电镀立方氮化硼成形砂轮磨料颗粒尺寸的最优选择

一、电镀立方氮化硼成形砂轮的制造方法立方氮化硼(CBN)是一种性能优良的超硬磨料,适合于磨削普通磨料难于加工的工具钢、模具钢、不锈钢和耐热合金等材料。CBN砂轮磨削时磨削力小,磨削温度低,零件加工表面不出现烧伤和裂纹,因此能进一步提高零件的加工质量和精度。由于CBN砂轮不易钝化和磨损,可以长时间磨削而不需修整砂轮,因此用于成形磨削优点更突出。在各种CBN砂轮     

CBN杯形砂轮端面磨削轧辊的磨削几何学分析

本文建立了CBN(立方氮化硼)杯形砂轮端面磨削轧辊的几何模型，从磨削几何学的角度研究了杯形砂轮端面磨削轧辊的磨削特性和输人参数对切人线长度和宽度的影响，分析了端面磨削外圆时的磨削接触弧的特点，结果表明，当切深较小时，砂轮与轧辊为点接触；已加工表面的粗糙度主要取决于砂轮外缘的磨粒密度；磨削效率的高低取决于砂轮内缘的磨粒密度；在磨削过程中，应根据其他参数的变化调节砂轮轴线与轧辊间的偏移量H；提高砂轮转速有利于磨削效率的改善。     

基于开放孔隙的钎焊CBN多孔砂轮研制与磨削加工性能

为解决钛合金磨削过程中存在的加工效率低、工具寿命短、加工表面质量差等问题,采用冷压成型和高温钎焊技术研制集孔隙率高、耐磨性好和自锐性能优异等特点于一体,基于开放孔隙的钎焊CBN多孔超硬磨料砂轮。完成该砂轮的开放孔隙结构设计与制备,开展钛合金磨削加工性能和磨损试验研究,分析磨削用量参数对钛合金加工性能的影响规律,揭示其自锐性能以及其对工件表面质量的影响。结果表明:当CBN砂轮孔隙尺寸和孔隙率分别为0.6～0.8 mm和40%时,砂轮工作层节块能获得较优的力学性能和较大的容屑空间;与磨削速度30 m/s相比,当磨削速度为80 m/s时,多孔CBN砂轮拥有更为稳定的磨削力比,处于1.5～2.2;随着累计材料去除体积的增大,砂轮表面动态有效磨刃数趋于一致,加工表面粗糙度快速降低并逐渐稳定。      

陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮磨削钛合金的研究

本文研究了陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮磨削钛合金的磨削力特征、砂轮磨损特征以及磨削表层的残余应力分布等。研究结果表明,采用陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮磨削钛合金,不仅磨削比高,磨削力、摩削温度低,而且磨削零件表面可获得残余压应力。     

氧化铝、CBN、50%CBN及SG砂轮磨削性能对比试验研究

本文通过一系列试验对比了普通氧化铝、50%氧化铝+50%CBN、CBN及诺顿公司新推出的SG陶瓷氧化铝砂轮的磨削性能,并分析了磨削条件对这些砂轮磨削性能的影响。     

钎焊CBN砂轮与陶瓷CBN砂轮磨削粉末冶金高温合金的加工性能对比研究

采用钎焊CBN砂轮和陶瓷CBN砂轮进行FGH96粉末冶金高温合金磨削对比试验,从磨削力与温度、表面粗糙度以及砂轮磨损等方面对CBN砂轮磨削性能进行评价。结果表明:钎焊CBN砂轮磨削力接近或低于陶瓷CBN砂轮的; 在较低进给速度下(≤360 mm/min),钎焊CBN砂轮磨削温度与陶瓷CBN砂轮的相近,在较高进给速度下(≥540 mm/min),陶瓷CBN砂轮的磨削温度明显高于钎焊CBN砂轮的; 在正常磨削条件下,钎焊CBN砂轮磨削后工件的表面粗糙度低于陶瓷CBN砂轮的,且表面粗糙度R_a均在0.800 μm以下,平均表面粗糙度R_a分别为0.508 μm和0.529 μm。钎焊CBN砂轮工作面磨粒发生材料黏附、磨耗磨损,磨削表面出现材料涂覆等现象;除磨耗磨损、黏附和砂轮堵塞外,由于磨粒破碎和脱落,陶瓷CBN砂轮易在其磨削表面形成深沟槽,降低磨削表面质量。综合分析发现,钎焊CBN砂轮磨削FGH96的性能要优于陶瓷CBN砂轮的。      

CBN砂轮和刚玉砂轮磨削45淬硬钢的对比试验研究

通过分别采用国产陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮与刚玉砂轮对45淬硬钢工件进行磨削试验，对磨削过程中的参数：磨削比和砂轮磨损进行对比。试验结果表明：砂轮线速度对磨削比有显著影响。①当采用普通速度（Vs=35m／s）对45淬硬钢工件进行磨削时，陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮的磨削比是白刚玉砂轮的36倍；②当把砂轮线速度Vs提高到50m／s时，陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮的磨削性能得到了显著提高，其磨削比为白刚玉砂轮的300倍左右。试验结果说明，陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮在高速磨削条件下，砂轮磨损率低，而且具有较高的磨削能力和效率。     

陶瓷CBN砂轮的研究进展

陶瓷CBN砂轮在成形加工和精密加工等领域广泛应用，对其进行研究在提高工件加工质量和加工效率方面具有重要意义。分别从CBN磨粒、改性剂的添加、陶瓷CBN砂轮的制备和磨削性能方面，综述近些年陶瓷CBN砂轮的研究进展，并对其未来发展前景进行展望。在CBN磨粒方面，论述了CBN单晶的合成，介绍了CBN磨粒表面处理和加入强磁场时的处理方式；对于改性剂，分别论述了成孔剂、氧化物、金属物质、纳米材料的添加对陶瓷CBN砂轮性能的改善；在陶瓷CBN砂轮制备方面，介绍了其成形和烧结的方法。此外，还介绍了陶瓷CBN砂轮在钢类材料、镍基合金、钛合金等难加工材料上的磨削加工应用，并提出影响其磨削性能的因素。     

应用电沉积CBN砂轮进行高精度磨削加工

以往由于无法在磨床上对电沉积 CBN 砂轮进行精修,因而加工精度很低。通常把这种很锋利的砂轮用于进行高效率的粗磨削加工。在几年前,出现了以日本 KAPP 公司为代表的高精度、高效率成形磨床,这些磨床制造厂同时开发了用电沉积 CBN 砂轮的高精度、高效率磨床。这类磨削基本上都具有高精度和高刚性的主轴和工件轴,并具有高精度分度和热变位补偿功能。在砂轮制造厂所开发的电沉积     

曲轴轴颈端面磨削烧伤问题的新解决方案

为解决磨削曲轴轴颈端面时出现磨削烧伤的问题,在调整冷却系统无果的情况下,重新设计砂轮结构。通过调整砂轮端面和磨料类型,设计并制备新型电镀CBN砂轮,并以其进行磨削加工实验。结果表明:在冷却系统不变的情况下,新型电镀CBN砂轮可以解决此加工过程中的磨削烧伤问题。      

等离子喷涂Al2O3陶瓷涂层的显微组织检测技术

使用自动金相制样设备和光学显微镜对大气等离子喷涂氧化铝陶瓷涂层金相样品制备技术及显微组织评估技术进行研究,确定最佳的制样及评估方法。结果表明:金相试样制备时采用树脂粘接SiC湿砂轮切割片取样、配备正确制样参数的自动化磨抛设备,采用SiC新砂纸研磨和回弹性低的无毛布抛光,能够有效呈现涂层的真实显微组织,解决了涂层孔隙率异常偏大等假象; 烧结碎裂制粉的氧化铝粉末形貌呈棱角状的固有属性可用于涂层未溶颗粒和重熔颗粒的辅助评估;尽量缩小显微镜孔径光阑能有效分辨涂层未熔颗粒、重熔颗粒和氧化物等显微组织特征。     

激光结构磨削在氮化硅陶瓷中的磨削行为

为提高氮化硅陶瓷的加工精度，用激光辅助复合加工技术在氮化硅表面烧蚀出4种具有相同表面积的结构化图案，然后用金刚石砂轮对氮化硅表面进行磨削，研究图案结构对磨削效果的影响，并分析砂轮转速、进给速率等参数对磨削力的影响。结果表明:激光烧蚀能够在氮化硅表面产生凹槽并降低表面氮化硅的强度，从而有利于磨削液进入并降低磨削力，最高降幅达63%。同时，金刚石砂轮磨损也有效降低。磨削结构化的氮化硅表面时，砂轮转速和进给速率对磨削力的影响规律同磨削普通氮化硅时的规律一致。      

氧化铝空心球对树脂结合剂金刚石磨盘磨削蓝宝石的影响

为改善蓝宝石研磨效果,在树脂结合剂金刚石磨盘中添加氧化铝空心球。通过力学性能测试、SEM扫描观测和实际磨削实验,研究空心球粒径及体积分数对树脂结合剂强度和磨盘性能的影响。研究表明:试样抗折强度随空心球粒径和比例的增大而降低;当添加空心球的体积分数为30%时,空心球粒径对试样抗折强度的影响基本消失。磨削实验证明:添加氧化铝空心球可提高蓝宝石磨削时的效率,并改善蓝宝石的表面粗糙度。添加体积分数为20%的空心球的磨盘在磨削过程中具有最好的综合磨削性能,与不加空心球的磨盘相比,磨削效率提高82.6%,表面粗糙度降低至R_a 0.249μm。      

Grinding of nanostructured ceramic coatings: surface observations and material removal mechanisms

Surface grinding of thermally sprayed nanostructured WC/12Co and Al₂O₃/13TiO₂ (n-WC/12Co and n-Al₂O₃/13TiO₂) coatings has been undertaken with diamond wheels and under various grinding conditions. This paper investigates the effects of the grinding parameters such as depth of cut, feedrate, wheel grit size and bond materials on grinding forces, surface finish and surface topography. Different from their consolidated counterparts, the coatings have large quantities of defects inherited from thermal spray process, which greatly influence the grinding process and ground coatings. The competing phenomenon between the effects on surface finish from both the thermal spray process and the grinding process is studied. Different surface topographies are observed and their relationship with grinding conditions and material properties is investigated. Furthermore, the material removal mechanisms in grinding are explored. The effects of grinding parameters, material properties and the defects from thermal spray process on material removal mechanisms are discussed.     

Friction characteristic of micro-arc oxidative Al2O3 coatings sliding against Si3N4 balls in various environments

The alumina ceramic coatings were prepared on 2024Al alloy by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technique. The phase structure of the MAO Al₂O₃ coating was determined using X-ray diffraction. The thickness and micro-hardness of the MAO Al₂O₃ coatings was measured using eddy current thickness equipment and micro-hardness tester. The friction property of MAO Al₂O₃ coatings sliding against Si₃N₄ ceramic balls were investigated in air, water and oil by a ball-on-disk tribo-meter, and the worn surfaces of the MAO Al₂O₃ coatings were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the MAO Al₂O₃ coatings mainly contained -Al₂O₃ and γ-Al₂O₃ phase. The micro-hardness of the polished MAO coatings was HV1740 ± 87. With an increase in normal load and sliding speed, the friction coefficient in air increased from 0.74 to 0.87, while decreased from 0.72 to 0.57 in water and 0.24 to 0.11 in oil. This indicates that the fluid lubrication could improve the friction behavior of the MAO Al₂O₃ coatings. The worn surfaces' observation indicated that the wear mechanism of the MAO Al₂O₃ coatings changed from abrasive wear in air to mix wear in water, and became microploughing wear in oil.     

Minimization of effect of CBN wheel wear on ground gear errors

Resistance to wear of CBN grinding wheels is much higher than that of conventional (Al₂O₃) wheels. However, CBN grinding wheels are seldom used in gear grinding, when production scale is small, due to the difficulty in truing. Moreover, wear of the grinding wheel greatly affects the accuracy of tooth trace, in most cases. Considering this problem, the authors proposed new processes in which the accuracy of the tooth trace and tooth profile was hardly affected by wear of the wheel. While grinding was performed using a conventional method, a concave tooth-trace error of about 2 μm occurred after grinding only 30 teeth. In one of the proposed methods, the concave tooth trace error never occurred even when 2000 teeth were ground by the same wheel. In the third method, the CBN layer is effectively used for gear grinding by giving an additional motion which is independent of the tooth profile generating motion.     

Improved monolayer CBN wheel for load free grinding

A galvanically bonded wheel made of a monolayer of CBN grits may not always ensure free cutting action when a large volume of chips is to be handled because of the fact that about two thirds or more of the grit height has to be covered by the matrix for effective anchorage. The present study shows that the problem of chip accomodation during grinding is further aggravated when the CBN wheel has some surface defect like growth of the galvanic layer in the space between the grits. In order to utilize more effectively the extraordinary capability of CBN grits, a new kind of monolayer CBN wheel has been developed, using a special bonding technique (patent pending). This technique keeps the level of the bond material low but sufficient to hold the grits during grinding. Performance of this CBN wheel relative to that of a galvanically bonded wheel, with particular reference to its grinding capability while grinding unhardened 100 Cr6 steel is discussed in this paper.     

纳米稀土氧化物对陶瓷结合剂的强韧化

为提高CBN砂轮用陶瓷结合剂的强度与韧性,以不同体积分数的纳米CeO₂、Sm₂O₃、Y₂O₃、La₂O₃、Er₂O₃与基础结合剂形成复合结合剂,并通过X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜表征其物相和显微结构,通过三点弯曲、单边切口梁等测试方法测试其机械性能。实验结果表明:添加体积分数2%的纳米CeO₂或纳米Er₂O₃后,试样的抗折强度分别为187 MPa和194 MPa,比基础结合剂的165 MPa分别提高了13.3%和17.6%,而其他3种纳米稀土氧化物没有表现出增强作用。5种纳米稀土氧化物均可增加基础结合剂的韧性,但Er₂O₃的效果最明显,在体积分数为2.5%时,试样的断裂韧性为2.7 MPa·m1/2,比基础结合剂的1.3 MPa·m1/2提高了108.2%。以含纳米Er₂O₃体积分数2%的复合结合剂与CBN磨料（浓度200%）混合制备试样,发现该复合结合剂对CBN颗粒的润湿良好,试样的抗折强度为102 MPa。      

Evaluation of superabrasive grinding points for the machining of hardened steel

Small diameter grinding points offer greater flexibility for machining free-form contours compared to traditional grinding wheels, despite fewer effective cutting edges. The paper evaluates the influence of grit size (B32, B46, B76), feed rate (125, 250 mm/min) and depth of cut (20, 40 μm) when machining D2 tool steel using electroplated CBN grinding points. Highest G-ratios (～2441) were obtained using B32 tools with corresponding workpiece surface roughness (Ra) of ～0.8 μm after ～6000 mm³ material removed, due to the greater number of effective cutting edges. Attritious wear was the primary wear mechanism although material loading was observed with B76 tools.