肺癌患者术后感染超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌分离株基因分型和耐药性

目的 探究肺癌患者术后感染超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌分离株基因分型和耐药性,为临床治疗ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌用药提供指导。方法 收集2019年1月-2021年7月于武汉市肺科医院行胸腔镜肺段切除术后感染患者肺炎克雷伯菌分离株100株,分析菌株对常用抗菌药物的耐药率,双纸片扩散法进行ESBLs表型筛选及确证,聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测产ESBLs菌株的耐药基因,将PCR阳性产物进行测序并确定基因型别。结果 100株肺炎克雷伯菌中检出35株产ESBLs菌株,占35.00%,主要来源于痰液;产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄青霉素、头孢菌素的耐药率高于90%; 35株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌主要耐药基因型为TEM、CTX-M和SHV,其中CTX-M型中,CTX-M-1有10株,CTX-M-9有12株,未检测出CTX-M-2、CTX-M-8及CTX-M-25型,所有TEM型均为TEM-1,SHV型均为SHV-12。结论 胸腔镜肺段切除术后感染肺炎克雷伯菌菌株产ESBLs检出率较高,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对替加环素、美罗培南及亚胺培南较敏感,且携带的基因型以CTX-M型、TEM...     

天津地区医院产ESBLs菌株基因型研究

目的 了解天津产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌基因型及耐药情况.方法 收集部分医院临床分离218株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,利用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测CTX-M-1、CTX-M-2、CTX-M-8、CTX-M-9、TEM、SHV、OXA-1、OXA-2、OXA-10耐药基因,结合Tm值将其分型.结果 109株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药基因CTX-M-1、CTX-M-2、CTX-M-8、CTX-M-9、TEM、SHV、OXA-1分别为32.1%、0.9%、0.9%、33.9%、73.4%、27.5%、15.6%,携带>2种基因菌株达66.1%;109株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因CTX-M-1、CTX-M-2、CTX-M-8、CTX-M-9,TEM、SHV、OXA-1、OXA-10分别为49.5%、2.8%,1.8%、22.9%、78.9%、76.1%、33.0%、9.0%,携带>2种基因达82.2%;检测菌株对亚胺培南保持高度敏感.结论 天津市肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌ESBLs的基因型以SHV型、TEM型、CTX-M-1型、CTX-M-9型为主,OXA呈上升趋势,各医院肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因型存在一定差异.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌临床菌株耐药表型与基因型

目的调查临床分离鉴定的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药表型与基因型的关系。方法以琼脂稀释法测定67株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对11种抗菌药物的MIC;应用PCR扩增其SHV、TEM和CTX-M型β-内酰胺酶编码基因,并对部分菌株的PCR产物进行克隆测序以确定其基因亚型。结果67株除未检出对亚胺培南耐药株外,对其他10种抗菌药物的耐药率在10.45%～89.55%,多重耐药率为74.63%;其中60株对氨基糖苷类耐药株和44株对β-内酰胺类耐药株的交叉耐药率各为88.33%和40.91%;67株SHV、TEM和CTX-M基因型检出率分别为91.04%、56.72%、28.36%,对其中7株克隆测序发现存在SHV-12、TEM-1及CTX-M-3基因亚型。结论67株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对除亚胺培南以外的大多数抗菌药物,呈现明显的多重耐药和交叉耐药,其中7株同时产SHV-12和CTX-M-3型超广谱和TEM-1型广谱β-内酰胺酶。     

新生儿产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性和基因型分析研究

目的:分析了解新疆地区新生儿科分离的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(Extended-Spectrumβ-lactamase,ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及耐药基因分布情况。方法:采用K-B法测定病原菌对19种抗菌药物的耐药率,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测TEM、SHV、CTXM-1、CTXM-9等4种β-内酰胺酶基因,并对部分产物进行测序分析。结果:100株产ESBLs菌对亚胺培南全部敏感,对喹诺酮类耐药率在10%以下;但对大多β-内酰胺类抗生素全部耐药。基因型分析显示有72株携带TEM基因,79株携带SHV基因,58株携带CTX-M-1基因,42株携带CTX-M-9基因;91%的菌株同时携带两种及两种以上ESBLs基因型。结论:新生儿产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌耐药严重,新疆地区新生儿以同时携带多种ESBLs基因型为主。     

耐亚胺培南肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因检测与分子流行病学研究

目的对耐亚胺培南肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药基因携带情况及分子流行病学特征进行研究,以降低耐药率。方法对2013年10月-2014年5月临床分离的15株耐亚胺培南肺炎克雷伯菌,采用Hodge试验检测碳青霉烯酶表型;采用PCR法检测碳青霉烯酶、AmpC酶和ESBLs耐药基因及整合子,进行测序及网上比对确定基因型;采用肠杆菌科基因间重复序列(ERIC)和多位点序列分型(MLST)对菌株进行同源性和遗传相关性研究。结果 15株耐亚胺培南肺炎克雷伯菌均检出KPC-2、TEM-1、SHV和CTX-M型基因,SHV12和CTX-M-24为主要基因亚型;未检测到IMP、VIM、OXA和NDM碳青霉烯酶基因和AmpC酶基因;各带有Ⅰ类整合子,整合的主要耐药基因为aadA2;同源性和遗传相关性分析,15株耐亚胺培南肺炎克雷伯菌可分为A、B、C 3种ERIC类别,12株A菌为ST11型,2株B菌为ST290和ST147,1株C菌为ST967;15株肺炎克雷伯菌呈多药耐药或泛耐药,仅磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶的敏感率50.0%。结论 15株肺炎克雷伯菌的多药耐药或泛耐药与菌株携带KPC-2碳青霉烯酶、CTX-M型ESBLs和其他β-内酰胺酶及整合子有关;产KPC-2肺炎克雷伯菌在神经外科病区呈克隆传播,ST11型菌株为此次流行的主要株;发现ST290和ST967型产KPC-2肺炎克雷伯菌。     

神经内科住院患者感染肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析与产ESBLs酶耐药基因检测

目的了解神经内科住院患者感染肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及存在状况,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法采用VITEK-60型、肉汤稀释法测定86株肺炎克雷伯菌的药敏结果;采用PCR分析ESBLs基因型。结果产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌首选亚胺培南,其敏感率为100.0%,对其他抗菌药物均有不同程度的耐药;对27株产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌菌株耐药基因检测,100.0%检出TEM基因,81.5%检出CTX-MⅠ基因,63.0%检出SHV基因与CTX-MⅢ基因。结论产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌表现多药耐药,碳青霉烯类药物亚胺培南是治疗效果最好的药物,同时存在2~3种不同类型的耐药基因。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌的分子流行病学研究

目的调查北京医院住院患者2002年1～8月期间产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的分离率、耐药情况和各种基因型的流行分布. 方法采用浓度梯度法对86株大肠埃希菌和132株肺炎克雷伯菌对11种抗菌药物进行最低抑菌浓度测定,采用酶抑制剂增强法对产ESBLs菌株作确认试验;等电点测定及PCR扩增对产ESBLs菌初步分型,然后对PCR扩增阳性产物测序,序列分析进一步确定基因型,并做结合实验. 结果肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌产ESBLs细菌阳性率分别为18.9%和29.1%, ESBLs菌合计的阳性率为22.9%;ESBLs阳性菌对抗生素的耐药率明显高于ESBLs阴性菌;在50株产ESBLs阳性菌株中,TEM型31株(62%)均为TEM-1型;CTX-M型26株(52%),其中CTX-M-14型11株,CTX-M-22型9株,CTX-M-24型 5株,CTX-M-13型1株;SHV型22株,占44%,SHV-1型5株,SHV-12型5株(4株菌被结合实验结果证实含有SHV-12型基因的质粒),SHV-2a型3株(2株菌含有该型基因质粒),2株SHV-2(2)型(2株菌含有该型基因质粒),未分出亚型7株,同时结合实验也证实不含有SHV型基因的质粒. 结论 CTX-M型和SHV型是北京医院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中流行的基因型.     

产AmpC酶和ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性分析与耐药基因检测

目的 了解浙江省温州、台州地区的肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性及存在状况.方法 采用VITEK 60型和VITEK 32型、肉汤稀释法测定56株产C类头孢菌素酶(AmpC)和超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌的药敏结果;采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)分析ESBLs、质粒介导的AmpC酶和AMEs基因型.结果 产AmpC酶和ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌首选亚胺培南(100%敏感),对其他抗菌药物均有不同程度的耐药;20株菌株100%检出TEM基因,90%检出CTX-MⅠ基因,100%检出SHV基因,85%检出DHA基因,15%检出MIR基因,90%检出不同的氨基糖苷类修饰酶(AMEs)基因.结论 产AmpC酶和ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌表现多药耐药,碳青酶烯类药物亚胺培南是治疗效果最好的药物,同时存在2～6种不同类型的耐药基因.     

温州地区产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌的基因型研究

目的 研究温州地区分离的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌的基因型.方法 随机挑取经全自动微生物分析仪鉴定的产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌35株,非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌29株;用头孢噻肟、头孢噻肟/克拉维酸和头孢他啶、头孢他啶/克拉维酸双纸片扩散法对肺炎克雷伯菌进行ESBLs检测,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)法对ESBLs阳性株进行TEM型、SHV型、CTX-M型、VEB型和PER型ESBLs基因检测,对PCR阳性产物进行测序确定基因型别,同时采用PCR法检测整合酶基因.对PCR产物进行测序确定整合酶类别.结果 47株经双纸片扩散法确定为ESBLs阳性株中,经仪器法确定为阳性的为35株,仪器法的敏感性为73.4%;在17株经双纸片法确定为ESBLs阴性的菌株中,经仪器法确定为ESBLs阴性的有12株.仪器法的特异性为70.1%;TEM型、SHV型和CTX-M型阳性率分别为90.0%、86.7%和90.0%;整合酶基因阳性率为93.3%,经测序.所有TEM型为TEM-1 ESBLs;26株SHV型阳性的PCR产物经测序证实,SHV-12的有16株、SHV-11的有6株、SHV-2的有2株及SHV-Ⅰ型2株,在27株CTX-M型中,CTX-M-14型有18株、CTX-M-15型9株.结论 温州地区肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离株的ESBLs基因主要为CTX-M型和SHV型,CTX-M-14和SHV-12是主要的基因型.     

2006-2007年产ESBLs和质粒AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性及基因型研究

目的 调查2006-2007年临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性及产ESBLs和AmpC酶的存在形式.方法收集2006-2007年对头孢西丁不敏感的肺炎克雷伯菌110株,用K-B法和微量稀释法测定细菌对头孢他啶等16种抗菌药物的敏感性,用PCR法检测TEM、SHV、GES、PER、CTX-M-1群、CTX-M-2群、CTX-M-3群、DHA和MIR-1/ACT-1基因,用接合转移试验了解肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因转移方式.结果 110株肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟的耐药率在0～49.9%,对其他抗菌药物耐药率在80.0%～100.0%,110株肺炎克雷伯菌中单产ESBLs为主要形式,ESBLs基因为CTX-M和SHV型,AmpC酶基因为ACT和DHA型,它们均能通过接合转移方式将其质粒携带的耐药性传递至受体菌.结论 同时存在ESBLs和AmpC酶足肺炎克雷伯菌对多种抗菌药物耐药的主要原因,耐药基因的转移可导致耐药性的传播扩散,两年比较,肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性呈下降趋势.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.