聚甘油的生产,性质及其酯的应用

介绍了各种类型聚甘油的生产、聚甘油的性质及聚甘油酯类在化妆品中的应用。聚甘油酯作为化妆品生产原料可用作乳化剂、赋形剂、保湿剂、柔软剂和分散剂, 并具有稳定、调理和控制粘度的作用。聚甘油酯可用于生产防晒霜、眼影、婴儿霜、保湿手霜、护肤霜等, 是化妆品生产理想的原料。     

不同阳离子柔软剂对生活用纸性能的影响

比较不同阳离子柔软剂对生活用纸性能的影响,通过表面喷涂和浆内添加两种方式对生活用纸使用不同柔软剂,进而测量其柔软度值和强度值,研究柔软剂种类、使用量、使用方式对生活用纸柔软效果及其强度的影响。结果表明:表面喷涂和浆内添加两种方式都可以改善纸张的柔软效果;在两种使用方式下对纸张柔软度改善效果最好的都是阳离子有机硅柔软剂,其最佳使用量是1.5 kg/吨绝干浆;且表面喷涂优于浆内添加;柔软剂的使用会降低生活用纸的抗张强度和湿强度。     

马来松香聚甘油酯的合成及性能研究

马来松香与聚甘油反应,合成了一种非离子表面活性剂马来松香聚甘油酯(PGMRE)。对产品结构进行了红外光谱分析,测定了产品的表面物理化学性能,合成产品临界表面张力为39 9mN/m～46 0mN/m,临界胶束浓度在9 4×10-4mol/L～2 3×10-3mol/L数量级,钙皂分散指数是9 0%～26 7%,与松节油之间的界面张力为8 0mN/m～13 9mN/m,对松节油乳化力为38s～100s,泡沫性能是11mm～65mm,润湿力为70s～102s。系统研究了甘油聚合度对产品表面物理化学性能的影响。并与聚甘油硬脂酸酯(PGSE)和聚甘油异硬脂酸酯(PGISE)的表面物理化学性能进行了比较。结果表明PGMRE是一种性能优良的非离子表面活性剂,可作为乳化剂、破乳剂和缓蚀剂等使用。     

丙烯酸改性松香聚甘油酯的合成及性能研究

以松香为原料，经丙烯酸改性后与聚甘油反应，合成一种非离子表面活性剂丙烯酸改性松香聚甘油酯（PGARE）。对产品结构进行了红外光谱分析。测定了产品的表面物理化学性能，合成产品临界表面张力为41.7-44.6mN/m，临界胶束浓度在10^-9～10^-4数量级，钙皂分散指9．4％－19.6%，界面张力为9．3－12.6mN/m，对松节油乳化力为56－108s，泡沫性能是7－56mm，润湿力为65－92s。对甘油聚合度对产品表面物理化学性能的影响进行系统研究。结果表明PGARE是一种性能优良的非离子表面活性剂，可作为乳化剂、破乳剂、缓蚀剂等使用。     

月桂酸二聚甘油酯硫酸酯钠盐的制备与表面性能

以二聚甘油和月桂酸为原料进行酯化反应得到月桂酸二聚甘油酯,再与氯磺酸反应,经氢氧化钠中和制得月桂酸二聚甘油酯硫酸酯钠盐(SLDGS)。对中间体和产物进行了红外光谱分析,测定了产物在298 K下的表面化学性能。发现SLDGS水溶液的表面张力随着月桂酸酯化度的升高而增大,酯化度为25%时,最低表面张力为28.5 mN.m-1,临界胶束浓度为1.15 mmol.L-1;在煤油和苯中,当酯化度为30%时,SLDGS水溶液的乳化性能达到最大值,乳化时间为168 s;SLDGS水溶液的泡沫性能不佳。     

PVA纤维表面改性对水泥基复合材料弯曲性能的影响

采用有机硅柔软剂对国产聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维进行表面改性,并制备了纤维增强水泥基复合材料(PVA-ECC)。采用扫描电子显微镜研究了有机硅柔软剂改性对PVA纤维表面结构的影响,用三点弯曲试验研究了有机硅柔软剂改性的PVA纤维对PVA-ECC复合材料弯曲性能的影响。研究结果表明:随着有机硅柔软剂含量的增加,PVA-ECC的极限弯曲强度和极限跨中挠度均先增加再减小,当有机硅柔软剂质量分数为7%时,极限弯曲强度和极限跨中挠度达到最大值,分别为5.627 MPa和2.123 mm;用ASTM C1609标准分析PVA-ECC三点弯曲韧性,当有机硅柔软剂质量分数为7%时,弯曲韧性达到最大值。     

有机硅柔软剂

聚硅氧烷化合物自20世纪60年代起，国外已将其应用到纺织品上；70年代开始，将聚二甲基硅氧烷改性用于纺织品后整理，赋予织物柔软性和独特的手感。我国自70年代后期，开始研究开发有机硅纺织印染助剂，目前已有几百家助剂厂在生产有机硅柔软剂，其产品有：聚二甲基硅氧烷（甲基硅油）、聚甲基含氢硅氧烷（含氢硅油）、聚甲基羟基硅氧烷（羟基硅油）和含有环氧乙烷、聚醚和氨基等改性有机硅。其中发展最快、最多的是各种型号氨基硅油，并以微乳液作为商品。该类产品使用方便，柔软效果优良，适合各种纤维，因而广为应用。但经氨基硅油处理后，织物亲水性降低，影响织物的服用性能，市场上又出现亲水性自乳化的氨基硅油，不需乳化剂就能使用，经整理后的织物柔软性稍有降低，而亲水性增加。目前国内市场上除名目繁多的柔软剂片剂（软片），几乎是氨基硅油一统天下。     

正交试验优选化妆品保湿剂的复配组合

通过体外称重法单因素试验测试了5种多元醇（甘油、丙二醇、丁二醇、1,3-丙二醇、甘油聚醚-26）和6种小分子保湿剂（甜菜碱、海藻糖、赤藓糖醇、D-泛醇、尿素、甲基葡糖醇聚醚-20）在恒温恒湿环境下的保湿率，从中优选保湿性能好的4种保湿剂设计正交试验进行复配。以赤藓糖醇添加量（A）、D-泛醇添加量（B）、甲基葡糖醇聚醚-20添加量（C）、甘油添加量（D）为考察因素，以净保湿率为评价指标，并对保湿率差异性进行分析。结果表明：在单因素试验测试中，甘油及甘油聚醚-26在测试的5种多元醇中保湿效果优异，赤藓糖醇、D-泛醇、尿素、甲基葡糖醇聚醚-20在测试的6种小分子保湿剂中保湿效果优异。在正交试验中，因素B、D在24 h内均对净保湿率有显著影响，而A、C仅在1 h时有显著影响。这4款保湿剂复配在短时间内（1 h）的优选组合为A3B1C2D3，若要追求长时间的最佳保湿效果且成本最低，则优选组合为A1B1C1D3。     

有机硅降黏剂CY-17的合成及性能研究

以端含氢硅烷、双烯丙基聚醚和烯丙基环氧聚醚为原料,二丙二醇丁醚为溶剂,在氯铂酸催化下首先合成了有机硅环氧预聚体(PMSO),再通过PMSO与NaHSO_3的磺化加成反应合成了阴-非离子型有机硅降黏剂(SPEA)。考察了SPEA的性能,结果表明:当SPEA用量为0.3%时,SPEA与稠油形成的乳液均匀稳定,油水界面的张力由3.75 mN/m以上降低至0.4 mN/m,降黏率达97.2%,自然沉降脱水率达99.7%。     

氨基硅油柔软剂的用途

自20世纪60年代以来，柔软剂一直是硅油应用中最为广泛的领域。在众多的硅油柔软整理剂中，氨基硅油具有其它柔软剂无法比拟的“超柔软”效果。氨基硅油柔软剂结构中，将氨基官能团引入到聚硅氧烷骨架上，由于氨基具有较强极性，可以与纤维中的羟基、羧基等基团相互作用，产生极强的取向性和吸附性，因此大大改善了硅氧烷在纤维上的定向排列，使织物柔软、滑爽、硬挺、抗皱，同时具有良好的抗静电性和一定的耐洗性。氨基改性有机硅柔软剂是新一代产品，综合性能优良，是有机硅柔软剂第三代产品中的佼佼者，目前己在市场上占有一定份额，但还有待于继续开发。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.