值分别为0.09,0.18,0.11,-0.09,P值均<0.01).提前组女生进食问题总分高于适时组,对身体不满因子得分高于延迟组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);提前组男生进食问题总分和对身体不满意、无效感因子的得分高于延迟组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 初中生青春发动时相与进食障碍得分密切相关,青春发动提前可能会导致初中生进食障碍的风险增加.     

进食障碍问卷在西安市城区中学生中的应用

[目的]了解西安市中学生的进食障碍现状,为临床干预提供参考.[方法]通过多阶段整群抽样法抽取西安市三城区三所完全中学(初三、高三除外)952名学生,采用进食障碍问卷进行调查.[结果] 除无效感、人际间不信任外,西安市女中学生较男中学生进食障碍相关行为严重,然而初高中生仅在进食障碍心理特征方面显著不同.女生求瘦倾向、不满体型高分比例显著高于男生.与华人少女相比,西安市女中学生求瘦倾向更强烈.[结论]西安市女中学生进食障碍相关态度和行为较为严重.     

合肥市幼师女生进食障碍状况及其与睡眠关系

目的探讨14～21岁幼师女生进食障碍现况及其相关因素,为实施幼师女生进食障碍的早期筛检和有针对性的干预提供科学依据。方法于2010年10月采用随机整群抽样方法抽取安徽省合肥市幼儿师范学院2 371名女生,运用进食障碍问卷、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表、自编一般情况问卷进行调查。结果合肥市幼师女生进食障碍估计患病率为7.09%(168/2 371);各年龄组中1,8岁组估计患病率最高,为10.6%(41/388);各年级中,五年级估计患病率最高,为10.5%(43/411);过瘦、偏瘦、正常体重、和超重女生的进食障碍得分分别为(26.49±18.83)(、27.62±17.67)(、34.40±19.96)(、32.33±22.19)分,差异有统计学意义(F=26.79,P<0.01);不同父母关系、不同经济状况、不同媒体关注度、不同亲属及朋友节食情况的女生在进食障碍得分方面差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);多元线性逐步回归结果表明,焦虑、对减肥相关媒体的关注度、抑郁、体质指数、睡眠、年龄、朋友是否节食是进食障碍的相关危险因素。结论进食障碍在幼师女生中估计患病率较高,正确的健康教育,合理膳食,规律睡眠是降低进食障碍发生的关键。     

江苏地区4～7岁儿童肥胖和超重与出生体重关系的研究

目的 了解江苏省4～7岁儿童肥胖和超重与出生体重之间的关系,为预防和减少儿童期肥胖提供科学依据.方法 对江苏省覆盖13个市区20 488名儿童进行体格检查,并结合孕妇妊娠结局卡资料分析儿童超重、肥胖与出生体重的关系.结果 随着出生体重的幅度增加儿童肥胖和超重的发生与出生体重的发生比例呈上升趋势;低出生体重组（LBW〈2 500 g）、正常出生体重组（NBW=2 500～3 999 g）和高出生体重组（HBW≥4 000 g）肥胖和超重的发生比例分别为13.0%、20.5%和55.1%.结论 新生儿的出生体重对儿童发生超重和肥胖影响显著,应从母亲怀孕期间就开始预防儿童期肥胖和超重,避免高体重儿童出生.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.