时效处理对7075铝合金组织和性能的影响

对7075铝合金进行了单级时效处理和双级时效处理，表征了微观组织，测试了显微硬度。利用电化学工作站测试了腐蚀性能。实验结果表明：7075铝合金经120℃时效24h后，平均硬度为196HV；二级时效温度为160℃时，随时效时间的延长，硬度值基本呈现逐渐降低的趋势。7075铝合金经一级时效处理后，第二相析出产生时效硬化效果；在较高温度下进行二级时效，随保温时间的延长，时效析出相发生聚集、粗化和长大，降低了合金的硬度。随着二级时效时间的增长，合金的腐蚀电流先升高后降低，在二级时效16h、24h时合金的腐蚀电流最小，腐蚀性能最优。     

35CrMo钢控温模锻加热过程中奥氏体晶粒长大行为

将35CrMo钢试样在不同的加热温度和保温时间下进行等温奥氏体化处理,采用正较实验法研究加热温度与保温时间对奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸的影响,并对奥氏体晶粒长大行为进行研究。结果表明:当保温时间一定时,奥氏体晶粒尺寸随加热温度升高而增大,奥氏体晶粒的粗化温度为950℃;当加热温度一定时,奥氏体晶粒尺寸随保温时间延长而增大,保温初期晶粒快速长大,随保温时间延长,晶粒长大速率放缓。综合考虑加热温度、保温时间和初始奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响,推导出35CrMo钢奥氏体晶粒长大模型,用该模型计算的晶粒尺寸与实验结果基本吻合。     

加热工艺对Nb-Ti微合金钢奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

 为了解加热制度对Nb Ti微合金钢的奥氏体晶粒长大和析出行为的影响，采用OM、TEM和EDS分析技术，研究了Nb Ti微合金钢在不同加热温度和保温时间的奥氏体晶粒长大行为，以及微合金元素碳氮化物析出行为。结果表明，随加热温度升高，奥氏体晶粒尺寸逐渐长大，当加热温度超过1 200 ℃时奥氏体晶粒尺寸快速长大。随保温时间延长，奥氏体晶粒尺寸逐渐长大，当保温时间超过2.0 h时奥氏体晶粒尺寸快速长大。EDS分析显示Nb Ti钢中的析出物为(Nb，Ti)(C，N)复合相，随着加热温度升高和保温时间延长，析出相体积分数减少，尺寸增大，从而减弱对奥氏体晶粒的细化作用；Nb Ti微合金试验钢合适的加热温度范围为1 150～1 200 ℃，保温时间低于2.0 h。     

时效处理对Stellite 6B钴基高温合金组织性能的影响

为了探究时效处理工艺对Stellite 6B钴基高温合金组织性能的影响，采用不同的时效处理方法对合金试样进行了处理，对比分析了不同时效处理工艺下试样的微观组织、显微硬度及碳化物析出情况。结果表明，随着时效处理时间的延长，碳化物的析出量增加，晶界上也开始析出能够强化晶界的碳化物链。时效处理参数为 980 ℃×12 h 时，效果最佳。此时，组织全部奥氏体化，基体和晶界上无大块的一次碳化物；析出的M23C6碳化物弥散均匀分布，尺寸控制在1 μm左右，最大不超过3 μm；晶界网状碳化物断开成碳化物链，最长不超过5 μm；合金硬度为HRC47.18，能够满足挤压模具对材料硬度的要求。     

La对微合金钢中奥氏体组织与析出相的影响

以添加La和未添加La的Nb-Ti微合金钢为研究对象,利用金相显微镜分析了加热过程中奥氏体晶粒的长大情况,采用Gleeble-1500D型热模拟机进行热变形实验,在透射电镜下进行析出相形貌观察与能谱分析,并结合硬度测试结果,探究了La对实验钢中奥氏体组织与析出相的影响。结果表明,随着保温时间的增加,奥氏体晶粒逐渐长大,添加La的实验钢奥氏体晶粒长大较快,显微硬度较低。变形过程中,含La实验钢在奥氏体区的碳化物析出相得到了细化,析出物数量减少。     

固溶处理对热轧Inconel 601合金组织与力学性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、万能拉伸试验机和硬度计等研究了 1 080~1 200 ℃固溶温度对热轧态Inconel 601合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:热轧态合金基体为沿轧制方向拉长的奥氏体晶粒组织,同时弥散有少量氮化物,沿晶界有大量碳化物析出。随着固溶温度的升高,再结晶晶粒逐渐长大,碳化物缓慢溶解,强度及硬度逐渐降低;当固溶温度提高到1 160℃时,晶粒尺寸均匀,碳化物基本全部溶解,合金的HRB硬度值由84降至71,伸长率由52%提升至70%。获得最佳力学性能的固溶工艺为1 140~1 160 ℃保温50 min。     

时效工艺对Ti-26合金棒材组织和拉伸性能的影响

对经过790℃固溶处理后的Ti-26合金棒材进行了不同温度及时间的时效处理,研究了时效温度和时间对Ti-26合金棒材显微组织和拉伸性能的影响。研究结果表明:在450~550℃范围内,随时效温度升高,合金组织有针状α相弥散物析出。升温至510℃,相同时效时间内析出α相数量最多,高于510℃,部分析出α相开始溶解。合金时效处理10 h内,随时效时间延长,合金组织针状α相弥散物数量增加,且针状α相存在跨晶界长大现象。合金经510℃×10 h时效处理,α相形核和长大达到最佳匹配,Ti-26合金获得理想的强度和塑性匹配。     

冷变形及时效工艺对TB8钛合金组织及性能影响的研究

利用金相显微镜(OM), X射线衍射仪(XRD)及差示扫描量热法(DSC)等分析方法,研究了低温时效技术对冷变形后TB8钛合金显微组织和硬度的影响。结果表明:随着变形程度增加合金位错密度不断提高,当冷变形量为20%和40%时,基体晶粒发生塑性变形,晶粒内部产生位错滑移并缠结形成晶内剪切带,同时少量晶粒在晶界处产生破碎现象,并伴有孪晶现象发生,当变形量达到60%时β晶粒碎化现象明显;将变形量为20%的试样经320℃/0.5 h低温时效处理后未发现析出相,当温度升到380℃/1 h时合金中发生了明显的β→α相转变;保温时间影响析出相的数量和尺寸,随着时效时间增加ω相析出量增多并发生长大,合金硬度增加;相对于正常预时效,一定程度的冷变形影响ω相的数量及分布。冷变形低温时效技术使ω相析出和分布更加均匀弥散,可以为后续α相析出提供大量形核质点,起到均匀化晶粒的作用,经冷镦+时效后的TB8钛合金具有更好的综合力学性能。     

25Cr2Mo1VA钢奥氏体晶粒长大规律探讨

 为了研究不同加热温度和保温时间下25Cr2Mo1VA钢奥氏体晶粒长大规律,利用金相显微镜、TEM、EDS以及截距法分析了不同状态下奥氏体晶粒大小、形貌,析出相类型及其大小分布等。结果表明,当加热温度在900 ℃以下,试验钢的奥氏体晶粒长大缓慢且细小;随着温度加热至950 ℃,奥氏体晶粒出现了“混晶”现象,再加热超过1 000 ℃后,奥氏体晶粒异常长大。随保温时间的延长,奥氏体晶粒也会长大,但保温时间对奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响没有加热温度显著。试验钢中出现近似球形状的析出相,即为富钒的非计量化合物M₈C₇析出相。根据Anelli改进模型和回归分析,建立了试验钢奥氏体晶粒长大的热力学模型,并结合析出相粒子对奥氏体晶粒钉扎作用,探讨了25Cr2Mo1VA钢的奥氏体晶粒长大规律及成因。     

低合金铜时效强化钢奥氏体化过程的动力学模型

摘要：通过高温金相试验,研究了一种船用低合金铜时效强化钢在不同加热温度和保温时间下的奥氏体晶粒长大行为和尺寸分布规律。结果表明：随着加热温度的升高,奥氏体晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,并且在不同的温度区间,奥氏体晶粒具有不同的长大速度。随着保温时间的延长,奥氏体晶粒也逐渐长大,但加热温度越高,奥氏体晶粒长大速度越快。各加热温度及保温时间下奥氏体晶粒尺寸呈对数正态分布,且随着加热温度升高或保温时间延长,对数正态分布曲线峰值横坐标右移,峰值频率下降。通过对试验数据进行回归分析,建立了适用于本钢种的奥氏体晶粒长大的动力学模型,模型计算值与试验值吻合较好,平均相对误差小于5%,所建立的模型具有较高的精准性和可靠性。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

参与式农业基地建设行动方案设计

为了编制实用性强的基地建设行动方案,首先,确定参与式发展的主体,搭建一个"决策框架";其次,针对行动目标,提出不同参与主体,如管理者、农民、消费者等团队与个人的目标及行动内容;最后,工作应向重塑伙伴式合作关系,挖掘农民自我发展潜力,完成三大角色的转换,打造农业基地文化等方向推进.