MANCL: a multi‐anchor nodes collaborative localization algorithm for underwater acoustic sensor networks

Localization is an essential and major issue for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs). Almost all the applications in UASNs are closely related to the locations of sensors. In this paper, we propose a multi‐anchor nodes collaborative localization (MANCL) algorithm, a three‐dimensional (3D) localization scheme using anchor nodes and upgrade anchor nodes within two hops for UASNs. The MANCL algorithm divides the whole localization process into four sub‐processes: unknown node localization process, iterative location estimation process, improved 3D Euclidean distance estimation process, and 3D DV‐hop distance estimation process based on two‐hop anchor nodes. In the third sub‐process, we propose a communication mechanism and a vote mechanism to determine the temporary coordinates of unknown nodes. In the fourth sub‐process, we use two‐hop anchor nodes to help localize unknown nodes. We also evaluate and compare the proposed algorithm with a large‐scale localization algorithm through simulations. Results show that the proposed MANCL algorithm can perform better with regard to localization ratio, average localization error, and energy consumption in UASNs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Range‐free intersecting chord‐based geometric localization scheme for wireless sensor networks

Recent advancement in wireless sensor network has contributed greatly to the emerging of low‐cost, low‐powered sensor nodes. Even though deployment of large‐scale wireless sensor network became easier, as the power consumption rate of individual sensor nodes is restricted to prolong the battery lifetime of sensor nodes, hence the heavy computation capability is also restricted. Localization of an individual sensor node in a large‐scale geographic area is an integral part of collecting information captured by the sensor network. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is one of the most popular methods of localization of mobile terminals; however, the use of this technology in wireless sensor node greatly depletes battery life. Therefore, a novel idea is coined to use few GPS‐enabled sensor nodes, also known as anchor nodes, in the wireless sensor network in a well‐distributed manner. Distances between anchor nodes are measured, and various localization techniques utilize this information. A novel localization scheme Intersecting Chord‐Based Geometric Localization Scheme (ICBGLS) is proposed here, which loosely follows geometric constraint‐based algorithm. Simulation of the proposed scheme is carried out for various communication ranges, beacon broadcasting interval, and anchor node traversal techniques using Omnet++ framework along with INET framework. The performance of the proposed algorithm (ICBGLS), Ssu scheme, Xiao scheme, and Geometric Constraint‐Based (GCB) scheme is evaluated, and the result shows the fact that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing localization algorithms in terms of average localization error. The proposed algorithm is executed in a real‐time indoor environment using Arduino Uno R3 and shows a significant reduction in average localization time than GCB scheme and similar to that of the SSU scheme and Xiao scheme.     

Unconstrained Face Detection of Multiple Humans Present in the Video

Accurate and fast localization of randomly deployed sensor nodes is needed for many applications in wireless sensor networks. Localization also benefits in recognizing the geographically area where an event took place. There is no meaning of any event information without the knowledge of its location coordinates. DV-Hop is one of the main range free localization technique, which estimates the position of nodes using distance vector. Particle swarm optimization is suitable for the localization issues because of its fast computing speed and high precision. To further reduce the positioning error, the traditional DV-Hop localization algorithm based on single objective optimization algorithm is converted into a multi objective optimization algorithm. In our proposed scheme, we have considered six different single objective functions and three different multi objective functions. In this paper, a multi objective particle swarm optimization based DV-Hop localization is proposed in 3-dimensional wireless sensor networks. The proposed functions has been evaluated on the basis of computation time, average localization error and localization error variance. The simulation results show that our proposed multi objective function performs better as compared to traditional single objective function.

     

Hybrid area exploration–based mobility‐assisted localization with sectored antenna in wireless sensor networks

In common practice, sensor nodes are randomly deployed in wireless sensor network (WSN); hence, location information of sensor node is crucial in WSN applications. Localization of sensor nodes performed using a fast area exploration mechanism facilitates precise location‐based sensing and communication. In the proposed localization scheme, the mobile anchor (MA) nodes integrated with localization and directional antenna modules are employed to assist in localizing the static nodes. The use of directional antennas evades trilateration or multilateration techniques for localizing static nodes thereby resulting in lower communication and computational overhead. To facilitate faster area coverage, in this paper, we propose a hybrid of max‐gain and cost‐utility–based frontier (HMF) area exploration method for MA node's mobility. The simulations for the proposed HMF area exploration–based localization scheme are carried out in the Cooja simulator. The paper also proposes additional enhancements to the Cooja simulator to provide directional and sectored antenna support. This additional support allows the user with the flexibility to feed radiation pattern of any antenna obtained either from simulated data of the antenna design simulator, ie, high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) or measured data of the vector network analyzer (VNA). The simulation results show that the proposed localization scheme exhibits minimal delay, energy consumption, and communication overhead compared with other area exploration–based localization schemes. The proof of concept for the proposed localization scheme is implemented using Berkeley motes and customized MA nodes mounted with indigenously designed radio frequency (RF) switch feed network and sectored antenna.     

基于加权的DV-Hop算法在WSN中的应用与研究

定位在无线传感器网络中非常重要,在DV-Hop定位算法中,平均每跳距离的计算误差过大.提出了改进的DV-Hop定位算法,结合较少跳数范围内加权的思想求解平均每跳距离,再乘以跳数,使其结果更加接近真实值.MATLAB仿真结果显示,改进的DV-Hop算法定位在不需要增加硬件开销的基础上增加了定位精度,定位误差明显减少.     

Ranging error‐tolerable localization in wireless sensor networks with inaccurately positioned anchor nodes

Localization is essential for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It is to determine the positions of sensor nodes based on incomplete mutual distance measurements. In this paper, to measure the accuracy of localization algorithms, a ranging error model for time of arrival (TOA) estimation is given, and the Cramer—Rao Bound (CRB) for the model is derived. Then an algorithm is proposed to deal with the case where (1) ranging error accumulation exists, and (2) some anchor nodes broadcast inaccurate/wrong location information. Specifically, we first present a ranging error‐tolerable topology reconstruction method without knowledge of anchor node locations. Then we propose a method to detect anchor nodes whose location information is inaccurate/wrong. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Localization of Wireless Sensor Networks Using a Single Anchor Node

Localization of nodes in a sensor network is essential for the following two reasons: (i) to know the location of a node reporting the occurrence of an event, and (ii) to initiate a prompt action whenever necessary. Different localization techniques have been proposed in the literature. Most of these techniques use three location aware nodes for localization of an unknown node. Moreover, the localization techniques also differ from environment to environment. In this paper, we proposed a localization technique for grid environment. Sensor nodes are deployed in a grid pattern and localization is achieved using a single location aware or anchor node. We have identified three types of node in the proposed scheme: (i) Anchor node, (ii) Unknown node and (iii) Special node. First, the special nodes are localized with respect to the anchor node, then the unknown nodes are localized using trilateration mechanism. We have compared the proposed scheme with an existing localization algorithm for grid deployment called Multiduolateration. The parameters considered for localization are localization time and localization error. It is observed that localization time and error in the proposed scheme is lower than that of Multiduolateration.     

Distributed two‐hop proportional fair resource allocation in Long Term Evolution Advanced networks

In Long Term Evolution Advanced networks with Type I in‐band half‐duplex decode‐and‐forward relay nodes, proportional fair (PF) resource allocation is aiming at guaranteeing two‐hop match and optimising global proportional fairness. The two‐hop match is defined as equal data rates in the access links and the corresponding backhaul links. The global proportional fairness is between all the user equipments served by the evolved nodes B and the relay nodes. Existing centralised schemes achieve these targets at the cost of enormous channel state information (CSI) exchange. Existing distributed schemes focus on resource partitioning and employ a traditional single‐hop PF scheduling algorithm in access links, with less CSI exchange. The traditional PF scheduling algorithm maximises single‐hop proportional fairness between the data rates in the access links rather than two‐hop proportional fairness between the end‐to‐end data rates in the two hops. In order to reduce CSI exchange and at the same time to maximise the two‐hop proportional fairness, a distributed two‐hop PF resource allocation scheme is proposed. The proposed scheme includes two‐hop PF resource scheduling algorithms and adaptive resource partitioning algorithms, applied in different two‐hop transmission protocols. Simulation results demonstrate the proposed scheme is better than the existing distributed schemes in obtaining better proportional fairness and larger cell‐edge user equipment throughputs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种无需测距的无线传感器网络定位算法研究

定位信息是在无线传感器网络许多应用中不可缺少的,并且越来越重要。DV-Hop是一种典型的无需测距的定位算法。通过对DV-Hop算法的理论分析,找出其产生误差的主要原因,提出了一种改进的DV-Hop定位算法。增加锚节点数量及减少每条平均距离误差,有效提高节点定位精度。不用额外的硬件支持能够得到更接近实际位置的估算位置。仿真结果表明,提出的改进算法性能比原来的算法显著提升。     

基于改进灰狼优化算法的DV-Hop定位算法

针对无线传感器网络节点DV-Hop定位算法由于节点分布不均,距离估计不准确,导致定位精度较低的问题,提出了一种基于改进灰狼优化算法的DV-Hop定位算法,采用先进的灰狼优化算法以寻找最优值的方式得到未知节点、坐标。同时,为进一步提高优化算法的寻优能力,克服可能出现局部最优的情况,将优化算法与免疫算法相结合,提高优化算法中灰狼种群的多样性,进而提高对最优解的搜索能力,达到提高定位精度的目的。实验结果表明,相对于普通的DV-Hop定位算法和普通的灰狼优化算法,改进之后的定位算法精度更高。     

改进的无线传感器网络DV-Hop 节点定位算法

DV-Hop 算法是解决无线传感器网络节点定位问题的一种经典算法。文中根据经典的DV-Hop 算法提出了一种改进算法,通过引入更优的误差矫正和双曲线定位算法,减少了经典算法中多跳过程中积累的定位误差。比较和分析了经典DV-Hop 算法和改进后算法的仿真结果可以看出,改进后的DV-Hop 算法定位精度提高显著,在给定条件下的定位误差下降了约50%。     

A new range‐free PCA‐based localization algorithm in wireless sensor networks

Range‐free localization algorithms in wireless sensor networks have been an interesting field for researchers over the past few years. The combining of different requirements such as storage space, computational capacities, communication capabilities, and power efficiency is a challenging aspect of developing a localization algorithm. In this paper, a new range‐free localization algorithm, called PCAL, is proposed using soft computing techniques. The proposed method utilizes hop‐count distances as the data to train and build a neural network. Before feeding the data into the neural network for the purpose of training, the dimensionality of data is reduced by principal component analysis algorithm. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using simulation. The obtained results show that the proposed algorithm has a better performance in contrast to other algorithms based on storage space, communication overhead, and localization accuracy. Furthermore, the effect of various parameters on the PCAL algorithm is studied.     

定位算法在传感器网络中的改进策略

研究节点定位技术是传感器网络中的一个重要课题。针对DV-Hop定位算法适应节点均匀分布的网络这一特性,为了减小DV-Hop定位算法的定位误差,提出了节点的部署策略;针对平均每跳距离在求不同跳数的节点之间的距离时有着不同程度的影响,为了提高待定位节点的定位精度,提出了距离修正值策略。经过以上处理之后,得到了更加准确的平均每跳距离的估计值。实验表明,改进后的算法不仅提高了定位精度,同时也改善了定位的稳定性。     

Reference node placement and selection algorithm based on trilateration for indoor sensor networks

The key problem of location service in indoor sensor networks is to quickly and precisely acquire the position information of mobile nodes. Due to resource limitation of the sensor nodes, some of the traditional positioning algorithms, such as two‐phase positioning (TPP) algorithm, are too complicated to be implemented and they cannot provide the real‐time localization of the mobile node. We analyze the localization error, which is produced when one tries to estimate the mobile node using trilateration method in the localization process. We draw the conclusion that the localization error is the least when three reference nodes form an equilateral triangle. Therefore, we improve the TPP algorithm and propose reference node selection algorithm based on trilateration (RNST), which can provide real‐time localization service for the mobile nodes. Our proposed algorithm is verified by the simulation experiment. Based on the analysis of the acquired data and comparison with that of the TPP algorithm, we conclude that our algorithm can meet real‐time localization requirement of the mobile nodes in an indoor environment, and make the localization error less than that of the traditional algorithm; therefore our proposed algorithm can effectively solve the real‐time localization problem of the mobile nodes in indoor sensor networks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种基于误差距离加权与跳段算法选择的遗传优化DV-Hop定位算法

针对Distance Vector-Hop (DV-Hop) 定位算法存在较大定位误差的问题,该文提出了一种基于误差距离加权与跳段算法选择的遗传优化DV-Hop定位算法,即WSGDV-Hop定位算法。改进算法用基于误差与距离的权值处理锚节点的平均每跳距离;根据判断的位置关系选择适合的跳段距离计算方法;用改进的遗传算法优化未知节点坐标。仿真结果表明,WSGDV-Hop定位算法的性能明显优于Distance Vector-Hop (DV-Hop) 定位算法,减小了节点定位误差、提高了算法定位精度。     

DV-Loc: a scalable localization protocol using Voronoi diagrams for wireless sensor networks [accepted from open call]

Localization systems have been identified as a key issue in the development and operation of wireless ssensor networks. DV-Hop, a wellknown localization algorithm, has recently been proposed for WSNs. Its basic idea relies on transforming the distance to all beacon nodes from hops to meters by using the computed average size of a hop. Despite its advantages, the DV-Hop algorithm has some limitations, mainly due to its high communication cost and energy consumption, which unfortunately limit its applicability to small or medium-sized sensor networks. The scalability issue of DV-Hop is a challenging problem that needs to be addressed. In this article we propose a novel localizationbased protocol and show how Voronoi diagrams can be used efficiently to scale a DV-Hop algorithm while maintaining and/or reducing further DV-Hop?s localization error. In our localization scheme, nodes can also be localized by their Voronoi cells. In order to evaluate the performance of our scheme, we present an extensive set of simulation experiments using ns-2. Our results clearly indicate that our proposed algorithm performs and scales better than DV-Hop.     

A distributed,multi‐hop,adaptive, tree‐based energy‐balanced routing approach

To accomplish the primary objective of data sensing and collection of wireless sensor networks (WSN), the design of an energy efficient routing algorithm is very important. However, the energy constrained sensing nodes along with the intrinsic properties of the (WSN) environment makes the routing a challenging task. To overcome this routing dilemma, an improved distributed, multi‐hop, adaptive, tree‐based energy‐balanced (DMATEB) routing scheme is proposed in this paper. In this scheme, a relay node is selected in view of minimum distance and high energy from a current sensing node. Further, the parent node is chosen among the selected relay nodes on the basis of high residual energy and less power consumption with due consideration of its associated child nodes. As each sensing node itself selects its parent among the available alternatives, the proposed scheme offers a distributive and adaptive approach. Moreover, the proposed system does not overload any selected parent of a particular branch as it starts acting as a child whenever its energy lowers among the other available relay nodes. This leads to uniform energy utilization of nodes that offers a better energy balance mechanism and improves the network lifespan by 20% to 30% as compared with its predecessors.     

基于连通度和加权校正的移动节点定位算法

移动节点定位问题是无线传感器网络中的研究重点。针对移动节点定位误差大的问题,提出一种基于连通度和加权校正的移动节点定位算法。在未知节点移动过程中,根据节点间连通度大小选取参与定位的信标节点,利用加权校正方法修正RSSI测距信息,然后用最小二乘法对未知节点进行位置估计。仿真分析表明,节点通信半径和信标密度在一定范围内,该算法表现出良好的定位性能,定位精度明显提升。     

基于跳距修正加权DV Hop的WSN定位算法

针对DV Hop算法在估算平均每跳距离时存在较大的误差,提出一种跳距修正的加权定位算法。改进后算法是通过引入平均每跳距离误差修正值,进行加权处理,从而减少了跳距误差,避免了后续计算过程中误差的累积。仿真结果表明,改进的DV Hop算法在不增加硬件开销的基础上,能有效提高定位精度,降低定位误差,具有较好的稳定性,是一种实用的无线传感器网络(WSN)节点定位方案。     

Cooperative wireless localization based on weighting for vector‐addition error

Localization error occurrence due to a position ambiguity is a very critical problem in wireless distributed cooperative localization, which may, in turn, affect the reliability of the localization of the whole or a major portion of the network. In this paper, we formulate a two‐dimensional cooperative localization model via graph partition in arbitrary topologies while considering the cooperative node's (or neighbor's) position ambiguity. Based on this model, we establish a robust algorithm, named weighted factor graph (FG)‐based cooperative localization algorithm, by mapping local topologies into the FG and by incorporating the vector‐addition error as the weight. The vector‐addition error includes the measurement error and the neighbor's position ambiguity, simultaneously. The optimal weight is derived theoretically according to the statistic properties of the vector errors and the joint probability density function. Theoretical analysis and numerical results indicate that the proposed algorithm can acquire higher level of accuracy for localization in various topology scenarios in comparison with some typical algorithms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.