前陆盆地层序地层学研究现状及进展

本文主要介绍了前陆盆地层序地层学的研究现状及急待解决的问题。前陆盆地层序地层学是将层序地层学的理论应用于构造活动区盆地分析的一个特例；前陆盆地二级构造层序代表了盆地不同成盆期的产物；前陆盆地的三级构造层序的成因并非受全球统一海平面变化控制，而与盆缘造山带的区域构造活动、盆内沉积作用和相对海平面变化的联合作用有关，是一个成盆期不同发育阶段的产物；前陆盆地地层的层序反映了前陆盆地构造演化史为一个多旋回的沉积－构造演化史。     

前陆盆地层序地层学研究简介

前陆盆地层序地层学是将层序地层学理论应用于构造活动的前陆盆地分析的一个特例。前陆盆地三级层序成因并非受全球统一的海平面变化控制，而是与盆缘造山带区域本报特约记者运动、盆内沉积作用和相对海平面变化的联合作用有关，代表了前陆分地一个成盆期的不同发育阶段。层序界面是相对海平面下降和区域构造隆的联合作用面。在盆地演化的不对称沉降阶充填阶段，邻造山带区为低水位浊积扇沉积层序；远离造山带区，低水位体系域不发育     

前陆盆地层序地层与油气聚集

从区域构造的观点看, 同板块碰撞有关的前陆盆地是油气聚集的有利地区。两个板块的相互碰撞形成一系列的造山带, 而在相对稳定板块的前缘常常形成前陆盆地。由于前陆盆地的特点, 使它对油气的生成、运移、聚集和保存都十分有利, 世界上前陆盆地是油气最富集的一类盆地。前陆盆地层序地层学是将层序地层学理论应用于褶冲带和前陆盆地的一个特例, 假定物源供给稳定, 前陆盆地可容空间的变化主要受控于构造作用和全球海平面变化。本文通过概括前陆盆地不同级别的地层层序、旋回及其成因, 揭示造山带构造运动、盆地沉积作用和海平面变化之间的内在联系, 进一步研究前陆盆地的沉积一构造演化, 提出前陆盆地的油气潜力主要取决于早期被动边缘发育程度和保存条件, "薄皮"逆掩断层带具一定油气潜力, 具有多种类型油气圈闭, 以及盆地晚期的前缘沉积有利于早期沉积的埋藏、成熟和保存等四项前陆盆地与油气关系的结论和认识, 为油气资源勘探提供理论依据。      

右江盆地层序充填序列与古特提斯海再造

首次识别出5个级别的层序界面及相应的沉积层序,以不同级别的层序界面作为划分相应级别层序的重要标志,不同级别的层序反映不同地质事件和动力转化过程。将5个级别的沉积层序作为板间、板缘、板内构造过程的地层记录,反映了沉积盆地类型、性质及演化过程,并与沉积盆地之间存在不同级别的耦合效应:超级层序相当于沉积盆地域的地层记录;Ⅰ级层序对应于一个成因盆地的地层记录;Ⅱ级层序反映沉积盆地的构造阶段或构造沉积幕;准Ⅱ级层序揭示盆地构造期或沉积幕;Ⅲ级层序相当于盆地充填韵律;Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级层序分别相当于盆地充填体系域和冲填体系。研究表明,右江古特提斯海演化经历了陆内裂陷海、陆缘裂谷海、孤后裂谷海和残余海前陆盆地4个发展阶段。     

库车前陆盆地白垩系层序地层样式及控制因素分析

白垩系库车坳陷是在南天山强烈逆冲导致的挠曲沉降背景下发育的前陆盆地。综合地震、钻井和露头资料对白垩系进行了层序地层划分,共分出2个区域性的沉积旋回或构造层序、8个三级层序;区内各层序及其内部体系域总体呈现东西向展布、南北向分异的特点;建立了两种层序地层学框架模式:卡普沙良群构造层序具有典型前陆盆地挤压深陷特征,沉积构成反映了从前陆逆冲挠曲沉降到回弹上隆的演化过程;巴什基齐克组构造层序具有宽缓、伸展的特点,层序地层框架模式及内部地层构成样式有其独特性。白垩系前陆盆地的层序地层格架和沉积体系域的配置受到前陆构造作用的控制,而气候及湖平面变化则主要影响层序地层格架内的沉积相类型。      

影响沉积盆地相对海平面变化的多重因素和旋回层序响应

沉积盆地内相对海平面变化及沉积层序形成不仅受全球海平面变化旋回控制，而且沉积盆地所处的构造背景和相关因素，如：沉积物供给、盆底沉降和自然地理条件也对沉积层序及其内部组成——体系域具有极大的影响。对应于海平面变化发育的容纳空间旋回层序，沉积供给也可以形成特征的、可以鉴别的供给旋回层序。具有过渡性界线的三级或高频旋回层序受相对海平面变化和沉积供给双重因素控制。不同构造背景沉积盆地边缘发育不同的盆底沉降速率，相对海平面变化响应于盆缘沉降具有明显的构造－海平面分带，岸线在构造－海平面带中的地理位置决定了层序界面和层序堆叠样式，也同样影响着低位体系域的构成。深水盆地环境古地形特点及沉积物供给制约着深水沉积序列。构造运动显著地影响着沉积层序发育。碳酸盐缓坡和平顶镶边陆架的层序格架及体系域发育受其坡度、盆地深度及下降幅度的因素的作用。台地边缘和大陆边缘盆地浊积岩层序的发育和体系域组成受控于差异的沉积物源（平顶碳酸盐台地、镶边台地和陆源碎屑岩陆架）、古地理及构造活动性     

辽宁省复州西南部张夏组上段高频率旋回地层及复合海平面变化

该区张夏组沉积地层记录旋回性明显，反映高频旋回的特点，共划分１个三级旋回层序、４个四级旋回层序、１４个五级旋回层序和５８个六级（米级）旋回层序。各级别旋回层序均由相应的次一级旋回层序向上变浅、变粗、变厚的序列组成，其底部均以相应级别的加深—间断面为界。四级旋回层序具有区域地层对比意义。该时期的海平面具有高频率振荡特点，为一个复合海平面变化旋回。     

陆盆层序地层研究的思路

根据陆相地层层序发育的特点,冲积扇、河流、三角洲或湖泊沉积环境,均受地层基准面控制,地层基准面穿越旋回控制着陆相环境重大层序分布。根据不同时间间隔的基准面穿越旋回序次,可将陆层序划分为盆地充填层序、构造层序、层序、亚层序以及小层序５个级别。每个层序（三级）根据蕨面的波动可划分为基准面上升沉积体系域和基准面下降沉积体系域,然后可进一步根据亚层序组的叠置特性进行细分。     

论地质历史中区域构造沉降史与海平面变化

区域构造沉降史和海平面变化是层序地层学中起决定作用的两个主参数。运用“反剥法”。（back-stripping）建立了研究区内泥盆纪至三叠纪盆地构造沉降地球动力学曲线模型,识别出盆地演化从被动大陆边缘、成熟被动大陆边缘、周缘前陆盆地到后造山前陆盆地的演化序列。同时,运用沉积体系域、地震及碳氧同位素信息反演编制了二叠-三叠纪海平面变化轨迹曲线,研究区内海平面变化与全球海平面升降具同步效应,至晚三叠世研究区海平面变化表现为上升趋势,而全球海平面变化总体处于海平面下降阶段,这与前陆挠曲变形和造山俯冲有关。     

沉积盆地的层序和沉积充填结构及过程响应

现代层序地层学的理论发展,把沉积过程纳入到地质演化的时空框架中并与地球的多旋回或节律演化结合研究,形成了一套带有革命性的、在等时地层格架中研究沉积作用的新方法,成为了油气资源等沉积矿产预测勘探的重要工具。沉积盆地的沉积充填可划分出与各级沉积旋回相对应的层序地层单元。追踪对比由不整合面或不整合面及其对应的整合面为界的高级别层序地层单元建立的区域性等时地层格架,对盆地构造古地理再造和油气勘探战略性研究至关重要;追踪四、五级等低级别层序地层单元和体系域建立的高精度层序地层格架,可为重点区域或区带的沉积体系和储集体的沉积构成和分布等的解剖提供精细的地层对比基础。依据沉积基准面的变化,从层序内水进到水退的沉积旋回中可划分出正常水退沉积、强制性水退沉积、水进沉积及垂向加积等成因沉积类型。海相或湖相盆地中三级层序地层单元内均可较好地划分出低位、水进、高位及下降体系域。盆地构造作用、气候变化、海、湖平面升降过程对层序发育的控制作用及沉积响应研究,一直是层序地层学或沉积地质分析领域的研究热点。沉积盆地的层序地层序列演化是盆地地球动力学过程的总体响应。层序地层学把盆地古构造、古地理的变迁纳入到统一的地球演化系统中研究,形成了与区域地球演化史或盆地动力学演化相结合的重要研究领域。多旋回盆地或叠合盆地中多期次的构造变革导致了多个区域性不整合面所分隔的多个构造层序的叠加。注重构造—层序地层的结合分析,揭示盆地的层序地层序列与多期盆地构造作用的成因联系,是构造活动盆地或大型叠合盆地沉积地质演化和油气聚集规律研究的关键。盆地构造作用,如前陆盆地多期次的逆冲挠曲沉降和回弹隆起的构造作用、多幕裂陷过程、多期构造反转等与重要不整合及区域性沉积旋回或层序的形成密切相关;而由气候变化引起的海或湖平面变化是控制高频沉积旋回或低级别层序发育的主要因素。在构造活动盆地中,构造坡折带对沉积体系域和沉积相的发育分布具重要控制作用。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with