Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Increase in social inequality in health expectancy in Denmark

AIMS: Health expectancy represents the average lifetime in various states of health and differs among social groups. The purpose of the study was to determine trends in social inequality in health expectancy since 1994 between groups with high, medium and low educational levels in Denmark. METHODS: The study was based on data from nationwide registers on educational level and mortality during the period 1994-2005 and data on health status derived from the Danish Health Interview Surveys carried out in 1994, 2000 and 2005. Expected lifetime in self-rated good and poor health, lifetime without and with longstanding illness and expected lifetime without and with long-lasting difficulties or restrictions were estimated by Sullivan's method. RESULTS: Between 1994 and 2005, life expectancy at age 30 years increased by 1.9 years for men and 1.5 years for women with a low educational level. For people with a high educational level, the increase was 2.7 years for men and 2.2 years for women. The difference between people with low and high educational level in expected lifetime in self-rated good health increased by 2.0 and 1.3 years for 30-year-old men and women, respectively. The social gap also increased for other indicators. CONCLUSIONS: During the past 12 years, social inequality in life expectancy and health expectancy has increased in Denmark, but the proportion of the population with a low educational level has decreased.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

Trends in changes in plant fiber consumption in Poland

The purpose of the study was an analysis of changes in the consumption of plant fibre in Poland in the period 1950-1987. The analysis included plant fibre content in four groups of products considered as the main source of fibre in diet: cereals, potatoes, vegetables and fruit. A reduction was noted in the consumption of plant fibre in general, and the fibre present in cereals and potatoes, while that present in fruit and vegetables has increased. The pattern of plant fibre consumption in Poland is becoming ever more similar to that in highly developed countries. Systematic studies are proposed on the consumption of plant fibre by various groups of the population. It would be indicated to explain to the population the importance and role of plant fibre and introduction for marketing of food providing this fibre, in the first place increased supply of brown bread.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

谈神经内科医院感染危险因素及护理对策

目的：了解引起神经内科住院患者医院感染的危险因素，采取有效的护理措施，以降低医院感染的发生率和死亡率。方法：结合多年临床经验，对医院感染不同的危险因素进行分析及提出护理对策。结论：神经内科医院感染发病率较高，获得途径以外源为主，针对主要危险因素的发生原因，我们应加强病房管理，严格执行消毒隔离制度，合理应用抗生素，加强基础护理和健康教育，缩短住院天数，以降低神经内科医院感染的发病率。     

2006青岛国际帆船赛食品卫生安全保障的体会

严格执行《食品卫生法》，按《餐饮业和集体用餐配送单位卫生规范》、应用HACCP原理对大型会议的餐饮、食品加工过程进行管理，以食品原料、食谱审查、食品加工、食品运输、个人卫生、环境卫生、食品快速检验等环节为关键控制点，并采取了相应的干预措施。对赛前和赛事期间食品卫生监督检测中所存在的问题进行了总结和分析，保障了赛事的顺利进行。     

2011年中国15个省母乳中真菌毒素的污染状况

目的了解中国15个省份母乳中真菌毒素的污染水平。方法借助2011年第二次全国母乳调查,在全国15个省份采集的母乳样品,制成混合样品后,采用同位素稀释技术以超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定母乳混样中的10种主要真菌毒素的含量。结果黄曲霉毒素B1、黄曲霉毒素M1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、脱环氧-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、伏马毒素B1、B2等6种真菌毒素在部分省份的母乳样品中有检出;玉米赤霉烯酮、α-玉米赤霉烯醇、β-玉米赤霉烯醇和赭曲霉毒素A在所有省份样品中均未检出。结论 2011年中国普通人群母乳中真菌毒素的人体负荷平均水平较低,但黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和伏马毒素对婴儿健康的影响需引起关注。     

Epilepsy in children in Navarre

BACKGROUND: To estimate the annual incidence rate of epilepsy, as well as the relative distribution of the different epilepsies and epileptic syndromes in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All incident cases of children living in Navarre below 15 years of age with a newly diagnosed epilepsy (years 2003 through 2005) have been registered in a prospective study. Epidemiological and clinical data and complementary studies were collected. ILAE guidelines for epidemiological studies were applied. RESULTS: One hundred and forty two patients were diagnosed with child epilepsy (18 infants, 47 early children, 39 school children and 38 adolescents). The annual incidence rate was 62.1 cases per 100.000 (95% CI: 61.6-62.6), with a highest incidence rate during the first year of life (103.9 per 100.000). Fifty seven percent of the patients presented focal epilepsies, 41.5% generalized and 1.4% undetermined. In infants, West syndrome (44.4%), epilepsies associated to specific syndromes (27.7%) and focal symptomatic (11.1%) were the most prevalent epileptic syndromes. In early childhood, the main syndromes were focal symptomatic (21.3%) or cryptogenic epilepsies (25.5%). In schoolchildren, focal idiopathic (25.6%) and cryptogenic epilepsies (20.5%). And, in adolescents, focal cryptogenic (21.1%) and idiopathic epilepsies (18.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The annual incidence rate of child epilepsy in Navarre shows a similar rate as described for other western countries, with the highest incidence rate during the first year of life, diminishing gradually until adolescence. Published data concerning relative frequency of epilepsy and epileptic syndromes are quite discordant. The difficulties in establishing a syndromic diagnosis require the application of uniform criteria in order to obtain valid and comparable epidemiological information.     

Pesticides in groundwater in Britain

The maximum admissible concentration (MAC) stated by the Directive from the European Community is 0.1 μg 1^‐1 for individual pesticides, and groundwaters with levels above this require treatment by law before being supplied for drinking purposes. However the 1980 Directive is the subject of debate due to its absence of a toxicological assessment. This paper discusses some of the arguments for setting MAC values for pesticides in drinking water. The pesticides that have been most frequently detected in groundwaters in England and Wales are the triazines namely simazine and atrazine. These pesticides are herbicides emanating from diffuse mainly non agricultural situations, for example weed control operations on industrial sites, railways and road edges. Although agricultural herbicides are used in much greater tonnages that the triazines, the former are only occasionally noted in groundwater samples.