重度掌腱膜挛缩症的显微外科治疗及临床康复

目的探讨重度掌腱膜挛缩症的治疗方法和效果。方法对9例（12侧）重度掌腱膜挛缩症患者，采用多“Z”形为主的切口，显微镜下锐性分离受累手指的神经血管柬，彻底切除病变组织，彻底止血后无张力下直接缝合或“V—Y”成形闭合，对皮肤缺损者采用全厚皮片植皮。术后第3天在医师指导下进行主被动伸屈功能锻炼．根据手指肿胀情况调整锻炼强度。切口愈合后应用背侧弹性支具加强伸屈功能锻炼，支具应用3个月以上。结果术后切口均愈合，植皮全部成活。平均随访10个月，依据TAM评定标准。优良率91．7％。结论采用显微手术技术切除病变组织结合术后康复锻炼是治疗重度掌腱膜挛缩症的有效方法。     

掌腱膜挛缩症中手指屈曲畸形治疗的临床研究

目的 研究掌腱膜挛缩症中手指屈曲畸形矫治方法 及其疗效.方法 本组患者17例,其中男性15例,女性2例;平均年龄58岁.均有掌腱膜挛缩症,伴小指屈曲挛缩8侧,伴环小指屈曲挛缩8侧,伴中环指屈曲挛缩1侧,伴环指屈曲挛缩2侧,共19侧.沿掌腱膜挛缩索带纵轴设计锯齿状切口,彻底切除病变的挛缩腱膜组织及其附近5 mm范围的腱膜组织.然后稍加外力松解指关节周围的挛缩组织,使手指恢复伸直位.术后2周给予手指伸直位石膏托制动.结果 所有患者随访6～24个月.锯齿形皮瓣均存活,未见神经肌腱损伤并发症.手掌部皮瓣尖角出现血运障碍2例,经换药后完全愈合.未见手指屈曲挛缩复发,手指屈伸活动度恢复优良率100%.结论 采用锯齿状切口,应注意保护皮瓣血运和指神经血管束,彻底切除松解病变的腱膜组织,可有效矫正掌腱膜挛缩引起的手指屈曲畸形,避免并发症的发生.     

掌腱膜挛缩症的手术治疗

目的 探讨掌腱膜挛缩症手术方法的改进,分析其疗效.方法 2008年9月至2009年8月,采用掌腱膜部分切除术治疗掌腱膜挛缩症患者9例11侧,对传统的治疗方法加以改进,以游离植皮的理念处理掌侧皮瓣.结果 本组患者术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无皮下血肿、皮缘坏死、切口感染等术后早期并发症发生.随访1～6个月,平均3.3个月,无一例复发.按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评定:患手运动功能优9例,良2例;优良率为100%.结论 在掌腱膜部分切除术中以游离植皮的理念处理掌侧皮肤可明显降低术后早期并发症.     

腕掌侧远端横纹小切口松解治疗腕管综合征的体会

目的 观察腕掌侧远端横纹小切口松解治疗腕管综合征的疗效,总结临床治疗体会。方法 回顾性分析自2020-01—2022-10采用腕掌侧远端横纹小切口切开松解治疗的33例(41侧)腕管综合征,切口位于腕掌侧远端横纹处,于掌长肌腱尺侧作一长约1.5 cm横形切口。如果出现难以直视、操作困难情况则可采用L形延长切口,位于第3指蹼与掌长肌腱尺侧缘连线上,在横形切口桡侧端向上延伸一长约1 cm的纵形切口。结果 33例手术均顺利完成,其中3侧需采用L形切口,术后未出现感染、血肿。33例均获得随访,随访时间为8～20个月,平均15个月。术后第1天所有患者手掌部麻木、感觉异常症状均有不同程度缓解。术后第14天34侧手掌部麻木感完全消失,7侧手掌部仍有麻木感。末次随访时5侧手掌部偶有轻微麻木感,2侧手掌部遗留麻木但较术前减轻。末次随访时大鱼际肌肉萎缩的13侧完全恢复,对掌功能、捏力、握力恢复正常;大鱼际肌肉萎缩的3侧部分恢复,对掌功能恢复正常,捏力、握力较术前明显改善。所有患者术后均未出现瘢痕痛、掌浅弓损伤,未出现正中神经掌皮支、返支损伤。末次随访时采用腕管综合征功能评定标准：优31侧,良8侧,可2侧。结...     

Dupuytren挛缩手术中手掌手指皮瓣的设计

目的探讨Dupuytren挛缩手术中手掌手指局部转移皮瓣的设计方法。方法自1997年以来，我院共治疗Dupuytren挛缩症39例48手，根据挛缩程度、部位设计改良“Z”形皮瓣，采用掌腱膜部分切除术治疗Dupuytren挛缩症。结果应用Tubiana’s法评价，手术优良率为87．5％，效果良好。结论在行Dupuytren挛缩症手术前，需要仔细设计手掌手指皮瓣，避免血管神经束及肌腱损伤；彻底切除挛缩腱膜、术后早期进行功能锻炼也是手术成功的关键。     

指浅屈肌伸入腕管致腕管综合征1例

患者男、32岁.自幼左腕掌侧有一包块,逐渐增大,因无明显不适而未诊治.近1年来,始感在拇、食和中指麻木、酸痛,以夜间为甚.因症状逐渐加重,门诊拟腕管综合征收入院.体检:左大鱼际肌轻度萎缩,桡侧3个半指感觉减退,腕掌尺侧触及2×3×cm椭圆形包块,质软、光滑、压痛,并放散至手指.握拳掌屈时包块缩小,伸指背屈时包块明显.包块穿刺及X线片阴性.在臂丛麻醉下行手术探查,见腕横韧带肥厚,指浅屈肌肌腹伸入腕管内,并压迫正中神经.牵拉指浅屈肌,至肌腹由腕管内完全牵出后,才发现指浅屈肌肌腱、腕管内神经外膜及屈肌腱的腱膜均增厚.手术切除肥厚的腱膜,松解神经外膜及切除一段腕横韧带.术后疼痛即消失,手指麻木术后3日消失,术后3个月恢复工作.     

掌腱膜挛缩症的诊治分析

掌腱膜挛缩症是以手部掌腱膜增殖性纤维变性为典型病理特征的疾病,病变处的掌腱膜呈索条状或结节状改变,并累及表层皮肤,从而导致掌指关节和指间关节屈曲挛缩[1]。本文回顾了我科从1998年6月至2004年4月收治的5例掌腱膜挛缩症的患者,均行手术治疗,术后效果满意。1资料与方法1.1     

显微外科方法治疗掌腱膜挛缩症的临床疗效分析

掌腱膜挛缩症多表现为单侧或双侧掌指关节、指间关节掌腱膜进行性屈曲挛缩,局部可触及串珠状、条索状结节[1].2005至2010年,我院共收治15例掌腱膜挛缩症患者,分别采用传统手术方法及显微镜下手术切除,术后疗效满意. 1.一般资料:本组15例,均为男性;年龄42～82岁,平均60岁.     

“Z”字成形术与游离植皮术治疗掌腱膜挛缩症的比较

目的:讨论掌腱膜挛缩症的病因、发病机制及治疗方法。方法:总结和分析经手术治疗的掌腱膜挛缩症31例(46只手)。行掌腱膜大部切除、手掌及手指挛缩皮肤“Z”字成形术9例(14只手),男8例,女1例;年龄24-78岁,平均(57.2±14.6)岁。行掌腱膜及受累皮肤一并切除加游离植皮术22例(32只手),男20例,女2例;年龄23-64岁,平均(53.7±8.9)岁。结果:随访3个月-14年,平均5年8个月。单纯掌腱膜切除组术后复发率为42.9%(6/14),掌腱膜切除加受累皮肤切除组术后复发率12.5%(4/32),两组术后复发率比较2χ=5.275,P<0.05(P=0.022),差异有显著性统计学意义。结论:彻底切除病变组织,有利于降低手术后的复发率。     

邻指皮瓣联合“Z”字成形术治疗严重屈曲畸形的掌腱膜挛缩症

目的探讨应用邻指皮瓣联合"Z"字成形术修复严重屈曲畸形的Ⅲ期以上掌腱膜挛缩症的手术方法和临床疗效。方法 2014年9月-2017年12月,对8例Ⅲ期以上严重屈曲畸形的掌腱膜挛缩症患者,通过设计连续的"Z"字皮瓣联合邻指皮瓣,切除挛缩掌腱膜,保留神经血管束,皮瓣交叉转移后修复缺损创面,邻指皮瓣供区行游离皮肤移植。结果术后8例皮瓣全部成活,随访10～48个月,无一例复发,皮瓣质地及外形满意。按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评定:患手运动功能优7例,良1例,优良率为100%。结论应用邻指皮瓣联合"Z"字成形术修复严重屈曲畸形的掌腱膜挛缩症,术后临床效果满意,是治疗严重屈曲畸形掌腱膜挛缩症的一种有效方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.