西北黄土高原区滑坡遥感解译研究——以陕西延安、宁夏彭阳等地为例

西北黄土高原区面积广,滑坡数量众多,利用遥感技术加快减灾、防灾,开展编目、区划研究,具有重要的研究意义.目前,利用人机交互解译、计算机分类,滑坡灾害解译和识别已取得许多成功的经验.受数据源、数据处理和解译等交叉学科发展的影响,应用多侧重影像预处理、解译标志建立和技术方法研究,滑坡灾害遥感解译不确定性等关键问题研究较少,解译标志也过分关注色和形描述,与滑坡发育规律密切的地形地貌等重要解译标志尚需完善.本文以西北黄土高原陕西延安、宁夏彭阳等地为研究区,从尺度效应、波段组合、数据融合等方面分析滑坡灾害遥感解译的不确定性,结果表明地貌、滑坡和承灾体、岩土体变化呈等级结构,与之对应遥感数据的时空尺度不同,利用ETM+,Spot 5和QuickBird等不同分辨率数据进行识别分类,能减少解译的不确定性;波段组合能有效反映地层岩性时,更适合滑坡识别和分类;高空间分辨率数据的融合算法以主成分或HIS较佳.基于分析结果,采用Spot 5经自然彩色变换主成分融合,依据研究区黄土滑坡的典型特征及影像表现,利用人机交互解译技术建立滑坡解译标志,为编目和区划、滑坡灾害计算机解译等提供依据.     

遥感技术在地质遗迹调查评价中的应用——以陕西华县莲花寺滑坡为例

针对地质遗迹资源调查依靠野外考察效率低、成本高及容易造成资源遗漏问题,将高空间分辨率卫星遥感技术引入地质灾害遗迹调查评价。基于IKONOS多光谱数据进行自然彩色变换,采用乘积法变换与全色数据进行融合,将遥感数据与DEM数据叠加生成三维遥感影像图,在遥感解译和野外调查的基础上,对莲花寺高速远程滑坡的形态特征、堆积体结构、成灾范围、成因机理及动力学过程进行研究,为陕西华县莲花寺滑坡地质遗迹评价提供直接的依据。研究结果表明:高空间分辨率卫星遥感技术应用于地质灾害遗迹调查评价,相对于传统野外考察等手段具有无比的优势。陕西华县莲花寺高速远程滑坡类型、特征、规模具有国际性对比意义,属国际罕见的滑坡灾害遗迹点,其稀有性对于研究高速远程滑坡这类特殊地质景观具有重要的现实意义,具有极高的科考研究和科普教育价值。     

SPOT 5影像数据在伊犁谷地地质灾害遥感调查中的应用

遥感技术已成为区域地质灾害及发育环境宏观调查不可缺少的技术之一,在滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害调查、监测和研究工作中发挥重要作用．本文简要介绍应用法国SPOT5卫星影像数据进行地质灾害遥感解译调查与监测,按照建立地质灾害遥感解译标志、室内遥感解译、野外实地验证、室内再解译的技术路线,共解译出滑坡、泥石流灾害点1505处,并对灾害重点片区进行详细遥感调查．通过野外验证取得较好应用效果．SPOT5影像数据不但满足l：5万地质灾害遥感解译,且完全满足1：1万重点片区地质灾害遥感解译．     

滑坡风险评估的难点和进展

近年来，国内外滑坡研究日益重视滑坡风险评估和管理技术方法的研究，但滑坡风险评估依然是存在很多问题和难点,尤其是在中等—大比例尺区域滑坡风险定量评估方面，主要表现在滑坡编录数据库建设、滑坡影响因素的识别和建模、滑坡时间、空间预测的不确定性，滑坡诱发因素动态变化的定量刻画，承灾体识别和易损性定量评价等方面。在阐述滑坡风险评估流程的基础上，围绕滑坡风险评估与制图中滑坡编录和基础数据获取与更新，危险性分析中的滑坡空间、时间概率和滑坡特征预测、损失评估中的易损性分析与定量和承灾体定量化制图等技术方法中的难点和存在的问题，概述针对这些问题所取得的研究进展，并指出了滑坡风险研究的技术发展趋势。     

国外基于遥感的滑坡灾害研究方法进展

滑坡是世界上最严重的自然灾害之一,遥感技术可用于滑坡的识别、填图、监测和评价。与实地调查方法相比,遥感可以快速获取大区域数据,减少野外工作量和成本。因此,它能更经济地了解较大范围的滑坡分布,评估滑坡灾情。目前,国外在滑坡调查中使用遥感技术的新进展主要有：利用合成孔径雷达、高空间分辨率的便携式无人机、多时相遥感数据、面向对象的图像处理方法等。通过对这些新方法及其实例介绍,分析这些滑坡调查新方法的进展以及未来发展方向。     

宝鸡黄土区滑坡遥感调查中遥感数据尺度问题探讨

遥感数据的尺度效应决定了可识别内容与识别精度,同一区域内的遥感数据尺度不同,同样的遥感处理模型或者方法将得到不同的处理结果。以宝鸡黄土区滑坡遥感调查为基础,对不同遥感数据源的滑坡体的最小可识别面积、图斑面积精度测算、最佳及最大成图比例尺、遥感地质灾害解译对比性分析、滑坡遥感解译精度评价等等与遥感尺度有密切关系的问题进行了探讨。研究结果表明,在宝鸡黄土区,调查大、中型以上滑坡的信息,可以采用SPOT-5(2.5 m)融合图像数据,比例尺为1∶25000或1∶50000;调查中型、小型滑坡及较大滑坡体内部结构定量信息,可以采用Quick Bird(0.61 m)融合图像数据,比例尺为1∶5000。     

无人机遥感在矿山地质环境调查中的应用

无人机遥感是遥感数据获取的重要工具之一,其具有成像分辨率高、数据获取灵活等优点。选取宁东羊场湾矿区60km2作为研究区域进行无人机遥感解译,解译结果与实地调查结果吻合程度较高,验证了无人机遥感技术在矿山地质环境调查中的可行性与有效性。为矿山地质环境调查与监管提供快速有效的技术。     

遥感解译在内蒙古狼山戈壁荒漠地区1:50000地质填图中的应用

针对内蒙古戈壁荒漠区特殊地貌地质填图工作,选择ASTER和SPOT5数据,通过图像融合、影像校正、影像增强等处理方法,提高图像的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率。利用遥感解译图像快速准确地获取地层、侵入体和构造的解译标志,通过遥感地质解译结合地面调查进行综合分析和解译,提高了填图的准确性,为特殊地质地貌区地质填图提供技术支持,对于在同类区域开展地质填图工作有指导意义。      

无人机航空遥感地质解译在岩石地层单元识别中的应用——以1:50000西南岩溶区填图试点为例

不同基岩组合形成的微地貌形态特征的获取是大比例尺遥感解译岩石地层单元的基础,关键是提高遥感影像及地形数据的空间分辨率。在西南岩溶区填图试点项目中,通过无人机航空遥感平台（UAV）获取了工作区0.2 m分辨率的高精度遥感影像、高密度的点云数据以及0.5 m分辨率的数字高程模型（DEM）,影像与DEM叠加建立工作区三维地表模型,实现了区内微地貌形态的高清晰度真三维再现,真实客观地描述了区域地表微地貌特征,促进了不同基岩上形成的微地貌特征的精细化研究,提高了遥感数据的解译程度。解译过程中结合已有地质资料,建立工作区不同岩石地层单元的微地貌、颜色及植被等方面的解译标志,基于三维地表模型实现了对工作区岩石地层单元的识别。      

中国东南地区隐性滑坡遥感识别研究

我国东南地区植被发育,地质灾害发育规模小,以浅层的残坡积层滑坡为主,采用传统遥感解译方法识别此类地质灾害存在困难。为提高东南地区地质灾害野外调查的工作效率和正确性,提出了隐性滑坡遥感解译技术方法,其解译的直接目标不是地质灾害体本身,而是隐性滑坡,即地质灾害易发的边坡或斜坡。其技术路线包括:遥感解译GIS工作环境创建、易发程度初步分析、建立解译规则、确定解译点位和解译区段及划定重点调查区等内容。该方法在淳安县1:50000农村山区地质灾害详细调查工作中进行了实际应用,采用0.5m和1.0m分辨率的航片和5m×5m分辨率的DEM数据,基于ArcG IS平台创建了解译环境,共确定解译点位3025个和解译区段969个,划定重点调查区面积约914.18km2。经过野外实地调查,共确定地质灾害隐患和不稳定斜坡283处,其中位于解译区段内的隐患或者不稳定斜坡共计199处,占总数的70.3%;位于重点调查区内的隐患或者不稳定斜坡共计264处,占总数的93.3%。ROC计算结果表明隐性滑坡遥感解译的正确率为92.9%。野外调查及验证结果说明,隐性滑坡遥感解译技术方法能够合理地划定解译区段和重点调查区范围,从而有效地指导野外调查工作,该成果可为我国东南沿海地区如浙江省等地区的大比例尺地质灾害详细调查提供参考。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with