主动脉夹层的诊断进展

主动脉夹层(AD)是指主动脉内膜破裂,血液从内膜破裂口进入中层,使主动脉壁分离,形成真假两腔的一种疾病。AD起病急,进展快,是一种非常凶险的疾病。如未及时诊治,患者发病48h内,病死率以每小时增加1%的速度增长,一周时达到70%,三个月可高达90%。因此对AD及时而准确的诊断至关重要。近几年AD的诊断学方面进展迅速,下面重点就此做一综述。概述流行病学据国外报道,AD的发病率约为每年每百万人中5～30例[1～2]。在急诊因胸背痛就诊的患者中,AD占0.5%。IRAD(the InternationalRegistry of Acute Aortic Dissection)研究显示,男女发病比例…     

阿尔茨海默病与铁死亡关系及相关治疗策略

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种起病隐匿的神经退行性疾病,多发于年龄≥65岁老年人群,已逐渐成为我国不容忽视的公共卫生问题.AD的发病机制尚不明确.近期研究中,一种铁依赖的、由脂质过氧化产物触发的独特程序性细胞死亡方式铁死亡(ferroptosis)被认为与AD的发病机制密切相关.AD脑中出现部分铁死亡标志性蛋白表达上调及相...     

caspase与阿尔茨海默病

阿尔茨海默病 (AD)是一种老年神经系统退行性疾病 ,病因及发病机制尚不完全清楚。一般认为 AD发病与遗传、环境、老龄、代谢等因素有关。其特征性病理改变为老年斑 (SP)、神经元纤维缠结 (NFT)及神经元丢失。SP主要由 β淀粉样肽 1～ 42(β- amyloid peptide,β- AP1～ 42 )沉积引起。 NFT主要由成对螺旋细丝 (PHF)构成 ,而 PHF又由高度磷酸化的神经微管相关蛋白 tau蛋白组成。 AD的主要临床表现为进行性认知和行为异常 ,好发于 6 5岁以上的老年人 ,随着世界人口老龄化 ,其发病率呈上升趋势。人们早已发现凋亡性死亡为 AD神经元…     

主动脉夹层患者住院死亡危险因素分析

目的:探讨主动脉夹层(AD)患者住院期间死亡相关危险因素。方法:回顾性分析徐州医学院附属淮安医院及东南大学附属医院2004年1月至2009年1月确诊AD120病例临床资料,按住院期间是否发生死亡进行分组,分析患者性别、体质量指数、临床症状、体征和生化指标与死亡的相关性,并用Logistic回归分析其与病死率的关系。结果:1.120例AD患者中男女性别之比为2.0:1。平均年龄(54.7±10.3)岁,急性期院内病死率17.5%;2.死亡组与存活组中:女性、舒张压、超敏C反应蛋白水平、并发意识障碍及心包填塞差异有统计学意义(P0.05);3.女性多元回归分析(OR=2.052;95%CI=1.084～4.470;P=0.010)、超敏C反应蛋白水平(OR=1.436;95%CI=1.325～1.862;P=0.008)及合并意识障碍(OR=2.370;95%CI=1.290～3.192;P=0.04)是AD死亡的独立危险因素(P0.05),舒张压水平(OR=0.532;95%CI=0.262～0.843;P=0.030)为预后保护因素。结论:AD患者中超敏C反应蛋白水平、女性、合并意识障碍,是导致急性期院内死亡的独立危险因素,舒张压水平为保护性因素。     

植物雌激素对阿尔茨海默病的作用研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是老年人群中最常见的一种痴呆症,为一种原因不明的神经系统退行性病变.AD的组织病理学表现主要为老年斑(senile plaques,SP)、神经原纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangles,NFTs),以及由凋亡引起的区域性神经细胞死亡等.目前,有关AD的病因和发病机制尚不完全明了,大量的人群回顾性及前瞻性研究和体内外实验表明,植物雌激素替代疗法不仅对AD的治疗有效,更重要的是能预防AD发病及推迟发病年龄.     

227例老年病人发病与死亡时间节律的探讨

本文对277例住院老年患者发病与死亡的临床资料进行分析,探讨其发病与死亡的时间节律关系及影响因素。结果表明:发病多在白天,其中7～10时发病102例,13～17时发病83例,两者合计185例(66.78％),为其余发病时间的3倍。发病季节以10月至次年1月为多(51.98％)。死亡时间以19时至次日7时间居多,164例(59.20％)。其     

免疫炎症反应在阿尔茨海默病中研究进展

<正>全世界约有5 000万阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者,2021年AD调查报告显示,2000～2019年AD患者死亡人数增加了145%以上[1,2]。因此,深入解析AD的诱导因素,将为延缓或降低该病的发病率及死亡率提供有效途径。大量研究证实,生物学因素、环境因素及遗传因素等均可作为AD的诱发因素[3,4]。且随着不断深入研究,首次在人体证实神经炎症是AD发病机制上游不可或缺的关键环节[5]。因此,阐明神经炎症在AD中的发生及分子调控机制,     

主动脉夹层临床特征及院内死亡危险因素分析

目的:探讨主动脉夹层(AD)的临床特征、影像学资料、误诊情况以及预测院内死亡的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析94例AD患者的临床资料。结果:①67%患者有高血压病史,67%患者发病时无明显诱因,男性发病年龄小于女性(P<0.05)。②DeBakeyⅠ型、Ⅱ型患者入院时血压[(141±34)/     

阿尔茨海默病的"有害网络"

阿尔茨海默病 (AD)是一种以智力缓慢性、进行性丧失为特征的神经变性疾病 ,是痴呆中最常见的一种类型。老年斑(SP)、神经纤维缠结 (NFT)、区域性神经细胞死亡是 AD的主要病理特征。AD已成为国内、外医学界研究的热点之一。AD的发病过程相当复杂 ,目前尚不能用单一的因素来解释 AD的病因和发病机制 ,越来越多的证据表明 AD不是由单一因素所引起的 ,即 AD不是一个独立的疾病 ,而是由不同的致病因素引起的多种代谢紊乱的异质性发病过程。研究发现 ,不同的致病因素在导致 AD的发生上有一条普遍的致病途径 ,即不同的 AD致病因素会导致…     

NMDA受体参与β淀粉样蛋白介导的突触可塑性损伤研究进展

阿尔茨海默症(AD)已成为继心脏病、癌症以及脑卒中之后导致人类死亡的主要疾病.目前AD的具体发病机制仍然没有被完全阐述清楚,越来越多的研究证据显示,与学习认知功能相关的神经元突触可塑性异常在AD发病过程中扮演着重要的角色.其中以N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体发挥的作用最为关键,其亚单位在AD病理过程中的作用在医学界引起了广泛关注.故研究NMDA受体介导的突触可塑性损伤机制对阐明AD发病机制具有重要意义.     

Isolated ductus arteriosus aneurysm in the fetus and infant: a multi-institutional experience

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcome and to elucidate the pathogenesis of ductus arteriosus aneurysm (DAA). BACKGROUND: Ductus arteriosus aneurysm is a rare lesion that can be associated with severe complications including thromboembolism, rupture and death. METHOD: We reviewed the clinical records, diagnostic imaging studies and available histology of 24 cases of DAA, diagnosed postnatally (PD) in 15 and antenatally (AD) in 9 encountered in five institutions. RESULTS: Of PD cases, 13 presented at <2 months, and all AD cases were detected incidentally after 33 weeks of gestation during a late trimester fetal ultrasound study. Of the 24, only 4 had DAA-related symptoms and 6 had associated syndromes: Marfan, Smith-Lemli-Opitz, trisomies 21 and 13 and one possible Ehlers-Danlos. Three had complications related to the DAA: thrombus extension into the pulmonary artery, spontaneous rupture, and asymptomatic cerebral infarction. Six underwent uncomplicated DAA resection for ductal patency, DAA size or extension of thrombus. In the four examined, there was histologic evidence of reduced intimal cushions in two and abnormal elastin expression in two. Five of the 24 died, with only one death due to DAA. Of 19 survivors, all but one remain clinically asymptomatic at a median follow-up of 35 months; however, two have developed other cardiac lesions that suggest Marfan syndrome. A review of 200 consecutive third trimester fetal ultrasounds suggests an incidence of DAA of 1.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Ductus arteriosus aneurysm likely develops in the third trimester perhaps due to abnormal intimal cushion formation or elastin expression. Although it can be associated with syndromes and severe complications, many affected infants have a benign course. Given the potential for development of other cardiac lesions associated with connective tissue disease, follow-up is warranted.     

Are respiratory complications common causes of death in inflammatory myopathies? An autopsy study

Background and objective: Polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are idiopathic inflammatory myopathies that are associated with a variety of clinical manifestations including pulmonary complications. The objective of the present study was to determine the causes of deaths in this complex patient population. Methods: A computer‐assisted search of medical and autopsy records identified a total of 39 patients with either PM or DM who underwent an autopsy at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN, USA) over a 29‐year period from 1 January 1981 to 31 December 2009. The immediate causes of death along with contributing causes were determined by reviewing all available clinical data and autopsy findings. We also analysed the discordance between ante‐mortem clinical diagnoses provided by clinicians and the final diagnosis by the post‐mortem analysis. Results: Respiratory (33%), infectious (28%) and cardiovascular diseases (26%) accounted for the majority of immediate causes of death. Acute exacerbation of chronic interstitial lung disease (15%) and bronchopneumonia (15%) were the most common specific causes. Immediate cause of death was not suspected in nearly one third of cases and included bronchopneumonia, sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, aortic stenosis, mycotic aneurysm rupture and acute haemoperitoneum. Conclusions: We conclude that pulmonary injury is the immediate cause of death in one third of patients with PM/DM; acute exacerbation of chronic interstitial lung disease and bronchopneumonia were the most common specific causes. Immediate cause of death was not established ante‐mortem in nearly one third of cases, and some of these causes were treatable.     

Clinical features in hepatocellular carcinoma and the impact of autopsy on diagnosis. A study of 530 cases from a low-endemicity area

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) had been one of the malignancies with the highest reported increase of incidence in Sweden, but during the late 20-year period the incidence has been decreasing. The aims of our study were to state the impact of autopsy on diagnosis and to identify clinical characteristics in HCC. METHODOLOGY: This retrospective study was performed in G?teborg, Sweden and included all cases with a diagnosis of liver cancer from a period with a high autopsy frequency (1958-1979). The cases were reevaluated histopathologically and the autopsy records as well as the case files were scrutinized. RESULTS: The majority (63%) of the 530 biopsy verified cases of HCC were diagnosed unexpectedly at autopsy. Cirrhosis of the liver could be established in 71% of the cases, but was diagnosed or at least clinically suspected before the diagnosis of the tumor only in a minority (19%) of all HCC patients. At presentation, malaise (85%), weight loss (78%), anorexia (67%) and hepatomegaly (84%) were common. The median survival time from diagnosis was one month. In most cases (92%) the cause of death was either directly or indirectly related to HCC and/or underlying liver disease such as advanced tumor disease, hepatic failure and gastrointestinal bleeding. Spontaneous rupture of HCC was the cause of death in 17 cases (3%) CONCLUSIONS: In an unselected population in a low incidence area of HCC, most patients have clinically unknown cirrhosis of the liver and present with vague general paramalignant symptoms. HCC has an extremely poor prognosis. Since HCC, in a majority of cases, remains undiagnosed before death, the autopsy has great impact on the diagnosis. This should be considered in interpretation of results from epidemiological studies.     

主动脉夹层22例诊治分析

目的探讨主动脉夹层（AD）的临床特点,提高对本病的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析22例AD患者的临床资料。结果AD多以剧烈疼痛为首发症状,胸痛最为常见,并伴随多种非特异性临床表现。本组首诊误诊率高达36．4％（8／22例）,其中误诊为急性心肌梗死4例,误诊为急性胰腺炎、急性胆囊炎、胸膜炎、肾结石各1例。经药物治疗,16例（72．7％）病情逐渐稳定,其中5例随后行手术或介入治疗而治愈;6例（27．3％）死亡,5例死于于夹层破裂,1例死于急诊手术中。结论AD临床表现复杂,误诊率高,死亡率高,而早期的识别、及时的影像学检查和有效的治疗是改善预后的关键。     

Incidence and forms of clinical presentation of the various morphologic types of myocardial laceration in the acute phase of infarct. A 4 years' caseload at a coronary unit. A clinico-anatomic study of 193 successive cases

AIMS: To determine the incidence of different morphological type of myocardial laceration (wall rupture) in patients who died of acute myocardial infarction, as well as to study the several clinical forms of presentation of different types of myocardial laceration. CONCEPT OF THE STUDY: To apply a protocol of prospective study, that includes 64 clinical and 34 anatomical parameters, using very discriminative technics in the anatomical study, already presented in previous papers. PLACE OF THE STUDY: The study took place in a CCU and pathological department of a University Hospital. POPULATION: Of 1308 patients successively admitted in a CCU with acute myocardial infarction between 1983-1986, 252 have died. It was possible to perform a necropsy study in 193. The only criterion for inclusion was the family agreement. METHODS: The study was a prospective one, being excluded only the patients in whom the anatomical study didn't confirm recent myocardial infarction. The clinical data were observed during the stay in the CCU, using a protocol developed for this study. In the anatomical study a protocol developed by the authors was applied, using very discriminative anatomical quantification technics of the infarct size as well as of the coronary obstruction degree by atherosclerotic plaques. In the study of the myocardial laceration a fourteen septal perpendicular cuts technic was applied, with a laceration development macroscopic study, and microscopic study of the more interesting cuts. All data were stored and treated in a computer program developed for this study. RESULTS: From the 193 cases that have been studied, 49 presented a complete free wall rupture (25%) and in two others there were an interventricular septal rupture and free wall rupture. The amount of free wall rupture was then 51 cases (26%), with a corrected incidence for the population with AMI of 5.1%. In 7 cases we found an interventricular septal rupture (in two cases associated with complete free wall rupture and in other two cases with an incomplete left ventricular rupture), what represents an incidence in necropsy of 3.6%. Since that in this period five patients with septal rupture have been operated and in three others the hemodynamic diagnosis was made, dying this patients without being performed necropsic study, the amount of septal ruptures was of 15 cases, what represents a corrected incidence of 1.1% in the population with AMI. The clinical forms of presentation of free wall rupture were the following: syncope followed by death (60%), shock (21%), transitory syncope (4%), psycho-motor troubling (4%). Pain persistence or recurrence associated with other clinical symptoms occurred in 63% of the patients. Hypotension, not always evoluting to shock, occurred in 33%, and pericarditis in 21% of the cases. When the different anatomical types of free wall rupture were considered (type I-direct rupture; type II-multicanalicular rupture; type III-rupture covered by an interventricular thrombus), we observed that in type I there was prevalence of syncope (71% and only 50% showed pain persistence or recurrence, when in type II syncope occurred in 67% and shock in 22%, with pain in 56%, and in type III the occurrence of syncope and shock were similar (44% vs 38%), with pain in 81% of the cases. Hypotension was verified in 56% in type III, 21% in type I and 22% in type II. Pericarditis never occurred in type I, happened in 33% in type II and 25% in type III. The terminal accident took an average 44 minutes long in type I, 3.8 hours in type II and 9.2 hours in type III. The delay in admission was nine hours in type I, 19 in type II and 30 in type III, and the time between the onset of symptoms and death was 2.9, 2.7 and 5.4 days respectively in types I, II and III. In what concerns the interventricular septal rupture shock occurred in all cases but one, in which association with free wall rupture determined cardiac tamponade with syncope.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Ventricular free wall rupture: sudden, subacute, slow, sealed and stabilized varieties

Six cases of acute myocardial infarction with blood in the pericardial sac are described. In one case rapid death followed myocardial rupture leaving no time for the possibility of intervention. Of two other cases acute symptoms developing after myocardial rupture, one was operated on promptly and the other, whose condition improved on pericardiocentesis, after a delay of a few hours. Both are now long term survivors A fourth patient probably had two episodes of rupture which apparently sealed off. He underwent cardiac catheterization, but no epicardial leak was found. Subsequently at operation a sealed myocardial rupture was detected and sutured over. The fifth patient suffered a silent myocardial rupture. A false aneurysm was diagnosed four months later and he withstood successful surgery. In the sixth patient, the course was similar to that of case 1, namely rapid death with a clinical picture suggestive of tamponade. Postmortem examination showed a covert rupture with some evidence of attempts to plug the opening. The purpose of this report is to emphasize the varying course which myocardial rupture can take.     

Effects of dementia on mortality in the radiation effects research foundation adult health study

BACKGROUND: Although dementia is rarely listed on death certificates, it does contribute to mortality. The predominant immediate causes of death coincident with dementia are pneumonia and cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact of dementia on specific mortality risks. METHODS: We applied DSM-III/R criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) to 2,172 subjects of the Adult Health Study of the Radiation Effects Research Foundation who were 60 or more years old when examined from 1992 to 1996. The underlying causes of death were compiled from death certificates. We performed a Poisson regression analysis to evaluate specific causes of mortality for which AD or VaD was a significant risk factor. RESULTS: The relative risk of mortality was 2.2 for AD and 2.4 for VaD. Mortality from pneumonia and stroke was elevated for both types of dementia, independent of other medical conditions. AD was also associated with death from trauma. CONCLUSION: Dementia was a predictor of death due to pneumonia, stroke, and trauma among the Japanese elderly. The prevention and early detection of those conditions are important in the medical care and treatment of dementia cases.     

Heart rupture in acute myocardial infarct: the advantages of using M-2D color Doppler echocardiography in a coronary intensive therapy unit]

BACKGROUND: Free-wall rupture of the heart is the second most common cause of death in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), following pump failure. Acute rupture is more common and rapidly fatal, while subacute rupture, which accounts for about 30% of total cases of mortality in AMI, can be diagnosed early by clinical signs with the support of echocardiography in coronary intensive care units. METHODS: From March 1996 to December 1997, 293 patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction were admitted to the coronary intensive care unit of our hospital. Of these patients, 71 (23.8%) were treated with thrombolysis within 6 hours of onset of symptoms. All patients were observed daily with M-2D color Doppler echocardiography and in the event of renewed chest pain, electrocardiogram changes, abrupt hypotension, syncope or clinical signs of low output syndrome. RESULTS: We observed 11 cases (3.8%) of free-wall rupture of the heart in acute myocardial infarction with echocardiography, 6 females and 5 males, with a mean age of 74.2 +/- 7.8 years (min. 56-max 84), none of whom had prior AMI. Six of them received thrombolytic therapy, six were hypertensive (54.5%) and three were diabetics (27.2%). Surgical repair was performed in two patients with subacute rupture, but one died a few days later. The echocardiography data at bedside for diagnosis of cardiac rupture were confirmed in 5 patients with autopsy and intraoperatively in two of them. CONCLUSIONS: Routine use of echocardiography in coronary intensive care units allows prompt diagnosis of cardiac rupture in acute myocardial infarction, and in the event of subacute rupture it can accelerate surgical decision-making.     

Ruptured uterus in Mulanje CCAP Hospital, 1974-1982

Medical records of 194 patients with ruptured uteri at Mulanje CCAP Hospital in Malawi were studied from January 1974 to December 1982. The mortality rate was 10.3%; this figure was elevated with rupture of an intact uterus, primigravidity, rupture prior to hospital admissions, and being in shock when admitted. Fetal mortality was 70% and strongly correlated with maternal mortality. A stronger relationship was found between fetal mortality and shock, absence of scar, and time of rupture. Fetal mortality was also associated with surgery performed, completeness of rupture, and rupture diagnosis prior to delivery. Hysterectomies were performed in 33.3% of the cases. 3 groups were identified among the cases: unscarred uterus ruptured before admission, scarred uterus ruptured prior to admission, and scarred uterus ruptured in hospital. For the 1st group, factors contributing to the uterus rupture include cephalopelvic disproportion, malpresentation, prolonged labor, and herbal oxytocies. In this group, 57% were para 5. The majority of women in the other 2 groups were para 1-4. Incidences of shock varied between the 3 groups; the unscarred group had 67% with shock while the scarred ruptures had 38% (prior to admissions) and 8% (after hospital admission). An anterior rupture site was the most common site of uterus rupture; the findings are 49% for the 1st group, 81% for the 2nd group, and 90% for the 3rd group. The highest mortality rate (20%) was observed in women with unscarred uterus rupture before admission. Fetal mortality was 95%, 57%, and 27% for the 3 groups respectively. The major causes of death were shock and sepsis. Prolonged hospital stay was attributed to wound infection or vesico-vaginal fistula.     

主动脉夹层78例患者的临床特点与疗效分析

目的探讨主动脉夹层（AD）的易患因素、临床表现,以及诊断和治疗方法,以提高对AD的诊治水平。方法对78例AD患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,分析其临床特点、辅助检查、影像学诊断、治疗方式及预后。结果①De Bakey分型：Ⅰ型35例（44．8％）,Ⅱ型13例（16．7％）,Ⅲ型30例（38．5％）。②78例患者临床表现多样,胸痛为常见首发表现,部分病例以并发症为首发表现,误诊率高达38．5％。高血压是导致AD发生的常见原因。③超声心动图、螺旋CT和磁共振成像（MRI）联合应用有助于快速诊断。④治疗早期静脉应用硝普钠,口服美托洛尔,联合其他降压药,病情稳定后行手术或介入治疗。结论内科保守治疗是治疗AD的基础,及时有效的早期诊断和积极采取恰当的治疗是提高AD患者生存率和改善预后的关键。