Control Design of a Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Wind-Driven Induction Generators during a Low Voltage Fault at Grid Bus

To reduce the parallel transient and resume the power balance immediately after fault clearing, many countries have included the low voltage ride through (LVRT) requirements in the grid codes for grid-connected wind turbines (WTs). Although the removal of the WT from the power grid in the conventional approach is beneficial to alleviate severe mechanical stress incurred by the low voltage fault, remaining the WT to be connected to the grid during the low voltage fault becomes obligate to reduce the risk of voltage collapse for the power system associated with the ever-increasing WT installation. This article presents a control strategy to which the LVRT capability enhancement of a wind-driven squirrel cage induction generator (IG) by the use of a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The DVR, with the flexibility of changing output voltage polarity in series with the power source, can sustain the excitation of IG subjected to the low voltage fault and the random change in load and wind speed. A DC voltage regulator is employed to support the DC-link voltage of the DVR for generating appropriate AC voltage level required for the IG. The AC output voltage of the DVR is controlled by an AC voltage regulator according to the IG terminal voltage deviation from the desired value. To achieve voltage and current decoupling control between distinct coordinate axes in the stationary reference frame, a proportional-resonant (PR) controller is adopted. The DVR output voltage can be instantaneously tracked by the PR controller according to the sinusoidal command comes from the DC and AC regulators. To fully utilize the compensation capacity for the DVR, the dynamic estimation of grid voltage lower limit for recasting the AC voltage command (ACC) of the DVR in response to the low voltage fault is proposed to prevent DVR from malfunction due to controller saturation. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.     

Design and implementation of partial feedback linearizing controller for grid-connected fuel cell systems

This paper presents an approach to design a nonlinear controller for grid-connected fuel cell (FC) systems in order to provide ancillary services to low or medium voltage power networks. In this paper, these ancillary services mainly refer to the delivery of both active and reactive power from the FC to the grid under different operating conditions. The controller is designed based on the dynamical model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) which is developed from the electrical equivalent circuit of a grid-connected PEMFC through a voltage source converter (VSC). Partial feedback linearization technique is then employed to obtain the control laws with an aim of regulating respective currents related to both active and reactive power through the switching action of VSCs. The stability of the internal dynamics of the PEMFC system is also analyzed in this paper as the proposed control scheme cannot be implemented for unstable internal dynamics. A rate limiter is used with the proposed partial feedback linearizing controller to ensure the suitability under the worst-case conditions as well as to prevent the over-modulation in the rate of change of power references. The applicability and performance of the proposed controller is justified on a simple system as well as on a 12-bus balanced test distribution system and the CIGRE low voltage test distribution network under different grid events. The simulation results show the superiority of the proposed controller as compared to the vector controller.     

Design and control of LCL filter interfaced grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system using power balance theory

In this paper solar photovoltaic (SPV) system connected to the utility grid is designed and simulated. The utility grid and SPV system are coupled with current controlled voltage source converter (VSC) and LCL filter. The design of LCL filter, MPPT algorithm and power quality improvements are discussed and simulation results are shown for the performance analysis of grid-coupled PV system under different load condition. The system is controlled through power balance theory method. The principle behind the control implementation is to evacuate the solar power generated during the daytime and the reactive power demand for the load should be supplied by the PV. The grid coupled system consists of SPV system, dc–dc boost converter, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), voltage source converter (VSC), LCL filter, different loads and three phase utility grid. This system is capable of eliminating harmonic and load balancing by supplying unbalanced current from the PV as a compensator. The system is simulated with 10 kW SPV array using indirect current control scheme.     

燃料电池电力变换器的低频纹波电流抑制策略

燃料电池电力变换器通常包括直 — 直及直 — 交2级变换器,而直 — 交变换器通常会产生2倍于输出频率的纹波电流并反向传播到燃料电池输出端。低频纹波电流会造成燃料电池系统的燃料浪费,减小电力变换器的输出能力,更重要的是减少燃料电池堆寿命,所以必须得到有效抑制。文中论述了燃料电池电力变换器纹波电流产生的机理及传播途径。在此基础上提出了一种能有效抑制电流纹波的新型控制器,并应用在一个1.2 kW的质子交换膜燃料电池电力变换器样机上。实验证明该控制器能有效抑制电流纹波产生,并实现了电力变换器的指令电流控制。     

Sensitive load voltage compensation against voltage sags/swells and harmonics in the grid voltage and limit downstream fault currents using DVR

In the past decades, the power quality (PQ) has become a critical issue in highly automated industries and sensitive load centers. The voltage quality is the most important part of the PQ for customers. The voltage disturbances in the form of voltage sags, swells and harmonics can cause huge financial losses. In the past few years, the power electronic solutions have been proposed to avoid these problems. The dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is one of the solutions. This paper proposes a new topology for single-phase DVR which is able to compensate multiple voltage disturbances and limit the downstream fault currents with a simple topology. The proposed DVR is based on the single-phase direct ac/ac converter which is energized from the main grid. As a result, there is no need for energy storage elements and dc link capacitors. The proposed topology can deal with high voltage with low voltage rating switches. Therefore, the switches can be IGBTs without needing an auxiliary forced commutation circuit as in thyristors which are high voltage switches. The performance of the proposed topology is validated by digital simulations and a laboratory scale prototype implementation.     

适用于双馈风电系统的九开关型统一电能质量调节器

为减小电压谐波、电压跌落与骤升、电压不平衡等电能质量问题对双馈感应发电机(DFIG)风电系统的影响,在对多种统一电能质量调节器(UPQC)拓扑结构研究对比和九开关变换器建模分析的基础上,提出一种应用于双馈风电系统的九开关型UPQC方案。在对UPQC电压、电流补偿单元运算电路建模的基础上,设计相应的控制策略。按照电网工况,设定谐波电流补偿、轻度电压补偿、重度电压补偿3种工作模式,优化UPQC运行方案。仿真与实验结果表明,九开关型UPQC可以有效治理电压、电流谐波,消除电压偏差与相位跳变,提高DFIG机端电能质量,使机组可以在多种故障电压工况下实现柔性故障穿越。     

单相电压骤降特征量的求导检测算法

动态电压恢复器(dynamic voltage restorer,DVR)是改善电压质量的一种有效工具。在电网电压骤降的情况下,能否快速而准确地检测出电网电压骤降的特征量将直接影响到DVR的补偿效果。文章在研究现有的电压骤降特征量检测方法的基础上,提出一种适用于单相电压骤降的ab求导检测算法,利用求导来代替ab变换方法中的相位延迟算法,并且考虑了发生电压骤降过程中可能伴随的谐波的影响。仿真分析结果表明,该算法检测精度较高,实时性好,满足DVR检测的需要。     

基于扩张状态观测器的混合式配电变压器直流母线电压控制

混合式配电变压器能够有效抑制电网谐波和稳定负载侧电压,在配电网末端具有重要意义.针对负载变化、电网电压波动或三相不平衡等情况下,混合式配电变压器直流母线电压不稳定导致的谐波补偿、维持负载电压稳定功能出现的问题,提出一种基于非线性扩张状态观测器的直流母线电压控制策略,将观测出的总扰动通过前馈的方式进行补偿,以提高直流母线电压的稳定性.同时,通过频域分析了所设计扩张状态观测器和电压控制器的稳定性.最后,在MATLAB/Simulink仿真与实验中,与比例-积分控制进行对比,证明了所设计控制器的响应速度更快,稳定性更好.     

Photovoltaic based distribution static compensator for power quality improvement

This paper deals with a model of photovoltaic (PV) array or battery operated DC/DC boost converter fed three-leg VSC (Voltage Source converter) with star delta transformer for power quality improvement. A synchronous reference frame theory is proposed for three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) which includes voltage source converter and a dc link capacitor. The proposed DSTATCOM provides reactive power compensation, source harmonic reduction and neutral current compensation at the point of common coupling (PCC). The PV array or battery operated boost converter is used to step up the voltage to match the DC link requirement of the three-leg VSC. The main advantage of this proposed approach is that, it will provide continuous compensation for the whole day. The star/delta transformer provides isolation to the VSC and path to the zero sequence fundamental as well as harmonics neutral current. To derive the reference current in order to generate the firing pulse to the VSC, the overall system is designed, developed and validated by using MATLAB–SIMULINK environment.     

Grid power quality enhancement using an ANFIS optimized PI controller for DG

Grid frequency variation causes phase angle deviation in current with respect to voltage. This is sensed at the phase-locked loop in the controller. In past studies the effect of grid frequency variation is neglected while designing the controller for power quality restoration. When modern grids are connected to large numbers of non-linear loads and various types of distributed generation (DG), it results in continuous variation in grid frequency. Thus it is necessary to consider the grid frequency variation for effective power quality restoration. However, tuning of conventional PI controller gains considering frequency variation is very difficult. Thus it is necessary to develop an adaptive intelligent nonlinear controller to tackle the effects of frequency variation, voltage distortion and non-linear load simultaneously. This paper presents the importance of considering the effects of the frequency variation, grid voltage distortion and non-linear load, while designing and deploying a controller for power quality restoration. The proposed controller supplies power to local load as well as transferring surplus power to the grid from DG along with the additional benefit of improving grid power quality. A DG with an ANFIS optimized PI current controller for power quality enhancement is proposed. The method is economical as it requires no additional hardware. Results are compared with PI, PI-RC and fuzzy current controllers to validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.     

一种带谐波补偿功能的DVR

提出了静止坐标下的谐振控制器,避开复杂的坐标变换方法,简单地检测出指定次数的谐波。应用这种静止坐标下的谐振控制器对指定次数的谐波电压进行闭环控制,简单的加到动态电压恢复器DVR(DynamicVoltageRestorer)系统中以达到谐波电压补偿功能,而对基本DVR的电压凹陷补偿性能的影响很小,提高了DVR的效率。分析谐振控制器的幅频和相频特性,指出在加入DVR控制系统中进行谐波补偿时不会引起有功功率的流动,对直流侧的能量影响较小。通过Matlab仿真确定了这种方法可以消除绝大部分指定次数的谐波。     

A control strategy for a multi-terminal HVDC network integrating wind farms to the AC grid

This paper describes a novel control strategy of voltage source converters (VSC) in large-scale wind farm applications, in order to achieve a constant DC voltage for connecting to the long transmission system based on multi-terminal high voltage direct current (HVDC) technology. The control strategy is based on a multi-loop current and voltage control for tracking the predetermined value of the DC link voltage in the rectifier side station to achieve proper performance in the irregular circumstances of wind farm operation. In addition, the control strategy is able to transmit the maximum input power to the consumption side in different situations in grid side converter. Grid connection of the HVDC system is analysed under two conditions: balanced AC grid, and connection of unbalanced nonlinear load into the AC grid. The control strategy guarantees injection of minimum harmonic current components from the grid to the loads. MATLAB simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy for different types of variations in AC voltage amplitude and frequency of wind turbines output voltage.     

基于混合调制策略的MMC-UPFC谐波特性改善研究

统一潮流控制器在提升电网输电能力,提高电力系统稳定性方面展现出了当今柔性交流输电领域的最高水平。南京220kV UPFC工程自建成投运以来,有效解决了西环网南北通道潮流分配不均的问题。不足之处在于,当串联补偿电压较低时,输出电压将含有较大的谐波成分,影响系统电压质量。本文通过研究不同调制比下MMC-UPFC的谐波特性,基于最近电平逼近调制与引入虚拟循环映射的载波层叠调制提出一种新型的双阈值混合调制策略,用于改善MMC-UPFC在低调制比下的谐波特性。结合南京西环网UPFC实际工程参数,从理论和仿真分析两方面验证了所提出混合调制策略的适用性和有效性。     

并联型模块化级联超级电容多目标电能质量治理研究

为改善10 kV配网侧电能质量,针对传统UPQC与DVR对电压暂降具有补偿深度不够、补偿时间不长等不足,提出了将超级电容储能与模块化多电平变换器拓扑结构相结合,形成并联型模块化级联超级电容储能P-MMC-SCS(parallel-modular multilevel cascaded-super-capacitor storage)多目标电能治理拓扑结构。首先对其主电路拓扑结构进行了分析,然后分别针对电压未暂降时电流补偿分量检测与跟踪及电容均压、电压暂降时电压补偿分量检测与跟踪进行了控制策略研究,根据P-MMC-SCS主电路结构与补偿分量特点采用了PI控制。最后通过在Matlab/Simulink中对P-MMC-SCS仿真研究,结果表明P-MMC-SCS兼具支撑网侧的电压暂降和治理负荷侧电流谐波、无功的功能。     

带谐波补偿功能的动态电压补偿器

根据传统静止坐标和d-q坐标关系推导出相应的静止坐标下的谐振控制器来检测出指定次数的谐波,应用这种静止坐标下的谐振控制器对指定次数的谐波电压进行闭环控制,简单地加到动态电压补偿器(dynamic voltage restorer, DVR)控制系统中以达到补偿谐波电压的目的,而对DVR的基本电压暂降补偿性能的影响很小,提高了DVR的效率。分析了该谐振控制器的幅频和相频特性,指出在将其加入DVR控制系统中进行谐波补偿时不会引起有功功率的流动,对直流侧能量的影响也较小。仿真验证了该控制器不会引起DVR直流侧的功率流向,并可消除绝大部分指定次数的谐波。     

基于谐波磁势平衡的12脉波整流器一体化滤波方法

提出了一种基于谐波磁势平衡的12脉波整流器一体化滤波方法,对该一体化滤波器的拓扑结构、数学模型、滤波原理进行了详细阐述。该方法将一个背靠背变流装置接入12脉波整流器变压器二次侧的星形与三角形绕组抽头中,通过背靠背变流装置向各绕组抽头中注入指定次谐波电流,并利用该注入谐波电流与12脉波整流器负荷侧所产生谐波电流的磁势平衡,以达到消除12脉波整流器网侧指定次谐波电流的功能,在控制算法上引入比例-积分(PI)+比例-谐振(PR)控制器以实现对指定次谐波分量的无误差跟踪。该方法能有效提高滤波变流装置的电压、电流适应性,从而节省电压匹配变压器的成本,并能充分发挥滤波变流装置的容量潜能。最后,通过仿真和实验验证了所提滤波方法的正确性。     

基于DVR的双馈风电机组不对称电压故障穿越

基于动态电压恢复器DVR(Dynamic Voltage Restorer)能够在短时间内恢复电压的特点,研究了DVR协助双馈风电机组穿越不对称电压故障的能力。针对双馈风电机组,选择了合适的DVR拓扑结构及其补偿策略,分析了基于比例-谐振PR(Proportional-Resonant)控制器的DVR控制方法,并提出采用单环电压反馈控制的策略。利用PSCAD/EMTDC搭建的详细仿真平台,展示了在DVR的保护下双馈风电机组成功穿越不对称电压故障的能力及其改善的瞬态性能。     

具有谐波抑制功能的电网电能质量最优控制方法

电网运行过程中容易受谐波干扰,造成电压畸变、网损过度.为此,提出具有谐波抑制功能的电网电能质量最优控制方法,优化电网电能质量的同时有效抑制谐波干扰.采用分层控制策略,初级控制采用多目标电压无功谐波优化算法获取电压差异数据、电压不稳定性数据、网络损坏率数据、电网谐波数据优化电网电压输出,同时采用模糊PI控制器完成复合电流...     

Extensive Application of UPQC-L for a Dual Point of Common Coupling System with Multiple Loads under Unbalanced Source Condition

Abstract—This paper presents a synchronous reference frame (SRF)-based power angle control (PAC) approach for a specific unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) arrangement, termed as UPQC-L for dual point of common coupling system under unbalanced source voltage condition. In contrast to a conventional configuration of UPQC, the static compensator (STATCOM) part is on left side of UPQC-L, while dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is on the right side. The UPQC-L configuration is specifically adapted for protection of sensitive and critical load types from voltage disturbances. Along with its basic compensation capability of current harmonic compensation and voltage compensation, it efficiently handles reactive power demand from sensitive load. This is achieved with the introduction of PAC concept for effective sharing of reactive power between STATCOM and DVR. The extraction of instantaneous power angle faces difficulty with unbalanced voltage and UPQC-L configuration. Thus, the control algorithm for UPQC-L is designed based on SRF and numerical analysis approach with equal reactive power sharing phenomena by STATCOM and DVR of UPQC-L. UPQC-L with the proposed control approach is successfully implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK (The Mathworks, Inc. USA) and verified experimentally for mitigation of voltage disturbances (such as sag/swell, unbalancing, and harmonics), current harmonics, and high-reactive power demand.     

一种新型级联多电平动态电压恢复器的研究

动态电压恢复器(DVR)是一种电压型电能质量补偿装置,串联在电网和负载之间,用于保障负载侧的电能质量.提出了一种新型级联多电平DVR,两个H桥功率单元级联构成一个逆变单元,并依靠整流电路给逆变单元直流侧电容器提供能量.装置采用电容器耦合方式串入电网,选用数字信号处理器(DSP)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)和复杂可编程逻辑器件(CPLD)构成控制系统.进行了详细的硬件和软件设计,实际运行测试结果表明,该级联多电平DVR响应速度快,能够迅速、有效地产生补偿电压,保证了负载侧的用电质量.