铝粉含量对梯铝炸药爆压和冲击波参数的影响

测试了以TNT为基不同含量含铝炸药的爆压和空中爆炸冲击波参数,通过分析铝粉对炸药爆压、空中爆炸参数和爆炸冲击波超压的影响,建立了爆压与铝氧比的关系曲线、5种TNT基含铝炸药的冲击波相似律方程和TNT/Al炸药的爆压与空中爆炸冲击波超压的关系式.结果表明,随着铝粉含量的增加,炸药的爆压呈指数衰减,近距离的冲击波超压也快速减小,但爆炸场温度和爆炸火球的直径及持续时间会增大.     

CL-20基含铝炸药爆轰波阵面法向速度与曲率的关系

采用高速扫描相机及电探针测速法测量了具有相同铝含量的CL-20基和RDX基含铝炸药的拟定态爆轰波形及爆速,分析了炸药波阵面法向速度Dn与曲率κ之间的函数关系。结果表明,CL-20基含铝炸药的爆轰波阵面较RDX基含铝炸药的平坦,其法向爆速受曲率效应的影响也较RDX基含铝炸药的小。当κ0.005mm-1时,其法向爆速的下降速率明显小于RDX基含铝炸药;当κ0.005mm-1时,其法向爆速的下降速率略高于RDX基含铝炸药。     

NTO含量对RDX基含铝炸药机械感度及爆速的影响

制备了不同3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮(NTO)含量的RDX基含铝炸药,用爆炸概率法和电测法测试了其机械感度和爆速,研究了NTO含量对RDX基含铝炸药机械感度和爆速的影响。结果表明,随着NTO含量的增加,含铝炸药的机械感度明显降低,撞击感度由34%降至2%,摩擦感度由30%降至2%;在相同密度下,随着NTO含量的增加,含铝炸药的爆速降低,当NTO质量分数为35%时,爆速降至7 764m/s,与不含NTO的RDX基含铝炸药相比,降低了169m/s。     

RDX基铝纤维炸药水下爆炸的能量分析

将RDX基铝纤维炸药和RDX基含铝炸药进行水下爆炸实验,得到两种炸药在不同位置的压力-时程曲线,经过计算得到两种炸药水下爆炸的能量,并以含铝炸药的能量为铝纤维炸药的参考能量,分析两者的差异及造成差异的原因。结果表明,与含铝炸药相比,铝纤维炸药的压力峰值与冲量降低,铝纤维炸药的比冲击波能降低11%～22%,比气泡能降低11%～15%,比爆炸能降低11%～18%。铝纤维炸药的比爆炸能占爆热的73%～82%,低于含铝粉炸药比爆炸能与爆热的比值(89%～94%)。铝纤维炸药能量未达到其参考能量的主要原因是铝纤维直径较大导致反应不充分以及熔喷法制成的铝纤维中Al2O3含量较高。     

EAK基熔铸分子间炸药的能量和撞击感度

通过水下爆炸试验研究了RDX和HMX对EAK基熔铸分子间炸药水下能量的影响。结果表明,RDX和HMX对EAK基混合炸药起到明显的增能作用,但对含铝和非含铝体系有不同的作用效果。爆速和撞击感度测定表明,EAK—RDX混合炸药爆轰的理想化程度和稳定性及撞击感度随RDX含量的增加而增加。从能量和撞击感度两个方面综合考虑,RDX的较佳加入量应为20％～30％。     

环境氧含量对含铝炸药爆热的影响

利用恒温式量热计测定了3种含铝炸药在不同环境中的爆热,研究了其能量释放规律。结果表明,含铝炸药在真空、空气和纯氧环境中的爆热逐渐增高,固体爆轰产物存在一定差异。3种含铝炸药在纯氧中的爆热基本相当,说明发生了完全燃烧反应。在真空和空气环境中,含细铝粉(中位径12.43μm)的含铝炸药爆热均低于含粗铝粉(中位径74.14μm)的炸药。两种粒度铝粉级配后的含铝炸药,在真空和空气环境中的爆热处于铝粉未级配的炸药爆热之间,原因是没有达到细铝粉先反应、粗铝粉后反应的理想状态。     

含铝典型炸药爆轰参数计算研究

用途不同,对炸药的爆速、爆压、爆热要求不一样。准确、快速计算炸药的爆轰参数对于设计指定性能新型炸药和炸药的应用研究具有十分重要的意义。本文用不同的方法对含铝炸药的爆轰参数进行了计算,采用含铝炸药经验公式计算含铝炸药的爆速、ω-Г公式方法计算的爆压、盖斯定律计算爆热,较其他计算方法计算结果相对误差小。     

RDX基铝薄膜炸药与铝粉炸药水下爆炸性能比较

为了减少铝粉炸药在生产过程中因铝粉对环境污染,降低铝粉炸药的撞击感度,提高含铝炸药的成型性及力学性能,将RDX用铝薄膜分层包裹得到新型的铝薄膜混合炸药。将铝薄膜混合炸药与铝粉炸药进行水下爆炸实验与爆速实验,得到两种炸药的爆速与压力时程曲线,经过分析计算得到两种炸药的压力峰值、冲量、冲击波能、气泡脉动周期与气泡能。结果表明：铝薄膜炸药药柱的轴向为RDX与铝薄膜独立贯通的结构,有利于降低混合炸药中添加物对基体炸药爆轰波传播的影响,从而使铝薄膜混合炸药的爆速高于铝粉炸药,导致铝薄膜炸药的冲击波损失系数高于铝粉炸药,使铝薄膜混合炸药的总能量、比气泡能与铝粉炸药相当情况下,其比冲击波能却降低了10.16%～10.33%,计算过程说明铝薄膜混合炸药的C-J压力计算公式具有合理性。     

纳米铝对RDX基炸药水下爆炸能量的影响

为了探索纳米铝对RDX基压装炸药的水下爆炸能量的影响,测试了含纳米铝、微米铝、以及纳米铝和微米铝级配的RDX基炸药水下爆炸能量,分析了其水下爆炸能量的变化规律。结果表明,RDX基压装炸药中,当单独使用纳米铝或微米铝时,纳米铝对炸药水下爆炸总能量的提高不如微米铝;当铝粉总质量分数为30%,且纳米铝和微米铝的质量比为1∶2时,水下爆炸总能量比单独使用微米铝时提高7%,说明纳米铝和微米铝合理级配能够提高铝粉的能量释放效率。当铝粉总质量分数为35%时,即使采用级配也无法提高含铝炸药的水下爆炸能量。     

硝酸酯对RDX基含铝炸药驱动能力的影响

为了研究硝酸酯对RDX基含铝炸药驱动能力的影响,采用圆筒试验研究了含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药加速圆筒壁膨胀速度和格尼能的变化过程,并与不含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药进行了对比,分析了硝酸酯对炸药能量释放特性及金属驱动能力的影响。结果表明,硝酸酯可改善RDX基含铝炸药的铝氧比,改变其反应速率;在反应初期,含硝酸酯的RDX基炸药加速筒壁的速度低于不含硝酸酯的炸药,而在爆炸反应中后期,含硝酸酯的RDX基炸药加速筒壁的速度以及格尼能均高于不含硝酸酯的炸药;含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药的能量释放特性使其适合用于破片战斗部中,可提高其金属驱动能力。     

金属柱壳约束对非理想炸药驱动效率的影响

通过分析金属柱壳在内部炸药滑移爆轰作用下的动力学响应,建立了爆轰产物压力与壳体径向膨胀位移、材料动态屈服强度之间的关系式。基于Taylor假定确定了壳体完全破裂时爆轰产物压力的阈值。以两种具有相近格尼系数的RDX基含铝炸药为例,对该模型的适用性进行了验证。结果表明,相同壳体下,与无硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药相比,含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药的驱动能量利用率具有明显优势。当壳体材料动态屈服强度从0.2GPa增至0.8GPa时,其有效作功能的相对增量约从7.5%迅速增大至15.2%,符合战斗部实际应用中的趋势,表明该分析模型可用于非理想炸药驱动作功性能的综合评价。     

Effects of Aluminum Content on TNT Detonation and Aluminum Combustion using Electrical Conductivity Measurements

To improve the understanding how aluminum contributes in non‐ideal explosive mixtures, cast‐cured formulations were analyzed in a series of electrical conductivity experiments. Five types of TNT‐based aluminized explosives, with aluminum mass fractions from 0 % to 20 % were considered in this study. The electrical conductivity of the detonation products in aluminized explosives was measured using an improved conductivity measurement method. The conductivity measurement results show that the detonation process of TNT‐based aluminized explosives can be divided into two stages: the first stage is the detonation reaction of TNT, and the second stage is the combustion reaction of aluminum with the detonation products. In the first stage, the duration of the TNT detonation increases with increased aluminum content; examination of the peak conductivities of the explosives with various aluminum contents indicated that a higher aluminum content is associated with a lower peak conductivity. Additionally, the ignition time of Al in the second stage is also determined. This work not only presents a means for studying the detonation process of aluminized explosives at 0–2.21 μs, but it also verified the relationship between the aluminum content and electrical conductivity in detonation products.     

Highly Thermal Stable TATB‐based Aluminized Explosives Realizing Optimized Balance between Thermal Stability and Detonation Performance

In this work, a series of TATB‐based aluminized explosives were formulated from 1, 3, 5‐triamino‐2, 4, 6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB), aluminum powders and polymeric binders. The thermal stability, heat of detonation, detonation velocity and pressure of the TATB based aluminized (TATB/Al) explosives were systematically investigated by cook‐off, constant temperature calorimeter, electrometric method and manganin piezo resistance gauge, respectively. The selected PBX‐3 (70 wt% TATB/25 wt% Al/5 wt% fluorine resin) achieved optimized balance between thermal stability and detonation performance, with the thermal runaway temperature around 583 K. The thermal ignition of TATB‐based aluminized explosive occurred at the edge of the cylinder according to the experimental and numerical simulations. Moreover, the critical thermal runaway temperature for PBX‐3 was calculated based on the Semenov's thermal explosion theory and the thermal decomposition kinetic parameters of the explosive, which was consistent with the experimental value.     

Effects of Aluminum Particle Size on the Detonation Pressure of TNT/Al

To better understand the influence of the aluminum particle size on the detonation pressure of TNT/Al, electrical conductivity experiment and detonation pressure experiment were performed in this study. Four types of TNT/Al were considered, in which the particle size of aluminum was 50 nm, 100 nm, 1.50 μm, and 9.79 μm, respectively. The combustion process of Al in TNT/Al was detected by electrical conductivity experiment, and the detonation pressures of TNT/Al were measured by using the manganin pressure sensors. According to the experimental results, the Chapman Jouguet (CJ) pressure of the explosive containing nano‐sized aluminum is higher than the explosive containing micron‐sized aluminum powder because of the combustion of nano‐sized aluminum in the detonation reaction zone. In addition, a smaller aluminum particle size in TNT/Al is associated with a slower detonation pressure attenuation. This study gives a clearer picture of how aluminum particle size contributes to detonation pressure on timescales from 0 to 0.82 μs.     

FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药的冲击起爆特性

为研究FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药的冲击起爆特性,对其进行了冲击波感度试验和冲击起爆试验,结合冲击波在铝隔板中的衰减特性,确定了FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药的临界隔板值和临界起爆压力,并通过锰铜压阻传感器记录了起爆至稳定爆轰过程压力历程的变化。结果表明,以Φ40mm×50mm的JH-14为主发装药时,FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药临界隔板值分别为37.51和34.51mm,对应的临界起爆压力为10.91和11.94GPa;起爆压力为11.58GPa时,FOX-7炸药的到爆轰距离为25.49~30.46mm,稳定爆轰后的爆轰压力为27.68GPa,爆轰速度为8 063m/s;起爆压力为14.18GPa时,RDX基含铝炸药的到爆轰距离为17.27~23.53mm,稳定爆轰后的爆轰压力为17.16GPa,爆轰速度为6 261m/s。     

Predicting Detonation Performance of CHNOFCl and Aluminized Explosives

A new “hand‐calculated” method is introduced for prediction of detonation pressure of explosive and mixture of explosives with general formula CHNOFClAl. Suitable decomposition paths are used to estimate heat of detonation and detonation pressure. These decomposition paths are based on the distribution of oxygen atoms between carbon and hydrogen atoms as well as the degree of oxidation of aluminum. For CHNOFCl explosives, it is shown that the predicted detonation pressures with the new method are more reliable with respect to one of the best available empirical methods for loading densities greater than or equal 0.8 g cm⁻³. Since aluminized explosives have non‐ideal behavior, the new method does not require using full or partial oxidation of aluminum, which is usually required by a computer code. The predicted results of the new model also provide more reliable results than outputs of complex computer code with the BKWS equation of state.     

Effect of Al/O Ratio on the Detonation Performance and Underwater Explosion of HMX‐based Aluminized Explosives

The performance of detonation and underwater explosion (UNDEX) of a six‐formula HMX‐based aluminized explosive was examined by detonation and UNDEX experiments. The detonation pressures, detonation velocities, and detonation heat of HMX‐based aluminized explosive were measured. The reliability between the experimental results and those calculated by an empirical formula and the KHT code was verfied. UNDEX experiments were carried out on the propagation of a shock wave and a bubble pulse of a 1 kg cylindrical HMX‐based aluminized explosive underwater at a depth of 4.7 m. Based on the experimental results of the shock wave, the coefficients of similarity law equation for the peak pressure and attenuation time constant of shock wave were in acceptable agreement. The bubble motion during UNDEX was simulated using MSC.DYTRAN software, and the radius time curves of bubbles were determined. The effect of the aluminum/oxygen ratio on the performance of the detonation and UNDEX for an HMX‐based aluminized explosive was discussed.     

Effect of Aluminum Additive on the Detonation Velocity and Acceleration Ability of an Emulsion Explosive

Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves - The detonation velocity and acceleration ability of an aluminized emulsion explosive sensitized by Expancel polymer microballoons were measured. The density...