采后UV-C处理对软枣猕猴桃果实酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

研究了采后UV-C辐照对软枣猕猴桃贮藏期间果实品质、酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性的影响。将果实采摘后立即用不同剂量(1.05、2.1和4.2 k J/m~2)的UV-C辐照处理,随后跟踪测定其在室温贮藏和冷藏期间硬度、可溶性固形物、总酚、总黄酮、总花色苷含量和抗氧化活性的变化。结果显示,UV-C处理能够提高果实贮藏期间可溶性固形物含量,延缓果实硬度下降,并显著促进了果实总酚、总黄酮及总花色苷的合成与积累,有效提高果实贮藏期间的抗氧化活性。室温贮藏条件下UV-C处理果实酚类物质含量达到最大时的剂量及其效应时间为4.2 k J/m~2 UV-C辐照后贮藏5 d;冷藏条件下为1.05 k J/m~2 UV-C辐照后贮藏3 d。UV-C辐照处理可作为一种安全无毒的采后处理方式改善和提高软枣猕猴桃果实品质、酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性。     

杨梅果实采后抗氧化活性变化及其与苯丙烷类代谢的关系

以"乌种"杨梅果实为试材,研究了果实在1℃8d贮藏期间品质、抗氧化活性、酚类物质含量及苯丙烷类代谢相关酶活性的变化。结果显示:在1℃贮藏期间,杨梅果实腐烂率逐渐上升而品质和抗氧化活性逐渐下降,果实总酚、总黄酮、总花色苷和主要酚类单体物质含量和苯丙烷类代谢关键酶活性在贮藏前4 d呈上升趋势,然后不断下降。统计分析表明,总酚含量与苯丙烷类代谢相关酶活性间具有显著的线性正相关关系。因此,杨梅果实采后酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性变化与与苯丙烷类代谢的变化密切相关。     

短波紫外线对草莓采后腐烂、苯丙烷类代谢和抗氧化活性的影响

以‘红艳’草莓为材料,研究短波紫外线(ultraviolet-C,UV-C)处理对草莓果实在5℃、12 d贮藏期间腐烂、苯丙烷类代谢和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,2.0 k J/m2 UV-C处理能显著抑制草莓果实贮藏期间腐烂指数的上升。同时,UV-C处理能有效诱导果实贮藏期间苯丙氨酸解氨酶、肉桂酸羧化酶、对香豆酰-Co A连接酶、查尔酮异构酶和二氢黄酮醇还原酶活性的增加,维持较高的总酚、总花色苷、总黄酮以及主要酚类和花色苷类单体的含量,促进果实1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率和总还原力的上升,抑制羟自由基清除率的下降,从而保持了果实较高的抗氧化活性。     

外源蔗糖处理对采后桃果皮色泽形成的影响

为探究外源蔗糖处理对采后桃果皮着色的影响,本研究以套袋采收的'春美'桃为试材,采后用200 mmol/L的蔗糖浸泡处理后于常温((20±1)℃)条件下贮藏,并测定采后蔗糖处理桃的品质指标、果皮花色苷含量、内源糖含量和花色苷代谢相关酶活力.结果 表明,外源蔗糖处理对桃果实呼吸强度、乙烯释放速率、可溶性固形物质量分数和硬度...     

硼处理对杨梅果实采后贮藏期间蔗糖代谢及花色苷合成的影响

以"乌种"杨梅果实为试材,研究了硼(四硼酸钾)处理对采后杨梅果实在1℃贮藏期间品质、蔗糖代谢及花色苷合成的影响。结果显示:10 g/L为杨梅果实最大有效硼处理浓度,采用10 g/L硼处理可有效降低杨梅果实贮藏期间腐烂率并维持果实品质;10 g/L硼处理可显著抑制果实贮藏期间AI、SPS以及SS2(蔗糖合酶合成方向)活性的上升并提高SS1(蔗糖合酶分解方向)活性;同时,经硼处理的杨梅果实中葡萄糖和蔗糖含量明显低于对照果实,而果糖、总花色苷和矢车菊-3-葡萄糖苷含量却高于对照水平。由此推测,硼元素可通过直接调控杨梅果实采后贮藏期间蔗糖代谢酶活性来积累杨梅花色苷前体UDPG,从而为杨梅果实花色苷的合成提供底物,最终起到促进果实花色苷合成和改善贮藏品质的作用。     

短波紫外线辐照处理对采后甜樱桃果实营养品质和抗氧化活性的影响

以"红灯"樱桃为试材,研究了采后不同剂量短波紫外线辐照处理对甜樱桃果实室温和冷藏条件下可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、总酚、总黄酮、花色苷和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,短波紫外线辐照处理可显著提高甜樱桃果实中总酚、总黄酮、花色苷含量和抗氧化活性,有利于保持常温贮藏甜樱桃果实的可滴定酸含量,而对可溶性固形物含量没有显著影响;短波紫外线辐照处理甜樱桃果实中总酚、总黄酮、花色苷含量和抗氧化活性的影响在贮藏前期与处理剂量呈明显的量效关系,而不同贮藏条件下随贮藏时间的变化趋势不同。贮藏前期以高剂量(3.6,7.2 kJ/m~2)处理效果较好,而贮藏后期以低剂量(0.72,1.44 kJ/m~2)处理效果为好。这说明适宜的贮藏条件结合短波紫外线辐照处理可激发甜樱桃果实中多酚物质和花色苷等生物活性物质的合成和积累,在提高甜樱桃果实及其制品中生物活性物质含量和营养保健功能方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

热空气处理对草莓果实品质和抗氧化活性的影响

研究热空气处理（45 ℃,3.5 h）对草莓在20 ℃、4 d贮藏期间果实品质、抗氧化活性及相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,热空气处理可以显著抑制果实腐烂的发生,延缓果实硬度、总黄酮、总酚和VC含量的下降,抑制花青素的积累,保持较高的DPPH自由基清除能力和还原力。另外,热处理可显著促进果实中黄酮醇合酶、查耳酮合酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的表达,而抑制β-木糖苷酶和花青素合酶基因的表达。这些结果表明,热空气处理可以通过调控相关基因的表达,较好地保持果实的品质和抗氧化活性。     

BTH诱导采后桃果实抗病性反应对其贮藏品质的影响

以"大久保"水蜜桃果实(Prunus persica(L.)Batsch cv.‘OkuBa’)为试材,研究了0.2 g/L BTH处理诱导的桃果实抗病性反应对其贮藏品质影响。实验结果表明:0.2 g/L BTH处理可有效诱导桃果实在20℃贮藏期间的SAR反应,促进抗病相关酶几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性以及总酚含量的上升,从而有效控制了果实贮藏期间P.expansum导致的青霉病的发展;但BTH处理诱导的SAR反应同时显著降低了桃果实在贮藏期间的乙烯峰值以及葡萄糖和蔗糖含量,并可抑制总黄酮、总花色苷和类胡萝卜素的积累,从而导致果实出现后熟及次生代谢产物合成速度减慢等不良症状。由此推测,BTH诱导的SAR抗病性反应对采后桃果实来说是一个不可逆的物质和能量消耗过程,可能会影响果实后熟品质的形成。     

1-甲基环丙烯处理对桃果实花青素代谢的影响

以‘白凤’水蜜桃为试材，研究1-甲基环丙烯(1-Methylcyclopropene, 1-MCP)处理对其在贮藏期间花青素代谢及转色的影响。以浓度为10 mg/kg的1-MCP熏蒸桃果实12 h，不做任何处理的桃果实作为对照，然后在室温下贮藏9 d，分别于第0、3、5、7、9天取样，测定桃果实的硬度、总酚、总黄酮、总花青素含量和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(Phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PAL)活性的变化。此外，测定花青素合成途径基因表达的变化，包括编码PAL酶、查尔酮合酶(Chalcone synthase,CHS)、查尔酮异构酶(Chalcone isomerase, CHI)、黄烷酮-3-羟化酶(Flavanone-3-hydroxylase, F3H)、花青素合成酶(Anthocyanin synthetase, ANS)和UDP-葡萄糖:类黄酮3-O-葡糖基转移酶(UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase, UFGT)的基因。实验结果表明，1-MCP处理能够通过刺激Ppa PAL基因表达激活PAL酶活性，进而促...     

茉莉酸甲酯对草莓果实采后腐烂、苯丙烷类代谢及抗氧化活性的影响

为研究茉莉酸甲酯处理(Methyl jasmonate,MeJA)对草莓果实采后腐烂、苯丙烷类代谢及抗氧化活性的影响,将果实先于20℃下以10μmol/L MeJA熏蒸处理6h,然后转入(1±1)℃下贮藏12d,每隔3d测定果实腐烂率、苯丙烷类代谢相关酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、对香豆酰-CoA连接酶(4-CL)、肉桂酸羟化酶(C4H)和二氢黄酮醇还原酶(DFR)活性以及总酚、总花色苷和酚类和花色苷类单体物质含量,并且同时测定果实DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)自由基清除率和总还原力。结果显示,MeJA处理可显著抑制草莓果实贮藏期间腐烂率的上升;同时MeJA可诱导PAL、4-CL、C4H和DFR活性的上升,从而有效延缓了酚类和花色苷类物质含量的下降,提高了果实DPPH自由基清除率和总还原力,维持了果实的抗氧化活性。这些结果表明,MeJA处理在草莓果实保鲜中具有较好的应用前景。     

Quality changes during ripening of plums (Prunus domestica L.)

Quality changes during fruit ripening after the appearance of fruit colour of four Prunus domestica L. plum cultivars, ‘Jojo’, ‘Valor’, ‘Čačanska rodna’ and ‘Čačanska najbolja’, were investigated during 25 or 33 day periods. Fruit samples were analyzed for fruit weight, firmness, soluble solids content, fruit colour, content of sugars (glucose, fructose, sorbitol and sucrose), organic acids (malic, fumaric and shikimic acids), phenolics (neochlorogenic acid, p-coumaroylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid and rutin) and anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-rutinoside and peonidin-3-rutinoside). Ripening resulted in statistically increased fruit weight and soluble solids, decreased fruit firmness, darker colour of fruits, increased concentration of total sugars, decreased concentration of total acids, and increased concentration of anthocyanins. There was no influence of ripening on the content of phenols. The results show significant influences of cultivar on fruit weight, soluble solids content, firmness, fruit colour, concentration of total acids, SUAC index, concentration of total phenols and anthocyanins in European plums.     

金丝小枣在生长成熟过程中理化特性的变化规律

本文研究了6个不同生长成熟期(S1~S6)金丝小枣果实的色泽、叶绿素、可溶性糖及其代谢酶活性、有机酸及氨基酸的动态变化,以明确其代谢规律。研究结果表明:枣果生长成熟过程中,叶绿素含量降低,枣果由绿变红;葡萄糖、果糖均逐步积累,而山梨醇含量逐渐降低,蔗糖则在生长发育初期未被检出,其积累主要发生在枣果成熟后期,且其含量最高,金丝小枣为蔗糖积累型果实,蔗糖磷酸合成酶是蔗糖积累的关键酶;金丝小枣为苹果酸型果实,苹果酸随枣果的成熟而积累,而柠檬酸含量先上升后降低;Pro和Asp在枣果成熟过程中被大量合成,是成熟枣果中最主要的两种氨基酸。全红枣的可溶性总糖、糖酸比以及游离氨基酸总量最高,可作为金丝小枣鲜食的最佳采收时期。     

Evaluation of peach and nectarine fruit quality and correlations between sensory and chemical attributes

Sensory attributes and chemical composition in peach and nectarine fruits of nine different cultivars were evaluated and compared. The cultivars investigated in the research were: ‘Maria Marta’, ‘Romestar’, ‘325 × A/8’, ‘224 × A/13’, ‘V × S/4’, ‘Bea’, ‘Maria Aurelia’, ‘Venus’ and ‘Spring Red’. In sensory evaluation the ‘Maria Aurelia’ was the highest rated, and the ‘224 × A/13’ was the lowest. The cultivars ‘325 × A/8’, ‘224 × A/13’, ‘V × S/4’ and ‘Spring Red’ were poor in sugars; however, the ‘Spring Red’ was rich in organic acids. Similarly, the ‘Maria Aurelia’ and ‘Venus’ fruits had higher contents of organic acids and were also rich in sugars. Furthermore, the relationships among sensory and chemical attributes of fruit quality were studied. The sensory evaluations of sweetness, taste, and aroma were well correlated with some chemically measured attributes of peach and nectarine quality: sweetness was influenced by citric acid, shikimic acid and sugars/organic acids ratio; aroma was correlated with total organic acids, sucrose, sorbitol and malic acid; taste was related to malic/citric acid ratio, total sugars, sucrose, sorbitol and malic acid. The results of the research indicate that sensory evaluation provides a good tool in the quick assessment of peach and nectarine fruit quality. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Preharvest application of methyl jasmonate increases fruit quality and antioxidant capacity in raspberries

The effects of preharvest methyl jasmonate (MJ) application on fruit quality, flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity in black raspberry cv. Jewel (Rubus occidentalis L) and red raspberry cv. Autumn Bliss (Rubus idaeus subsp.) were studied under field condition. Raspberries treated with MJ had higher soluble solids content, total sugars, fructose, glucose, sucrose and lower titratable acids (TAs), malic acid and citric acid than untreated fruit. MJ also significantly enhanced the content of flavonoids and the antioxidant capacities in the fruit. The cv. Jewel had higher soluble solids and lower TAs compared with the cv. Autumn Bliss. On the basis of fresh weight of fruit, ‘Jewel’ also had significantly higher anthocyanin, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity than ‘Autumn Bliss’.     

不同模拟流通温度对桃果实硬度和糖酸品质的影响

为了研究常温、冷链、断链3 种流通方式对桃果实品质的影响,在模拟3 种流通方式的温度环境下对桃果实进行贮藏,分析模拟流通过程中的桃果肉硬度、细胞壁果胶和糖酸含量及其组成的变化情况。结果表明,桃果实采后的贮运品质受流通温度的影响显著。模拟常温环境中流通的桃果实在4 d内即失去商品价值;恒定低温的流通条件（模拟冷链流通）可以保证桃果实在贮运期和货架期的良好品质;而模拟断链流通组的桃果实由于在贮藏过程中经历了包装、出入库等环节的温度升高,在进入货架期后果实品质快速下降,货架期第2天的果肉硬度（2.14 g/cm2）、蔗糖含量（46.48 mg/g）和苹果酸含量（3.13 mg/g）显著低于模拟冷链流通组（P＜0.05）。桃果实采后冷链流通过程应尽量避免贮运环节断链造成的温度变化,研究结果可为果蔬冷链流通系统的完善提供参考。     

Effects of exogenous nitric oxide on contents of soluble sugars and related enzyme activities in 'Feicheng' peach fruit

BACKGROUND: Sugar content is one of the main characteristics related to the quality of fruit. Research confirms that nitric oxide (NO) involves a physiological process and prolongs the storage life of fruit. However, little attention has been paid to the effects of NO on sugar metabolism in fruit during storage. In this study, the effect of different concentrations (0, 10, 30 µmol L^?1) of exogenous NO treatment on sugar content and related enzyme activities in ‘Feicheng’ peach fruit was investigated during storage (0–12 days after harvest) at room temperature (25 °C). RESULTS: Results showed that the decrease of firmness and accumulation of sugar and acid:sugar ratio in peach fruit during storage were significantly inhibited by treatment with 10 µmol L^?1 NO. Treatment with 10 µmol L^?1 NO could promote fructose and glucose metabolism during the first 4 days of storage, and increase the content of sucrose and the activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase, sorbitol oxidase and sucrose phosphate synthase in peach fruit during storage. However, acid invertase activity from 8 to 12 days of storage and neutral invertase activity during the first 4 days of storage were inhibited by treatment with 10 µmol L^?1 NO. At the same time, treatment with 10 µmol L^?1 NO inhibited sucrose synthase (SS) activity in decomposition during storage and SS activity in synthesis from 8 to 12 days of storage. CONCLUSION: Treatment with 10 µmol L^?1 NO had a significant impact on content of soluble sugars and related enzyme activities in ‘Feicheng’ peach fruit during storage (0–12 days) at room temperature (25 °C). Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

草莓汁中糖酸组成分析及其在掺假鉴别中的应用

为了解草莓汁的糖酸组成特点并探索其在掺假鉴别中的应用,采用高效液相色谱法对10个品种草莓果汁中可溶性糖、有机酸组成与含量进行分析,结合化学计量学方法探索其在草莓汁掺假鉴别中的应用。结果表明,草莓汁中可溶性糖主要由蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖组成,有机酸主要是柠檬酸和苹果酸。不同品种草莓果汁中各种可溶性糖和有机酸的含量存在较大差异,但葡萄糖与果糖的比值受品种影响较小,柠檬酸占检测到总有机酸含量的62.39%~82.73%。通过分析草莓原汁及其掺假样品中可溶性糖和有机酸组成,结合主成分分析和线性辨别分析等模式识别方法,可以实现对草莓果汁与掺加梨汁、苹果汁、杏汁和桃汁等掺假样品的区分,而且掺假量越大,区分效果越好。草莓果汁可溶性糖和有机酸组成特征结合化学计量学分析能够对掺假草莓果汁进行较好地区分,可用于草莓果汁掺假鉴定和质量控制。     

Factors influencing quantities of sugars and organic acids in blackcurrant concentrates

 Use of endogenous non-volatile flavour components, i. e. sugars and organic acids, in fruit juice products is desirable. A study of 133 blackcurrant concentrates from three seasons examined variation in sugars and acids arising from storage of fruit at freezing or sub-ambient temperature, seasonal differences, geographical origin and choice of conventional thermal-evaporative or freeze concentration technology. Compared with freeze concentrates, conventional concentrates had significantly higher contents of total sugars and acids, notably malic acid, and higher fructose/glucose, lower malic/citric acid and similar sugar/acid ratios. Concentrates from frozen fruit generally had smaller amounts of fructose, total sugars and fructose/glucose ratios than those from fresh fruit, as well as less citric, ascorbic and total acids and lower sugar/acid ratios. Principal component analysis of 40 randomly chosen concentrates showed that variance is dominated by differences in fructose, total sugars and ascorbic acid contents and sugar/acid ratios. Geographical origin and concentration technology were major sources of variance but changes in post-production sub-ambient storage could not be excluded. Received: 4 July 1997 /  Revised version: 14 October 1997     

Genotype and growing season influence blueberry antioxidant capacity and other quality attributes

Forty‐two blueberry cultivars (thirty‐six Vaccinium ashei, three V. ashei derivative hybrids and three northern highbush standards) were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities and other fruit quality attributes over two growing seasons. Total anthocyanins, phenolic content and antioxidant capacities varied substantially among species and cultivars. ‘Early May’ (V. ashei) had the highest amounts of anthocyanins, phenolics and antioxidant capacity. Cultivars from V. ashei hybrid derivatives had lower mean antioxidant components than those from northern highbush standards or V. ashei. The antioxidant capacity, as well as total anthocyanins and phenolics, had significant cultivar × year interactions. Correlation coefficient between years for total anthocyanins, total phenolics and oxygen radical absorbance capacity were high with values of 0.86, 0.81 and 0.93, respectively. Similar interactions were observed for soluble solids content (SSC), sugar, titratable acid and organic acids among cultivars both within and across the growing seasons. Correlation coefficients between years for SSC, fructose, glucose and sucrose were 0.78, 0.71, 0.83 and 0.96, respectively. Fructose and glucose were detected as two major sugars with sucrose as a minor constituent. ‘Clara’ contained the highest amounts of SSC and sugars, while ‘Satilla’ had the lowest. In general, V. ashei cultivars had a higher mean SSC and sugar contents than did the hybrid derivatives or the northern highbush standards. Cultivars of V. ashei contained higher malic acid than citric acid, whereas in hybrid derivatives and northern highbush cultivars, citric acid was the predominant organic acid. The diversity in the amount of these fruit quality attributes and antioxidant capacities presents a great opportunity for genetic improvement of blueberries through breeding programmes. The objective of the study was to identify blueberry cultivars with high antioxidant activity and good fruit quality, so they can be used as parents for future blueberry breeding programmes to develop new cultivars with higher antioxidant activity.