不同食品大分子对黑米饮料花色苷加工和储藏稳定性的影响

该研究通过分别将黑米饮料中的大分子蛋白质、纤维素、淀粉酶解制备不同的黑米饮料,探究加工及储藏过程中不同食品大分子对黑米饮料花色苷稳定性的影响。结果表明酶解过程中大分子的降解会造成花色苷保留率下降,全谷物组不加酶经过相同加热条件保留率最高,为62.88%;灭菌后全谷物组花色苷保留率为17.62%,高于各酶解组。将灭菌后的各组样品分别在不同光照（常温光照/避光）和不同温度（4℃/37℃避光）条件储藏10 d,除4℃避光条件下外,其他条件下各组的花色苷的降解均符合一级动力学方程,相较于花色苷水提液,全谷物组和各酶解组花色苷的半衰期均延长,全谷物组的半衰期最长,分别在常温光照、常温避光、37℃避光条件下将花色苷半衰期由4.31、4.72、0.76 d延长至8.99、9.65、4.09 d。储藏过程中虽然花色苷存在不同程度的降解,但黑米饮料的抗氧化活性仅在37℃避光条件下显著降低。这些结果表明,复杂食品体系中蛋白质、膳食纤维、淀粉可以在热加工及储藏过程中提高花色苷的稳定性。     

黑米中酚酸、花青素和γ-氨基丁酸的组成、生物合成及其影响因素

黑米是一种有色稻米,富含许多普通稻米所缺乏的酚酸、花青素和γ-氨基丁酸等营养成分而具有抗氧化、抗衰老、抗炎和治疗糖尿病等诸多的生理功能和医疗保健价值,因而近年来黑米及其产品越来越受到人们的广泛关注。本文综述了黑米中酚酸、花青素和γ-氨基丁酸三种功能营养成分在籽粒中的组成、分布及生物合成特性进行了概述,并阐明了贮藏、碾磨和蒸煮等条件对黑米中酚酸、花青素和γ-氨基丁酸营养功能的影响及原因,以期为黑米营养保健功能的研究提供理论参考。     

发芽糙米及其加工工艺的研究进展

发芽糙米作为一种新型功能性全谷物食品,比糙米适口性好,比精米营养丰富,具有良好的发展前景。介绍了近年来发芽糙米的加工工艺,如富集γ-氨基丁酸工艺、富集硒工艺及发芽糙米储藏期长短等对发芽糙米产品性能的影响,为发芽糙米未来的产业发展提供参考。     

加工方式对全谷物抗氧化活性影响研究进展

全谷物中富含多酚、花青素、植酸、γ-谷维素、烷基间苯二酚等多种生理活性物质,其抗氧化能力备受关注。全谷物品种多样,加工方式不尽相同,不同的加工方式对全谷物抗氧化活性的影响也不同。本文就近年来国内外有关不同加工方式对全谷物中抗氧化活性影响的研究进行综述,为全谷物加工的深入研究及合理消费提供参考。     

黑米及黑米色素的加工与利用

简要介绍了黑米在国内的分布及利用情况。对黑米色素的含量测定、提取以及黑米色素的结构、化学性质、稳定性等基本性质作了概述。介绍了黑米产品加工工艺，指出了加工分散以及加工过程中存在的有效成分损失、副产品综合利用缺乏等问题。     

黑米米粉条的研制

黑米不仅含有丰富的蛋白质、17种氨基酸、脂肪、维生素、矿物质及Fe、Zn、Cu等14种元素,还含有膳食纤维、不饱和脂肪酸、花青素、黄酮、生物碱等生理活性物质.对黑米米粉条的工艺过程及影响因素进行探讨,通过单因素试验和正交试验研究黑米米粉条的工艺条件,得到最佳工艺参数,即:采用煮制的方式,粉碎粒度80目,小麦粉添加量3.5%,加水量55%,糊化时间6 min,糊化温度95℃.制作出的黑米米粉条口感爽滑,浑汤程度低,断条率低,韧性好,有利于对黑米营养成分的吸收.     

四种黑米储藏期理化指标及食用品质的测定和研究

以四种不同种类的黑米为原料,对比探究黑米随着储藏时间的延长其理化指标和食用品质的变化和影响,探索黑米明确的保鲜期,为储藏不同时期的黑米加工提供参考。结果表明,四种黑米的理化指标及食用品质变化的趋势大致相同,具体为：总花色苷的含量、水分含量、结合水含量、总酚含量随着随储藏时间的延长总体呈现下降的趋势,脂肪酸值、颜色变化的L、a、b、ΔE值随储藏时间的延长总体呈现增加的趋势;黏着性、弹性和回复性呈现下降趋势,而峰值黏度、峰谷黏度、崩解值、回生值、咀嚼性和硬度呈现上升趋势。此外,粮田黑1501和粮田黑1505的各指标变化相对较低且平缓,而粮田黑1405和粮田黑1301的却较为明显,且粮田黑1405的相对而言最剧烈,粮田黑1501最平缓。实验数据说明总花色苷含量显著影响储藏黑米理化和风味品质的变化,黑米花色苷一定程度能有效减缓黑米理化和食用品质的劣变,大部分黑米的保鲜期为150天。     

稻米及其加工副产物米糠中γ-谷维素研究现状

我国稻米资源丰富,稻米加工过程中会伴随多种营养物损失并产生大量米糠副产物。γ-谷维素是存在于稻米糠层不皂化部分的生物活性化合物混合物,因其具有多种生理功能故近年来引起学者的广泛关注。概述稻米原料、稻米加工精度、稻米加工方式等对γ-谷维素含量变化的影响以及米糠加工副产物中γ-谷维素提取技术的研究进展。提议加强我国稻米γ-谷维素含量的数据采集工作,提倡稻米适度加工,应用挤压膨化、发芽及发酵技术开发糙米制品,加强我国稻米加工副产物活性组分的分离研究,符合我国节粮减损、健康中国、高质量发展等重大发展战略。     

黑米核桃糕加工工艺研究

在传统核桃糕的配方中添加黑米,制得黑米核桃糕。通过单因素和正交试验,研究熬煮温度、熬煮压力、浓缩真空度等因素对黑米核桃糕感官品质的影响,优化黑米核桃糕加工工艺。结果表明:黑米核桃糕的最优工艺为熬煮温度140℃,熬煮压力0.70 MPa,浓缩真空度0.06 MPa,此条件下黑米核桃糕的口感细腻柔糯,咀嚼性好,品质优良,感官评分为91.0。     

黑米系列食品的加工

黑米系列食品的加工周秀琴当今世界，黑色食品风行，以黑米食品为最广泛。黑米中含丰富的营养成分及特殊药效成分，具有滋阳补肾、健脾暖肝、增智补脑、明目活血等功效，对贫血、高血压、神经衰弱、慢性肾炎等疾病均有疗效。黑米中的主要营养素有：蛋白质１１％左右，为标...     

Germinated Brown Rice and Its Role in Human Health

Brown rice, unmilled or partly milled, contains more nutritional components than ordinary white rice. Despite its elevated content of bioactive components, brown rice is rarely consumed as a staple food for its dark appearance and hard texture. The germination of brown rice can be used to improve its taste and further enhance its nutritional value and health functions. Germinated brown rice is considered healthier than white rice, as it is not only richer in the basic nutritional components such as vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers, and essential amino acids, but also contains more bioactive components, such as ferulic acid, γ-oryzanol, and gamma aminobutyric acid. Moreover, germinated brown rice has been reported to exhibit many physiological effects, including antihyperlipidemia, antihypertension, and the reduction in the risk of some chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, it is likely that germinated brown rice will become a popular health food.     

易煮全谷物糙米加工技术研究进展

全谷物糙米蒸煮时间长、不易熟化、适口性和消化性较差,且储藏周期短,限制了糙米粒食的消费与推广.为改善全谷物糙米蒸煮特性和满足消费者对全谷物糙米健康属性的追求,利用先进的加工技术提升其食用品质、营养功能性和储藏稳定性已成为当今全谷物糙米的研究重点.阐述了全谷物糙米的成分组成及结构特点,分析了影响全谷物糙米蒸煮品质的主要因素;重点介绍了近年国内外采用的生物和物理加工技术以及新型非热加工技术在全谷物糙米加工中的应用,并阐明其工作原理及作用特点,指出了各种加工技术存在的优缺点;对未来糙米粒食的研究方向进行了展望.本研究旨在为创制高品质、高营养、高生物利用度的易煮全谷物糙米产品提供参考.     

A comprehensive review of the physicochemical,quality and nutritional properties of Nigella sativa oil

Nigella sativa L. is an annual herb of the Ranunculaceae family, with the seeds called black cumin seed or black seed containing 34–39% oil. Its oil has many uses in traditional medicine and food industry. Black seed oil is a significant source of essential fatty acids, tocopherols (91–246 ppm), phytosterols (1993?2182 ppm), polyphenols (245–309 ppm), essential oils and other bioactive compounds. Thymoquinone is one of the important active compounds in the essential oil part of black seed oil with many health beneficial properties. Black seed oil is getting much attention either used alone or in combination with other vegetable oils. Therefore, providing information about the black seeds originating in different parts of the world, their oil composition and the effect of different oil extraction methods can be of great value. Environmental condition, cultivated areas, maturity period and storage conditions have significant effects on its properties. Black seed oil deserves more attention as a potential multi-purpose product. This article reviews the physicochemical properties, quality, and medicinal and nutritional aspects of black seed oil.     

Progress and challenges in improving the nutritional quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice is a staple food for more than 3 billion people in more than 100 countries of the world but ironically it is deficient in many bioavailable vitamins, minerals, essential amino- and fatty-acids and phytochemicals that prevent chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes, heart disease, cancers, and obesity. To enhance the nutritional and other quality aspects of rice, a better understanding of the regulation of the processes involved in the synthesis, uptake, transport, and metabolism of macro-(starch, seed storage protein and lipid) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals) is required. With the publication of high quality genomic sequence of rice, significant progress has been made in identification, isolation, and characterization of novel genes and their regulation for the nutritional and quality enhancement of rice. During the last decade, numerous efforts have been made to refine the nutritional and other quality traits either by using the traditional breeding with high through put technologies such as marker assisted selection and breeding, or by adopting the transgenic approach. A significant improvement in vitamins (A, folate, and E), mineral (iron), essential amino acid (lysine), and flavonoids levels has been achieved in the edible part of rice, i.e., endosperm (biofortification) to meet the daily dietary allowance. However, studies on bioavailability and allergenicity on biofortified rice are still required. Despite the numerous efforts, the commercialization of biofortified rice has not yet been achieved. The present review summarizes the progress and challenges of genetic engineering and/or metabolic engineering technologies to improve rice grain quality, and presents the future prospects in developing nutrient dense rice to save the everincreasing population, that depends solely on rice as the staple food, from widespread nutritional deficiencies.     

Legumes flour: a review of the nutritional properties,physiological functions and application in extruded rice products

In recent years, legumes have become increasingly popular because of their high nutritional value and health benefits. Moreover, most legumes have a low glycaemic index (GI) and are often considered in dietary interventions for diabetes. Extruded rice products (ERPs) are trendy in major rice-producing areas, including staple foods (such as rice noodles) and snack foods (such as rice cake). However, ERPs have a higher GI and a relatively simple nutritional composition. Therefore, adding whole legumes flour or its components to ERPs is a significant issue, which can reduce ERPs' GI and improve these products' nutritional value. This paper reviewed the nutritional properties and physiological functions of legumes flour or its components. In addition, the factors (starch and extrusion processing) affecting the quality and GI of ERPs were summarised. Besides, this paper reviewed after adding whole legumes flour or its components to ERPs, the products' appearance and quality are better and its nutritional properties are also better, especially with regard to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Moreover, this review also summarised three-dimensional (3D) printing technology in ERPs could improve the products' quality and nutritional value. Finally, directions that will be the focus of 3D printing and legumes were highlighted.     

双螺杆挤压复合方便粥配方优化及品质分析

为促进低值大米深加工综合利用及满足市场对营养方便速食粥的需求,本研究特开发研制高蛋白、高膳食纤维的方便粥.本实验采用D-最优混料设计研究碎米、大豆蛋白粉、藜麦、黑豆、燕麦、黑米6种原料的不同配比对方便粥感官及品质的影响.结果表明:方便粥主要混合原料最优配方为碎米粉50％、大豆蛋白粉14％、藜麦粉20％、燕麦粉5％、黑豆...     

谷物膳食纤维改性方法及其在食品中的应用研究进展

麸皮、米糠是谷物加工的副产物,其来源广泛且富含膳食纤维,对人体健康有益。但谷物麸皮或米糠中不溶性膳食纤维含量高会导致其本身适口性差。采用挤压膨化、发酵等改性方法可改善麸皮、米糠源膳食纤维的品质,扩大其应用范围。本文综述了谷物膳食纤维的3类改性方法及其对理化、功能特性的影响,以及改性后的谷物膳食纤维在食品中的应用,并对谷物膳食纤维的开发利用前景进行了展望。     

不淘洗米及其生产工艺研究

该文综述不淘洗米国内外质量标准、生产加工方法、营养价值及食用口感等,并建议尽快制订相关质量标准,以规范市场。     

常见加工方式对杂豆品质的影响与调控

杂豆富含蛋白质、膳食纤维和维生素等多种营养成分，但也含有植酸、胰蛋白酶抑制剂、植物凝集素等抗营养因子，这大大降低了其生物利用率。采用不同的加工方法可以降低或去除抗营养因子，从而改善杂豆的营养品质、风味品质和感官特性，提升杂豆适用性。常见加工方式主要包括浸泡、脱壳、煮制、微波处理、高压处理、挤压膨化、烘烤、发酵和发芽等。本文总结不同加工方式对杂豆品质的影响，以期为精准调控杂豆品质和发展新型杂豆加工技术提供理论参考和新的研究方向。     

化学计量学方法在果蔬领域的应用

果蔬富含维生素、矿物质和膳食纤维等营养物质,是人们补充营养必不可少的食品之一。但果蔬在加工储存过程中存在农药残留、营养成分损失、品质下降等一系列问题,如何保证果蔬的食用安全和食用品质一直是果蔬研究领域的焦点。测定果蔬的营养理化指标是评价果蔬品质的有效手段,然而过多的指标通常会产生大量繁杂冗余的数据,需要专门的工具对数据进行分析处理。化学计量学方法是进行数据处理的有效手段,近年来在果蔬生产加工方面已得到广泛应用。本文综述了主成分分析、偏最小二乘和人工神经网络等化学计量学方法在果蔬品质差异评价、果蔬农药残留检测、果蔬理化分析、果蔬保鲜效果优劣及果蔬生产工艺优化等方面的应用,讨论了各种方法的优缺点,为化学计量学方法在果蔬领域中的应用提供参考。