塞利洛尔治疗高血压病的疗效观察

本研究采用随机，双盲，平行对照的方法，用长效β１受体阻滞剂塞利洛尔（ｃｅｌｉｐｒｏｌｏｌ）对高血压病进行了为期６周的治疗观察，并与另一β１受体阻滞剂比索洛尔（ｂｉｓｏｐｒｏｌｏｌ）进行对比，同时还进行了自身对照的治疗观察，共有４３２例病人完成此项观察研究，其中对照组２０１例，开放组１９９例，动态血压监测３２例。塞利洛尔的剂量为１００～３００ｍｇ，比索洛尔为５～１０ｍｇ。对照组２０１例患者的观察结果显示：塞利洛尔组总有效率为７８．２％，服药６周后平均收缩压（ＳＢＰ）及舒张压（ＤＢＰ）分别下降１４．２ｍｍＨｇ及１２．６ｍｍＨｇ。比索洛尔组总有效率为８５．０％，ＳＢＰ及ＤＢＰ的下降幅度为１８．２ｍｍＨｇ及１５．９ｍｍＨｇ。两组总有效率无显著差别，不良反应均较少。２４小时动态血压监测显示：用塞利洛尔后总血压负荷明显减少，各时点血压均值明显下降，用两种方法计算的谷／峰比值均大于５０％。研究证实塞利洛尔为一安全有效的抗高血压药物。     

比索洛尔治疗228例原发性高血压患者的临床观察

从１９９６年２月至１２月,使用比索洛尔对２２８例高血压病患者进行临床观察。结果表明：治疗前、治疗后２周、４周、６周的收缩压分别为２２２８±２１６ｋＰａ（１６７１±１６２ｍｍＨｇ）、１９９９±２２２ｋＰａ（１４９３±１６７ｍｍＨｇ）、１８９０±１８５ｋＰａ（１４１８±１３９ｍｍＨｇ）、１７９３±１７２ｋＰａ（１３４５±１２９ｍｍＨｇ）,舒张压分别为１３９１±０９５ｋＰａ（１０４３±７１ｍｍＨｇ）、１２３１±１２７ｋＰａ（９２３±９５ｍｍＨｇ）、１１７１±１０７ｋＰａ（８７８±８０ｍｍＨｇ）、１１５２±１０７ｋＰａ（８６４±８０ｍｍＨｇ）。治疗前后比较,均有显著差异,Ｐ＜００１。表明比索洛尔治疗高血压病疗效明显,其显效率为８２０％,总有效率为９４３％,无效率为５７％。说明比索洛尔对原发性高血压病人有良好的降压作用,且副作用少。不同剂量达到降压目标例数不同,其中以５ｍｇ和１０ｍｇ达到降压目标例数最多,分别是１０２例及７８例。说明多数病人用药剂量在５～１０ｍｇ之间即可达到满意的降压效果。     

动态血压监测方法评价比索洛尔及阿替洛尔的降压疗效

对４０例原发性高血压患者采用２４小时动态血压监测方法对β受体阻滞剂（比索洛尔、阿替洛尔）进行降压疗效的比较。结果显示：２种药物均能达到全天的降压疗效；比索洛尔２４小时对收缩压及舒张压的降压作用强于阿替洛尔；比索洛尔２４小时中对舒张压降低的百分率明显强于收缩压，并能在夜间保持持续降压状态；２种药物对心率的降低无差异性。这提示，比索洛尔的降压疗效（２４小时１次口服）优于阿替洛尔。     

比索洛尔和美托洛尔的降压疗效及安全性对比

目的：对比观察国产比索洛尔（博苏）和美托洛尔（倍他洛克）治疗轻、中度高血压患者的临床疗效与安全性。方法：46例轻、中度高血压患者随机分成比索洛尔和美托洛尔两组，分别每日口服1次比索洛尔及2次美托洛尔，治疗8周，并用24小时动态血压监测评价用药前及用药8周后24小时血压变化情况。结果：服药第8周降压总有效率比索洛尔组91．3％，美托洛尔组73．9％，与用药前相比两组治疗后的收缩压及舒张压均显著降低，但比索洛尔组优于美托洛尔组（P〈0．05），且副作用少（P〈0．01），对血脂、血糖无影响。结论：国产比索洛尔降低轻、中度高血压患者的血压，安全有效，并优于美托洛尔。     

阿罗洛尔降压疗效和对睡眠呼吸障碍的影响

目的：阿罗洛尔的抗高血压疗效和对睡眠呼吸状况的影响。方法：随机、单盲、自身对照法。２０例原发性高血压患者在治疗前后分别接受多导睡眠仪和动态血压等监测。结果：患者服药４周，收缩压从２１．７±２．０ｋＰａ（１６３±１５ｍｍＨｇ）降至１８．９±２．５ｋＰａ（１４２±１９ｍｍＨｇ）（Ｐ＝０．０００，ｎ＝２０），舒张压从１３．５±０．９ｋＰａ（１０１±７ｍｍＨｇ）降至１１．７±０．９ｋＰａ（８８±７ｍｍＨｇ）（Ｐ＝０．０００，ｎ＝２０）。合并睡眠呼吸暂停者治疗后呼吸紊乱指数从２４．６０降至１３．１６（Ｐ＜０．０５，ｎ＝５）。超声心动图结果提示患者心功能状态有显著改善。心率无明显下降，治疗后血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇增加，血浆肾素浓度降低。结论：阿罗洛尔有较好的降压疗效，可以减轻睡眠呼吸暂停患者的睡眠呼吸障碍，改善心功能，对代谢无不良影响     

抗高血压药物降压谷峰比率计算的方法学研究

目的：探讨计算降压谷峰比率的可靠方法。方法：３３例轻～中度原发性高血压患者，服安慰剂２周后，随机分入氨氯地平（ＡＭ）组（ｎ＝１６）与硝苯地平控释片（ＮＩ）组（ｎ＝１７）治疗４周。以诊室血压与动态血压监测评价降压效果，采用不同方法计算降压峰值、谷值、谷峰比率。结果：两组血压均显著降低。不同方法计算的峰值间差异较大。以２小时时段法及在２４小时内计算的２小时峰值较大，降压峰值及达峰时间的个体变异均较大。不同方法计算的谷值间无显著差异。ＡＭ组总体方法计算的收缩压、舒张压谷峰比率分别为６３％、５５％，个体方法计算的收缩压、舒张压谷峰比率分别为（３０±４２）％、（２５±４８）％；ＮＩ组总体方法计算的收缩压、舒张压谷峰比率分别为８５％、８１％，个体方法计算的收缩压、舒张压谷峰比率分别为（５５±３４）％、（５２±４２）％。结论：降压峰值及达峰时间的个体间变异均较大，在２４小时内计算２小时峰值是较可靠的方法，总体计算法高估谷峰比率，个体计算法较好。     

比索洛尔治疗原发性高血压180例报告

目的：观察比索洛尔对轻中度高血压的降压疗效及其安全性。方法：采用自身对照开放试验方法。180例原发性高血压（EH）病人，服安慰剂1周后，口服比索洛尔5～20mg（80％病人服5～10mg）共6周，不服其它降血压药。结果：服药6周后血压为18．6±1．77／11．3±1．05kPa，收缩压下降4.0kPa，舒张压下降2．4kPa，有效31．1％，显效67．2％，总有效率98．3％；36例冠心病人中19例心绞痛及心肌缺血好转改善率为52．7％。出现不良反应20例（11．1％），但症状轻，不需停药。治疗前后血生化及肝肾功能无改变。结论：比索洛尔对轻中度EH病人具有降压作用，对合并冠心病者兼有抗缺血效应，不良反应少，耐受性好。     

老年人24小时动态血压波动规律及范围

应用无创性全自动２４小时动态血压监测技术，对７０例老年人测试，其中男性４４例，女性２６例；分正常血压组和轻中型高血压两组观察。分析结果：正常血压组和轻中型高血压组昼夜血压波动规律明显不同，前者呈日间上升、夜间下降趋势；后者呈双峰双谷状。波动范围亦不同，前者收缩压波动范围＜６．６７ｋＰａ（５０ｍｍＨｇ），舒张压＜５．５３ｋＰａ（４０ｍｍＨｇ）；后者收缩压波动范围＞６．６７ｋＰａ（５０ｍｍＨｇ），舒张压＞５．５３ｋＰａ（４０ｍｍＨｇ）。两组２４小时动态血压均值范围参考数据有明显差异。如果以各项研究均值＋２个标准差为上限值，老年人正常血压者２４小时动态血压监测数据，日间最高不应＞２１．２／１２．５ｋＰａ（１５９／９４ｍｍＨｇ），夜间不应＞１９．６／１２．０ｋＰａ（１４７／９０ｍｍＨｇ）。     

卡托普利对急性心肌梗死患者早期血压、心率的影响——中国心脏研究－Ⅰ暨血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗急性心肌梗死大型随机临床试验专题报告之二

探讨血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂卡托普利对急性心肌梗死病人早期血压、心率、死亡率及临床事件的影响。方法多中心随机双盲安慰剂对照临床试验，给发病３６ｈ内的急性心肌梗死病人随机口服卡托普利（ｎ＝７４６８，１２．５ｍｇ３／ｄ）或安慰剂（ｎ＝７４９４）治疗４周。结果基础血压＜１００ｍｍＨｇ或舒张压＜７０ｍｍＨｇ、心率＜７０ｍｉｎ－１者，卡托普利组４周总死亡率略高于安慰剂对照组；基础收缩压≥１００ｍｍＨｇ或舒张压≥７０ｍｍＨｇ、心率≥７０ｍｉｎ－１（尤其心率偏快）者，卡托普利组死亡率均低于对照组。用首剂（６．２５ｍｇ）药后２ｈ收缩压或舒张压较前下降１０％～１９％者卡托普利组死亡率（８．５％，７．１％）均明显低于对照组（１０．７％，Ｐ＝０．０４；１０．０％，Ｐ＝０．００３），而血压下降幅度＜１０％者两组死亡率相似。基础收缩压＜１００ｍｍＨｇ者卡托普利组休克发生率（１０．０％）高于对照组（７．８％），低血压发生率（３６．５％ｖｓ２４．０％）更高。基础心率＜６０ｍｉｎ－１者卡托普利组心力衰竭（１３．４％）、休克（５．８％）、室颤（２．８％）发生率均略高于对照组（１１．９％，３．６％，１．３％）；心率≥６０ｍｉｎ－１者卡托普利     

左室肥厚与单纯收缩,舒张或双期血压增高的关系

目的研究高血压病患者单纯收缩期（ＩＳＨ）、单纯舒张期（ＩＤＨ）或双相高血压（ＴＨ）上左室肥厚的关系。方法根据２４小时动态血压将病人分为４组：１．对照组（ｎ＝２７）平均收缩压＜１４０ｍｍＨｇ，平均舒张压＜９０ｍｍＨｇ；２．ＩＳＨ组（ｎ＝１６）平均收缩压＞１４０ｍｍＨｇ，平均舒张压＜９０ｍｍＨｇ；３．ＩＤＨ组（ｎ＝３１）平均收缩压＜１４０ｍｍＨｇ，平均舒张＞９０ｍｍＨｇ；４．ＴＨ组（ｎ＝１９）平均收缩压＞１４０ｍｍＨｇ和平均舒张压＞９０ｍｍＨｇ。超声心动图检测或计算舒张末期左室内径（ＥＤＤ）、室间隔及左室后壁厚度（ＬＶＳＴ，ＬＶＰＷＴ）、左室重量指数（ＬＶＭＩ）。结果ＩＳＨ、ＩＤＨ及ＴＨ组ＬＶＭＩ明显大于对照组Ｐ＜０．００１。ＩＳＨ和ＩＤＨ间、ＩＤＨ和ＴＨ组间无明显统计学差异。结论２４小时动态血压监测诊断为高血压病的患者ＬＶＭＩ明显大于偶测血压增高者。双期血压均高者左室肥厚最重。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.