实施国家基本药物制度对安徽省基层医疗卫生机构合理用药影响的调查分析

目的:比较安徽省基层医疗卫生机构实施国家基本药物制度前、后合理用药情况,为完善国家基本药物制度相关政策提供参考。方法:随机抽取安徽省5家基层医疗卫生机构2009年6月、2010年6月及2011年6月的处方各100张,对其进行合理用药的分析,包括平均处方用药数、抗菌药物处方使用比例、抗菌药物处方使用种类、抗菌药物处方注射剂使用比例、注射剂处方使用比例等指标。结果:国家基本药物制度实施后,5家基层医疗卫生机构上述5项指标均有所下降,但仍存在使用药品商品名、激素使用比例没有变化、第3代头孢菌素类抗菌药物及联合使用抗菌药物的比例上升等问题。结论:国家基本药物制度的实施在一定程度上促进了合理用药,但对存在的问题需进一步加强监管。     

广东省基层医疗卫生机构基本药物配备使用情况调研

目的:了解广东省基层医疗卫生机构基本药物配备、使用情况,为促进国家基本药物制度更科学、合理的实施提供参考。方法:抽取广东省内54家样本基层医疗卫生机构,通过现场记录药品购销和库存清单、抽查处方等方式采集数据并进行统计、分析。结果:截至2012年1月,所调查机构基本药物配备率为46.2%;药品集中采购价格平均升幅为21.1%;2011年与2009年比较,次均处方药品费用降幅为35.9%,次均处方基本药物费用比例增幅为8.2%;次均处方药品种数均上升,含抗菌药物处方比例变化不明显。结论:广东省基层医疗卫生机构基本药物可获得性不高;基本药物集中采购价格虚高;实施国家基本药物制度后次均药品费用下降,基本药物使用率提高,但不合理用药情况改善不明显。     

基层医疗卫生机构基本药物使用情况分析

［摘 要］目的：监测辖区内基层医疗卫生机构基本药物制度实施及基本药物使用情况,制定科学、合理的基本药物推广实施政策。方法：以调查表的形式收集我市基层医疗卫生机构在基本药物制度实施前后基本药物配备、使用及报销情况,并抽查2个县区各4家基层医疗卫生机构处方情况。结果：全面实施基本药物制度后,全市92家基层医疗卫生机构和1095个村卫生站全部配备使用基本药物,实施零差率销售并均纳入医疗保险。对比实施前当月,基层医疗卫生机构门急诊量增加26.52%,住院量减少32.57%,门急诊次均药费减少7.49%,住院次均药费减少13.76%,药品收入减少2.88%。单张处方平均使用基本药物少于5种,其中抗菌药物使用比例为57.5%,激素使用比例17.5%,注射剂使用比例为60%,单张处方平均金额为34.12元。结论：基本药物制度实施合理引导患者选择首诊医疗机构,减轻其医疗经济负担。基层医疗机构在建立科学合理的补偿机制和考核制度的同时要加强基本药物制度及合理用药的宣传、培训,引导基层医生正确使用基本药物。     

天津市某区基层医疗卫生机构门诊处方合理用药国际指标分析

目的:促进基层医疗卫生机构合理用药。方法:抽取天津市某区全部共9家基层医疗卫生机构2013年1-10月的门诊处方共7 240张,根据世界卫生组织推荐的合理用药国际指标,分析其合理用药水平。结果:所抽查门诊处方的平均每张处方用药品种数为1.8种,药品通用名使用率为100%,抗菌药物使用率为20.69%,注射剂使用率为26.57%,国家基本药物使用率为53.10%,平均处方金额为86.26元。结论:抽查处方的平均每张处方用药品种数、药品通用名使用率、抗菌药使用率等指标较为合理,注射剂使用率及平均每张处方金额偏高,国家基本药物使用率较低,有待干预。     

湖北省实施国家基本药物制度对基层医疗卫生机构收入的影响调查

目的:为完善国家基本药物制度提供参考。方法:抽取湖北省第一批试点地区439家基层医疗卫生机构进行调研,采用描述性统计分析和多元回归分析方法对调查结果进行分析。结果:基本药物制度实施以后,63.33%的基层医疗卫生机构收入有所下降;与实施基本药物制度前比较,88.8%的试点基层医疗卫生机构药品价格有所下降;但基本药物配备率不高,68.0%的试点基层医疗卫生机构配备国家基本药物药品数仅250种,省级增补目录的配备率更低。结论:应健全基层医疗卫生机构的补偿机制,确保基本药物的生产供应,同时应加强基本药物合理用药的培训和教育。     

基本药物在我镇社区卫生服务站应用情况的调查分析

目的:促进基层医疗卫生机构实施国家基本药物制度,规范使用基本药物。方法:参阅相关文献资料,调研国内部分省、市基层医疗卫生机构实施国家基本药物制度现状,分析、统计我市小榄镇的社区卫生服务站基本药物使用情况。结果:实施国家基本药物制度进程中社区卫生服务站取得积极成效,药品价格、药品费用、人均门诊费均下降,就诊人次显著增加。但基本药物品种数过少,供应不足;基层医疗卫生机构因药品收入过少而入不敷出。结论:各地应结合当地实际情况合理增补地方基本药物,并保障基本药物的供应;国家卫生相关部门应制定基层医疗卫生机构补偿机制,促进基层医疗卫生机构良性发展。     

内蒙古自治区基层医疗卫生机构2010年门诊处方用药情况的调查分析

目的:了解内蒙古自治区社区基层医疗卫生机构门诊患者用药情况。方法:调查内蒙古自治区54个旗县(市、区),对抽样处方逐一审查,进行统计、分析。结果:共抽取2010年门诊处方5293张,每张处方平均用药品种数为3.17种,每张处方平均用药金额为49.19元。其中,40.68%的处方使用了注射剂,51.92%的处方使用了抗菌药物,40.75%的处方使用了输液。结论:处方抽查发现内蒙古自治区基层医疗卫生机构存在较多不合理用药问题,应加强处方管理和推进新处方管理办法的正确实施,促进合理用药。     

三级综合医院基本药物处方点评分析及PDCA管理

目的 对医院基本药物处方进行点评及对存在的问题采用PDCA管理,促进医院基本药物的优先合理使用及国家基本药物制度的有效实施。方法 随机抽取2019—2021年六盘水市人民医院的门急诊处方,依据《国家基本药物目录》(2018年)、《国家基本药物处方集》及《国家基本药物临床运用指南》等,对医院基本药物处方进行点评和分析,并对存在的问题采用PDCA管理工具进行有效管理。结果 共点评3 600张处方,基本药物处方2 645张,合理基本药物处方2 439张,基本药物合理率92.21%。主要不合理用药类型为不规范处方(38张,1.44%)和不适宜处方(149张,5.63%),未优先合理使用基本药物处方占比1.75%(63/3 600)。结论 通过PDCA管理工具的运用,医院国家基本药物制度实施情况良好,基本药物使用率、处方合格率、未优先合理使用率、不规范、不适宜基本药物处方等均得到改善,医务工作者对基本药物的认知度得到提升,医院基本药物得到了优先合理使用。为国家基本药物制度及新政策落实和优先合理使用提供支撑,为评价六盘水市基层医疗卫生机构的基本药物制度实施效果及推动DRGs付费改革提供依据。     

实施国家基本药物制度对四川省不同医疗卫生机构基本药物使用的影响

目的:为制定国家基本药物制度配套文件提供依据。方法:抽取四川省21个地、市、州(包括省直属医疗卫生机构)三级、二级、二级以下的不同等级综合及专科医疗卫生机构共计80家作为样本机构,从四川省非基层医疗卫生机构药品采购、配送、监管平台数据库提取其药品采购数据,对国家基本药物制度实施前、后的样本机构基本药物采购品种及金额进行对比分析。结果与结论:2009年版国家基本药物目录的发布主要针对基层医疗卫生机构,对不同等级的医疗卫生机构基本药物的使用亦有相应要求。国家基本药物制度实施后,不同等级的医疗卫生机构基本药物的采购品种及金额均呈现明显增长态势,其中二级及二级以下的医疗卫生机构基本药物的采购增幅最明显,品种增幅分别达71.30%和99.84%,金额增幅则均超过100%,表明国家基本药物制度的实施对不同等级医疗卫生机构基本药物的使用均产生了积极影响。     

黄冈市贫困地区26家农村基层医疗卫生机构基本药物使用情况调查

目的:为进一步促进基本药物在基层医疗卫生机构的合理使用提供参考。方法:在湖北省黄冈市的两个贫困县(市)随机抽取26家农村基层医疗卫生机构(13家乡镇卫生院、13家村卫生室),通过导出医院信息系统数据和现场访谈,就基本药物使用情况进行调查和统计、分析。结果:样本乡镇卫生院基本药物使用率为76.9%,使用金额占比为93.0%;样本村卫生室基本药物使用率为89.7%;样本乡镇卫生院和村卫生室基本药物目录品种利用率分别为53.6%和25.0%,其国家基本药物目录品种利用率均高于省增补基本药物目录品种利用率;样本基层医疗卫生机构抗微生物药、心血管系统用药等五大类常见药物使用金额合计在全部化学药使用金额中的占比为64.7%;使用金额排前10位的药品均为基本药物,其中9种是国家基本药物;样本乡镇卫生院平均每张门诊处方药品数为2.8种,抗菌药物处方比例平均为44.2%。结论:该地区乡镇卫生院基本药物使用率低于世界卫生组织的建议值,使用金额占比符合政策要求;基层医疗卫生机构省增补基本药物目录品种利用率偏低,抗微生物药使用金额较高,处方用药合理性仍有待提高。建议针对本地实际情况,动态调整省增补目录品种,并严格控制几类主要药物的价格、用量以及处方合理性。     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Arsenic induced changes in growth development and apoptosis in neonatal and adult brain cells in vivo and in tissue culture

Arsenic at a nonlethal level in drinking water consumed over a period of time has been reported to produce chronic toxicity and various types of health problems ranging from skin cancer to disturbance in memory. Neurotoxic effects have been reported in clinical cases with chronic exposure to arsenic. Physiological detoxication of arsenic occurs partially through methylation. Arsenic and its methylated derivatives are distributed in different organs and systems. The present study examined the possible interference in the neuronal development and differentiation due to the exposure to arsenic during gestation. The experiments were carried out to examine short and long term effects of arsenic on brain explants and cells grown and maintained in tissue culture system. The effects of arsenic exposure showed changes in brain cell membrane function indicated by generation and release of reactive oxygen-nitrogen intermediates. On the morphological aspect the explants' growth was reduced, ground matrix was lost and neural networking was inhibited. Cells showed signs of apoptotic changes. Arsenic toxicity may induce damage to brain cells prior to more visible clinical conditions. The deleterious effects also pass from the maternal to fetal tissue across the transplacental barrier.     

Metabolic interaction between imipramine and carbamazepine in vivo and in vitro in rats

Summary The pharmacokinetic consequences of the combination of carbamazepine with imipramine in male Wistar rats have been investigated. It was found that a 2-week treatment with the combination resulted in the increase of the concentrations of the parent compounds and a simultaneous decrease in their metabolites in blood plasma i.e. carbamazepine inhibited imipramine demethylation in the side chain while imipramine inhibited carbamazepine 10,11-epoxidation. The velocity of imipramine 2-hydroxylation and 10,11-epoxy-carbamazepine hydration did not seem to be changed by the combination. On the basis of studies in vitro it is concluded that the observed metabolic interaction between carbamazepine and imipramine is due to the competition of the drugs for the active centre of cytochrome P 450 and to a certain qualitative alteration of the enzyme by imipramine as can be deducted from the decrease of carbamazepine binding to the cytochrome. Send offprint requests to K. J. Netter     

Nicotine metabolism and urinary elimination in mouse: in vitro and in vivo

This study aimed at elucidating the in vivo metabolism of nicotine both with and without inhibitors of nicotine metabolism. Second, the role of mouse CYP2A5 in nicotine oxidation in vitro was studied as such information is needed to assess whether the mouse is a suitable model for studying chemical inhibitors of the human CYP2A6. The oxidation of nicotine to cotinine was measured and the ability of various inhibitors to modify this reaction was determined. Nicotine and various inhibitors were co-administered to CD2F1 mice, and nicotine and urinary levels of nicotine and four metabolites were determined. In mouse liver microsomes anti-CYP2A5 antibody and known chemical inhibitors of the CYP2A5 enzyme blocked cotinine formation by 85-100%, depending on the pre-treatment of the mice. The amount of trans-3-hydroxycotine was five times higher than cotinine N-oxide, and ten times higher than nicotine N-1-oxide and cotinine. Methoxsalen, an irreversible inhibitor of CYP2A5, significantly reduced the metabolic elimination of nicotine in vivo, but the reversible inhibitors had no effect. It is concluded that the metabolism of nicotine in mouse is very similar to that in man and, therefore, that the mouse is a suitable model for testing novel chemical inhibitors of human CYP2A6.     

Nicotine metabolism and urinary elimination in mouse: in vitro and in vivo

This study aimed at elucidating the in vivo metabolism of nicotine both with and without inhibitors of nicotine metabolism. Second, the role of mouse CYP2A5 in nicotine oxidation in vitro was studied as such information is needed to assess whether the mouse is a suitable model for studying chemical inhibitors of the human CYP2A6. The oxidation of nicotine to cotinine was measured and the ability of various inhibitors to modify this reaction was determined. Nicotine and various inhibitors were co-administered to CD2F1 mice, and nicotine and urinary levels of nicotine and four metabolites were determined. In mouse liver microsomes anti-CYP2A5 antibody and known chemical inhibitors of the CYP2A5 enzyme blocked cotinine formation by 85–100%, depending on the pre-treatment of the mice. The amount of trans-3-hydroxycotine was five times higher than cotinine N-oxide, and ten times higher than nicotine N-1-oxide and cotinine. Methoxsalen, an irreversible inhibitor of CYP2A5, significantly reduced the metabolic elimination of nicotine in vivo, but the reversible inhibitors had no effect. It is concluded that the metabolism of nicotine in mouse is very similar to that in man and, therefore, that the mouse is a suitable model for testing novel chemical inhibitors of human CYP2A6.     

Penetration and action of edoxudine in vitro and in vivo

The penetration of 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (edoxudine, Aedurid) from gel base with and without the addition of urea and other adjuvant has been studied in an in vitro model using guinea pig skin. The formulation of 3% edoxudine gel with 5% urea showed the best results. In vivo experiments on hairless mice infected intracutaneously with herpes simplex virus type 1 also showed this formulation's good efficacy as compared to other formulations.     

Buprenorphine and naloxone alone and in combination in opioid-dependent humans

Subjective, physiological and behavioral effects of subcutaneously administered hydromorphone (6 mg), naloxone (0.2 mg), buprenorphine (0.2 and 0.3 mg), and two buprenorphine-naloxone combinations (buprenorphine 0.2 mg plus naloxone 0.2 mg and buprenorphine 0.3 mg plus naloxone 0.2 mg) were assessed under double-blind conditions in six opioid-dependent volunteers. Physiologic measures and subject- and observer-rated behavioral responses were measured before dosing and for 120 min after drug administration. Hydromorphone decreased pupil diameter and respiration, increased blood pressure and increased scores on subjective measures indicating opioid-like effects. Buprenorphine given alone had no significant effect on any variable measured. Naloxone given alone produced opioid abstinence-like effects which were measurable on subject- and observer-rated behavioral measures and physiological measures. Buprenorphine in combination with naloxone somewhat attenuated the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal response. Overall, the naloxone-buprenorphine combinations produced effects which were qualitatively similar to the effects of naloxone alone, suggesting a low potential for abuse of the combination product by opioid-dependent individuals.Supported by a grant from Reckitt and Colman Pharmaceutical Division and USPHS Grants DA-00050 and DA-04089 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse     

Cadmium in milk and mammary gland in rats and mice

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the uptake of cadmium in mammary tissue, effects on milk secretion and composition, and lactational transport of cadmium to the sucklings. Cadmium exposure during lactation resulted in retention of cadmium in the mammary tissue in mice and rats. The uptake of cadmium in the mammary tissue was rapid, as shown in lactating mice by whole-body autoradiography 4 h after an intravenous injection of a tracer dose of (109)CdCl(2). Retention of cadmium in kidneys of suckling pups was observed in the autoradiograms at 7 days after exposure of the dams. Lactating rats were intravenously infused with (109)CdCl(2) in 0.9% saline via osmotic minipumps from day 3 to day 16 after parturition. The cadmium dose given was 0, 8.8, 62 and 300 microg Cd/kg body wt. per day. Plasma and milk were collected at day 10 and 16 after parturition. Plasma cadmium levels in dams increased from day 10 to day 16. Cadmium levels were higher in milk than in plasma, with milk/plasma ratios varying from 2 to 6. Zinc levels in milk were positively correlated to cadmium levels in milk (r(2)=0.26; P=0. 03). In milk, (109)Cd was distributed in fat (46-52%), casein fraction (40-46%), and whey fraction (6-8%). There was a high correlation between cadmium concentrations in pups' kidney and cadmium concentrations in dam's milk (r(2)=0.98; P < 0.001). Of the cadmium dose given to the dams <0.05% was retained in the litters on day 16 of lactation. No effects were observed due to cadmium exposure on body weight in pups or dams. Cadmium treatment did not cause any effect on the lactose or protein concentration in milk, the concentrations of DNA, RNA or the ratio RNA/DNA in the mammary gland. Histological evaluation of mammary tissue did not reveal any abnormalities at any dose level. (109)Cd was bound to metallothionein in mammary tissue. The fraction of radiolabelled cadmium bound to metallothionein increased in a dose-dependent manner in both the liver (88-98%) and mammary tissue (57-80%). The present results indicate a low transfer of cadmium to the suckling pup, which might be due to binding of cadmium to metallothionein in the mammary tissue. However, during the susceptible developmental period even a low cadmium exposure may be of concern.     

Circulating nucleic acids in plasma and serum: roles in diagnosis and prognosis in diabetes and cancer

The presence of DNA and RNA circulating in human plasma and serum is described. The possible sources of the DNA/RNA in blood, their ability to enter other cells and to express in the recipient cells are discussed and the relationship with metastases considered. The possible role(s) of the DNA/RNA in clinical diagnosis, in monitoring treatment and in prognosis are considered for diabetes and oncology.