怀4井ATG-6138M气汞仪干扰因素及质量评价

以怀来后郝窑地震台怀4井ATG-6138M型气汞仪为研究对象,分析及排除其观测干扰因素,为正确识别震前异常信息提供参考依据;对ATG-6138M型气汞仪和DFG-B型气汞仪进行观测质量对比评价,运用origin数据统计软件进行数据分析。研究表明:ATG-6138M型气汞仪数据变化较为灵敏,且观测质量优于DFG-B型气汞仪,同时发现怀4井气汞浓度主要受到观测室温度和动水位的影响。     

观测室环境对水汞观测结果的影响

对观测室环境和观测时间改变对水汞观测数据产生的影响进行了实验研究和分析,详细介绍了一次水汞测值异常的核实过程,得出以下结论:(1)观测环境及观测时间的改变不会对水汞观测结果产生明显影响;(2)由于观测室内会残存汞蒸汽,应将观测室随时保持通风状态以降低观测室残存汞蒸气对水汞测值的影响;(3)要加强对试剂、观测室空气中汞含量的监测,避免外界条件变化对水汞观测结果带来的影响。     

延庆台五里营井气氡数据异常分析

2013年2月至5月间,延庆五里营台气氡仪器出现了几次数据异常变化,而就在这个时段,气汞仪器也接连出现几次故障,造成了几次停测。对于气氡的数据异常,进行了仪器和辅助装置检查均未找到原因,曾被作为不明原因数据变化列入跟踪测项,但后来发现气氡的数据变化与气汞仪器故障有一定的同步性,最后通过分析认为正是气汞仪器的观测状态改变影响了气氡仪器的观测数据。     

滇西北地区活动构造温泉水汞背景值观测研究

采用流动采样、定点观测分析方法,对滇西北地区部分典型活动断裂带上天然出露的温泉,进行水汞背景值(本底值)调查和观测研究,得出各点位温泉中水汞的正常变化范围、空间分布特征,以及与活动构造的关系,用于滇西北地区地震短临跟踪加密观测,以及强震现场周围的前兆异常监视工作。     

DFG-B测汞仪与ATG-6138M测汞仪对比观测结果分析

为了核实赤峰1号井2014年初气汞异常现象,安装ATG-6138M测汞仪与原DFG-B测汞仪进行对比观测。ATG-6138M测汞仪观测到赤峰1号井房内空气汞浓度明显高于井孔内逸出汞浓度,表明观测井房可能存在汞污染问题。两台仪器同步观测井孔内逸出气汞浓度结果表明,ATG-6138M测汞仪测试结果稳定,动态清晰,而DFG-B测汞仪观测误差较大。对比DFG-B测汞仪与ATG-6138M测汞仪校准结果认为,DFG-B测汞仪已不能正常观测汞浓度的变化,存在捕汞管老化等仪器问题。综合分析表明,赤峰1号井DFG-B测汞仪存在环境汞污染和仪器老化等因素,且集气装置不符合地震行业标准技术要求,2014年初出现的气汞浓度异常信度不高,不能作为与地震孕育有关的前兆异常信息。     

中条山前断层气释放探索研究

概述了中条山山前断层气释放观测点地理位置、地质环境、观测气孔选择及背景值测试,应用相关分析、多元改正回归分析及Wavelet分析方法对资料进行了详细分析.结果表明:气氡、气汞对潮汐响应明显,断层气浓度具有"夏高冬低"的年动态变化.经过1 a的观测,断层气"气源"稳定,记录的动态清晰,不受地下水开采影响,无疑为一些地区解决井孔条件差,干扰因素多,无法开展地下流体连续观测开辟了一个新途径.     

水源污染对姑咱海子泉气汞和气氡观测的干扰分析

2018年12月姑咱海子泉气汞和气氡出现准同步突升异常变化,通过对气汞和气氡仪器观测系统、脱气装置系统、观测环境影响因素等的调查,观测室环境汞污染检查,龙头沟与二道桥CO2和水质加密观测以及四川地区其它同类台站观测资料对比分析,初步认为该变化是由于观测水源被污染,污染的水源又致仪器脱气装置系统出现故障或气路不畅,此次异常变化是一次典型的干扰案例,并不是地震前兆异常。     

α径迹观测中有关问题的实验研究

实验研究表明，不同厚度的醋酸纤维探测经铀α面源照射蝗，其径迹密度与照射时间有很好的相关性；探测片的本底值不会影响其观测结果；径迹的镜下特征与不同照射角度下的特征径迹变化，是照射角度愈接近直角，圆形特征径迹越多，其它形状的径迹越少；在同一观测孔中探测片采用垂直与平行和悬吊三种方式照射，探测到的氡浓度含量相同，观测工线基本吻合；探测片在不同的环境条件下蚀刻其径迹大小不同，目前我省统一使用的醋酸纤维探测     

数字化气汞观测脉冲高值异常分析

2008年6月3日夏县断层气汞出现脉冲高值突跳变化,对此从观测环境、仪器运行状况、人为因素等多方面查找原因,通过对比试验、标定仪器等数据,认为此异常是由于气汞仪供电的稳压电源故障所致,非构造运动。此项工作对今后异常的判断、识别提供了依据。     

基于构造活动的断层气汞异常探讨

利用2008—2017年夏县地震台断层气汞浓度观测数据,分析其异常变化与地震活动间的关联性,结合同时段震源机制解、库仑应力和由GPS基线推测的山西南部构造应力场、地壳形变特征,解释断层气汞浓度变化与区域构造活动间的关系。结果表明：①按照气汞浓度背景值变化幅度的不同,研究时段大致分为2010年10月—2011年7月、2013年3—12月、2015年1月—2017年5月等3个阶段,其中,第2、3阶段的背景值分别为第1阶段的8倍、60倍;②距测点200 km范围内4级左右地震发生前,气汞浓度往往表现为一组高值突跳变化,变化幅度高出平均背景值几倍至几十倍,震后很快降低至背景值附近;③气汞浓度趋势性上升和多组高值突跳变化、震源机制一致性参数高值、库仑应力积累、GPS压性作用增强和转折等,在时间上具有较好的准同步性,在空间上较吻合,表明夏县地震台断层气汞浓度异常与区域构造活动密切相关。     

The entrainment of high-viscosity magma into low-viscosity magma in eruption conduits

We report experiments on the flow of two fluids of contrasting viscosity through a pipe in which low-viscosity fluid occupies the center of the pipe. The volume flux of the low-viscosity fluid in the pipe increased during an experiment but did not reach 100% in most cases. The transition from high- to low-viscosity-dominated outflow involved a drop in pressure gradient and an increase in flow rate due to reduced viscous resistance in the pipe. Initially, the central flow was thin and parallel-sided, but as its diameter increased the flow became unstable. A sequence of instabilities was observed during the course of each experiment, both in time and as a function of height in the pipe. In the most commonly observed instability the central flow adopted a helical geometry. The transition from parallel-sided to unstable flow first appeared at the top of the pipe and propagated downwards against the flow. Axisymmetric instabilities originating at the pipe entrance were also observed. All forms of instability exhibited entrainment of viscous fluid into the faster moving central flow. Entrainment was extensive early in the existence of the central flow, but later on the volume flux of lower-viscosity fluid in the central flow rose more rapidly than the rate of entrainment and the proportion of lower-viscosity fluid increased with time. These compositional changes determined the viscosity of the central flow which was found to control its diameter and velocity. In banded pumice deposits, silicic pumice without mafic component is commonly erupted alongside banded pumice blocks. We infer that banded pumice may correspond to the central flow in our experiments, i. e., that viscous magma has been incorporated into less viscous melt, and that pure acid pumice is derived from the outer flow. Changes in eruption style may be caused by variations in pressure gradient and flow rate due to changes in the viscosity of the melt in the conduit. Varied mafic/silicic proportions and degree of mixing in magmatic associations are controlled by the bulk volume erupted, discharge rate, initial temperature difference and aspect ratio of the conduit.     

Oscillating Flow of a Compressible Fluid through Deformable Pipes and Pipe Networks: Wave Propagation Phenomena

Similarly to blood pulse propagation in the artery system, oscillating flow can propagate as a wave in fluid-saturated pipes, networks of pipes or, by extension, in porous media, if the fluid is compressible and/or the pipes are elastically deformable. First, propagation of flow waves generated in a semi-infinite pipe by harmonic pressure oscillations at the pipe entrance is analyzed. The dispersion equation is derived, allowing determination of the phase velocity and quality factor as functions of frequency. Wave reflections at the end of a finite-length pipe and ensuing interferences between forward and backward traveling waves are then examined. Because of fluid storage in the pipe, the amplitude of the AC volumetric fluxes entering and exiting the pipe at its upstream and downstream ends are not equal. Thus, two different, upstream and downstream, frequency-dependent, AC hydraulic conductivities are introduced. Superposed on the classic viscous-inertial flow transition (controlled by the value of the pipe radius), these complex-valued parameters show another transition between an interference-free regime at low frequencies and a strong interference regime above a critical frequency that roughly scales as the pipe length. Because of attenuation, the flow wave interferences tend to gradually weaken with increasing frequencies. Finally, the single pipe model is used to investigate fluid flow waves through pipe networks with results very similar to those described above. The flow waves analyzed here are akin to the Biot’s slow P waves and their propagation properties could affect seismic soundings in some geological settings.     

The role of soil pipe and pipeflow in headcut migration processes in loessic soils

Headcut formation and migration was sometimes mistaken as the result of overland flow, without realizing that the headcut was formed and being influenced by flow through soil pipes into the headcut. To determine the effects of the soil pipe and flow through a soil pipe on headcut migration in loessic soils, laboratory experiments were conducted under free drainage conditions and conditions of a perched water table. Soil beds with a 3-cm deep initial headcut were formed in a flume with a 1.5-cm diameter soil pipe 15 cm below the bed surface. Overland flow and flow into the soil pipe was applied at a constant rate of 68 and 1 l min⁻¹ at the upper end of the flume. The headcut migration rate and sediment concentrations in both surface (channel) and subsurface (soil pipe) flows were measured with time. The typical response was the formation of a headcut that extended in depth until an equilibrium scour hole was established, at which time the headcut migrated upslope. Pipeflow caused erosion inside the soil pipe at the same time that runoff was causing a scour hole to deepen and migrate. When the headcut extended to the depth of the soil pipe, surface runoff entering the scour hole interacted with flow from the soil pipe also entering the scour hole. This interaction dramatically altered the headcut processes and greatly accelerated the headcut migration rates and sediment concentrations. Conditions in which a perched water table provided seepage into the soil pipe, in addition to pipeflow, increased the sediment concentration by 42% and the headcut migration rate by 47% compared with pipeflow under free drainage conditions. The time that overland flow converged with subsurface flow was advanced under seepage conditions by 2.3 and 5.0 min compared with free drainage conditions. This study confirmed that pipeflow dramatically accelerates headcut migration, especially under conditions of shallow perched water tables, and highlights the importance of understanding these processes in headcut migration processes. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云南地下水中Rn和Hg震兆特征对比分析

以大量的实际观测资料及多次震例 ,深入研究了地下水中Rn和Hg的震兆特征。结果表明 :Hg对地壳岩石应力应变的反应程度比Rn更灵敏 ,更有利于地震预报。通过研究得出以下几点认识 :(1)大震前 ,Hg有 1年左右的中期趋势异常且都出现在距震中较近的有利部位 ,Rn有 1— 2年的趋势异常出现在距震中 5 0 0km范围内 ;(2 )大震前 ,大多数观测台站能观测到Hg突出的短临异常 ,而Rn出现短临异常的台站数只有Hg的1/ 2 ,且异常幅度小 ;(3)中强地震前 ,在距震中较近的观测台站 ,能观测到Hg异常 ,相同条件下的Rn异常则不明显。地下水中Rn和Hg的这些异常特征对未来地震三要素的预报有一定帮助。     

下关温泉水汞整点观测变化与日测值关系研究

进行每天一次定点、定时、定量人工取样观测的下关温泉水汞进行24小时整点人工加密取样观测实验,研究并讨论人工取样水汞24小时日变化与日测值的关系,为汞量异常时的人工加密观测提供预研究依据,以期更好、更充分地捕获水汞前兆异常信息。     

Determination of the role of entrapped air in water flow in a closed soil pipe using a laboratory experiment

Soil pipes, continuous macropores parallel to the soil surface, are an important factor in hillslope hydrological processes. However, the water flow dynamics in soil pipes, especially closed soil pipes, are not well understood. In this study, the water and air dynamics within closed soil pipes have been investigated in a bench‐scale laboratory experiment by using a soil box with an artificial acrylic soil pipe. In order to grasp the state of water and air within the soil pipe, we directly measured the existing soil pipe flow and air pressure in the soil pipe. The laboratory experiment showed that air in the soil pipe had an important role in the water flow in the closed soil pipe. When air entrapment occurred in the soil pipe before the soil matrix around the soil pipe was saturated with water, water intrusion in the soil pipe was prevented by air entrapped in the pipe, which inhibited the soil pipe flow. This air entrapment in the soil pipe was controlled by the soil water and air flow. Moreover, after the soil pipe flow started, the soil pipe was not filled completely with water even when the soil pipe was completely submerged under the groundwater table. The entrapped air in the soil pipe prevented further water intrusion in the soil pipe.     

Analysis of repeated-load laboratory tests on buried plastic pipes in sand

This paper describes a laboratory model test carried out on high-density polyethylene (HDPE), small diameter pipes buried in trenches, which subjected to repeated loadings to simulate the vehicle loads. Deformation of the pipe was recorded at eight points on the circumference of the tested pipes to measure the radial deformations and detect cross-sectional pipe profiles. Also settlement of the soil surface during the test up to 1000 cycles of loadings was recorded, until its value become stable or the excessive settlement was happened. The parameters varied in the testing program include height of buried depth, relative density of the sand and intensity of stress on the soil surface. The influence of various repeated loads (with magnitude of 250, 400 and 550 kPa) at relative densities of 42%, 57% and 72% in different embedded depth of 1.5–3 times of pipe diameter were investigated. Based on the results, in medium and dense sand relative density, the pipe embedded in depth of 3.0D and 2.0D, respectively, mostly remained undamaged (the maximum value of VDS is less than 5%) and increased the safety of buried pipes under different magnitude of repeated loads. The records of the pipe deformation and settlement of the soil surface due to the repeated loads have been compared in different conditions. These values increase rapidly during the initial loading cycles by a rate decreasing significantly as the number of cycles increase. The influence of the first cycle was also found to be one of the main behavioral characteristics of buried pipes under repeated loads. The ratio of deformation of pipe at first cycle to last cycle changes from 0.60 to 0.85 in different of tests. Finally for the obtained results, a non-linear power model has been developed to estimate the vertical diametral strain of buried pipe and settlement of the soil surface based on the model test data. It should be noted that only one type of pipe and one type of sand are used in laboratory tests.     

首都圈地区汞测量典型震例剖析及其映震效能评价

本文简述了汞测量探索试验及首都圈地区测汞网点的概况，通过妙峰山、阳原、大同、沙河等地震前后汞测量资料剖析，讨论了汞测量的映震效能及其监测预报前景。实际资料表明：汞测量是地下流体化学预报地震的有效新指标之一。     

从汞异常讨论阳江——从化断裂的活动性及对孕震的影响

根据区域重砂普查圈定的辰砂分散晕和跨断层剖面壤中气汞测量结果，联系已有地震资料，讨论了阳江－－从化断裂带的活动性及汞异常与地震活动的关系。认为：沿断裂 带群集的汞民中以作为活动断裂的判别标志之一；汞沿断裂裂隙向上运移系促使断裂活动的动力因素之一；汞异常段之间的相对低值区或其外侧系地震活动的主要场所。     

贵州草海湿地不同水位梯度沉积物中汞、砷形态分布及风险评价

通过改进Tessier连续提取法对贵州草海黑颈鹤栖息地不同水位梯度下沉积物汞(Hg)、砷(As)形态及生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,草海湿地沉积物中Hg含量在0.45～1.51-mg/kg之间,超过国家土壤环境质量农用地土壤风险管控标准;形态组成上,残渣态汞(Res-Hg)有机结合态汞(Org-Hg)碳酸盐结合态(Car-Hg)铁锰氧化态(Fe-O-Hg)可交换态(Ex-Hg),不同水位梯度下含量和赋存形态在不同区域不一致.As含量在16.4～23.8-mg/kg之间,形态依次为残渣态砷(Res-As)有机结合态砷(Org-As)铁锰氧化态砷(Fe-O-As)碳酸盐结合态砷(Car-As)可交换态砷(Ex-As).-As含量与贵州省土壤背景值持平,随着水位梯度的抬升,其总量呈增加趋势,残渣态占比逐步增多,性质逐渐稳定.采用地积累指数(I_(geo))、潜在生态风险指数(E_r~i)、风险评价编码法(RAC)对Hg、As的危害程度进行分析表明,基于草海较高Hg环境背景值,Hg整体污染风险较高,As处于低水平的污染风险等级且对环境影响较小.该研究揭示了不同水位梯度下Hg、As总量及形态分布特征,对草海湿地水位抬升恢复湿地提供了参考.