等比重布比卡因单侧腰麻在高龄患者下肢骨科手术中的应用观察

目的观察等比重布比卡因单侧腰麻用于高龄患者下肢骨科手术麻醉的效果。方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级80～102岁下肢骨科手术患者80例,随机分为A、B组,各40例。A组用0.5%等比重布比卡因,B组用2%利多卡因,均为单侧腰麻,两组均控制麻醉平面不超过T10。监测并记录患者麻醉前、麻醉后5、10、20、30、60 min的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）和呼吸频率（RR）,观察患者麻醉后下肢感觉阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞起效时间、麻醉平面达T10时间及运动阻滞程度,评价麻醉效果和不良反应。结果与麻醉前相比,两组患者麻醉期间HR、SpO2、RR变化无明显差异（P均〉0.05）,A组麻醉前后MAP相比P均〉0.05,麻醉后30 min B组MAP与A组同期相比P〈0.05。A组麻醉起效时间、麻醉平面达T10时间显著快于B组（P均〈0.05）。A组术侧肌松效果明显优于B组（P〈0.05）。结论等比重布比卡因单侧腰麻用于高龄老年患者下肢骨科手术麻醉效果满意。     

轻比重不同浓度罗哌卡因单侧腰-硬联合麻醉对高龄髋关节置换术患者镇痛效果及血流动力学的影响

目的探讨轻比重不同浓度罗哌卡因单侧腰-硬联合麻醉对高龄髋关节置换术患者镇痛效果及血流动力学的影响。方法择期行单侧髋关节置换术患者106例随机单盲取法分为A、B、C 3组,A组35例给予轻比重0.2%罗哌卡因,B组35例给予轻比重0.3%罗哌卡因,C组36例给予轻比重0.5%罗哌卡因;均进行腰-硬联合麻醉,观察入室时(T0)、穿刺前(T1)、切开皮肤时间(T2)、T2后15 min(T3)、T2后30 min(T4)、缝合完成时(T5)各时间点血流动力学指标脉压差(MAP)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)及血氧饱和度(Sp O2)变化。同时观察术中不良反应、感觉及运动阻滞见效、恢复时间、阻滞12、24、48、72 h 4个时间点视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评定镇痛效果。结果 A组T1~T5各时间点MAP、HR、RR均显著低于同组T0(P<0.05),B组T1~T5时间点MAP、HR、RR低于同组T1及A组同指标同时间点(P<0.05),C组T1~T5时间点MAP、HR、RR显著低于同组T1及A、B组同指标同时间点(P<0.05),3组不同时间点Sp O2差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B、C组被动运动及主动运动VAS评分显著低于A组(P<0.05),B、C组同指标VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B、C组运动阻滞见效时间显著低于A组(P<0.05),感觉及运动恢复时间均显著高于A组(P<0.05),C组不良反应总发生率(41.66%)明显高于B组(17.14%)、A组(8.57%)(P<0.05),A组与B组总发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论轻比重0.3%罗哌卡因单侧腰-硬联合麻醉可满足高龄髋关节置换术要求,镇痛效果完善,对血流动力学影响小,不良反应少。     

轻比重布比卡因蛛网膜下腔麻醉联合脊椎麻醉对行防旋股骨近端髓内钉术老年患者的麻醉效果及影响

目的探究轻比重布比卡因蛛网膜下腔麻醉联合脊椎麻醉对行防旋股骨近端髓内钉(PFNA)术老年患者的麻醉效果及其对循环呼吸系统的影响。方法选取2015年8月至2018年8月在青海省人民医院行PFNA术的60例老年患者为研究对象。分为2组:轻比重组和重比重组,每组30例。重比重组使用3 ml含0.5%布比卡因的葡萄糖溶液麻醉,轻比重组使用6 ml含0.25%布比卡因的蒸馏水溶液麻醉。检测并比较2组麻醉前(T_0)、麻醉平面固定后(T_1)、用药后5 min(T_2)、15 min(T_3)、30 min(T_4)和60 min(T_5)的镇静程度及循环呼吸系统变化。使用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评估患者认知情况。比较2组麻醉效果和不良反应发生情况。采用SPSS 20.0软件进行数据处理。结果 2组患者麻醉起效时间、T_0～T_5时间点的Ramsay评分基本一致(P0.05)。与重比重组相比,轻比重组中麻醉阻滞平面≥T_(10)者的比例(20.00%vs 43.33%)、以及麻黄碱(3.33%vs 43.33%)和阿托品(6.67%vs 36.67%)的使用率均显著降低(P0.05)。与T_0时间点相比,2组患者T_2～T_5时间点的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率、收缩压、舒张压、呼吸频率和脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO_2)均有降低趋势。与轻比重组比较,重比重组患者T_1～T_5时间点的MAP和SpO_2显著降低(P0.05),T_2～T_5时间点的心率、收缩压、舒张压和呼吸频率显著降低(P0.05)。轻比重组患者麻醉后24 h的MMSE评分显著高于重比重组[(24.14±2.14)vs(26.83±2.34)分,P0.05]。轻比重组认知功能障碍发生率(3.33%vs 16.67%)和不良反应发生率(23.33%vs 46.67%)均显著低于重比重组(P0.05)。结论对行PFNA术的老年患者采用轻比重布比卡因蛛网膜下腔麻醉联合脊椎麻醉阻滞能够获得满意的麻醉效果,且对循环呼吸系统影响较小、安全性较高,值得在临床推广。     

不同比重布比卡因腰—硬联合阻滞对高龄下肢手术患者血流动力学的影响

目的比较不同比重布比卡因腰—硬联合阻滞用于高龄下肢手术患者的效果和安全性。方法将60例80～97岁行下肢择期手术患者随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组各20例,均行腰—硬联合阻滞麻醉,蛛网膜下腔用药分别为0.75%布比卡因1 mL+注射用水0.5 mL、0.75%布比卡因1 mL+脑脊液0.5 mL、0.75%布比卡因1 mL+10%葡萄糖0.5 mL,记录各组感觉平面、运动阻滞情况及麻醉效果;分别于麻醉前(T0)及给药后5 min(T1)、10 min(T2)、20 min(T3)、30 min(T4)监测心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)及心输出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)、每搏指数(SVI)、全身外周血管阻力(SVR)等血流动力学参数。结果与T0相比,三组SVI和SVR在T1～T4各时点均有不同程度下降(P<0.05或0.01),HR在T1及T2升高,MAP下降(P<0.05或0.01);Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组CO及CI在T1～T3下降明显(P<0.05或0.01),而Ⅰ组仅有轻微下降(P>0.05)。结论轻比重布比卡因腰—硬联合阻滞用于高龄下肢手术患者具有阻滞范围较小、运动神经阻滞程度较轻、血流动力学影响小等优点。     

等比重布比卡因用于剖宫产术腰硬联合麻醉的效果

目的观察等比重布比卡因应用于剖宫产术腰硬联合麻醉的效果。方法选择80例拟行腰硬联合麻醉下剖宫产术的产妇,ASA I~II级,随机分为A组(n=40)和B组(n=40),A组腰麻应用0.75%布比卡因1.2 m L,B组腰麻应用0.75%布比卡因1.2 m L和脑脊液0.8 m L。观察和记录两组产妇的腰麻阻滞平面情况、麻醉效果、硬膜外追加麻药和术中发生并发症情况。结果两组产妇达到麻醉阻滞平面的时间无统计学差异(P0.05);B组产妇麻醉阻滞平面高于A组,麻醉效果优于A组,硬膜外追加麻药情况少于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);两组产妇术中发生并发症无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论剖宫产术腰硬联合麻醉中应用等比重布比卡因(0.75%布比卡因1.2 m L和脑脊液0.8 m L),具有麻醉阻滞效果好、硬膜外追加麻药情况少的优点,在采取有效预防仰卧位综合征措施,加强术中监测情况下,并发症发生较少,值得推荐使用。     

利多卡因雾化吸入复合全身麻醉下行无痛纤支镜检查和治疗的麻醉效果分析

目的观察分析利多卡因雾化吸入复合全身麻醉下行无痛纤支镜检查和治疗的麻醉效果。方法选择2016-11/2017-11期间行无痛纤支镜检查和治疗的52例患者,随机分2组,按照利多卡因喷雾表面复合全身麻醉形式的患者作为喷雾组,雾化吸入复合全身麻醉的患者作为雾化组。观察不同时期两组患者的心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO_2)及平均动脉压(MAP)变化情况,对比两组患者的丙泊酚用量、检查时间、患者对麻醉效果满意度情况。结果雾化组患者于T0、T1、T2、T3时期HR、MAP的升高及SpO_2的降低情况均优于喷雾组的T0、T1、T2、T3时期HR、MAP、SpO_2数据指标(P0.05);雾化组患者的丙泊酚用量为(140.01±22.71)mg、检查时间为(6.94±2.10)min,均低于喷雾组(P0.05);雾化组患者对麻醉效果满意度评分为(8.69±1.20)分,明显高于喷雾组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于需要进行无痛纤支镜检查和治疗的患者,采用利多卡因雾化吸入复合全身麻醉的效果更佳,患者的血流动力学稳定,具有推荐应用的价值。     

老年患者等比重罗哌卡因腰麻的临床研究

目的研究等比重罗哌卡因腰麻用于老年患者的临床特点与安全性。方法选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,择期行下腹部及以下部位手术老年病人96例,随机分为罗哌卡因组(R组)和布比卡因组(B组),每组48例。R组1%罗哌卡因1ml,B组0.75%布比卡因1ml。观察感觉神经、运动神经阻滞情况及给药前、后相同时间点MAP、HR和SpO2,记录术中不良反应发生情况与药物用量。药物干预及指标观察为双盲。结果R组感觉神经阻滞起效时间显著慢于B组(P<0.05),最高平面中位数显著低于B组(P<0.05),而最高平面出现时间、消退时间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。R组运动神经阻滞起效时间均显著慢于B组(P<0.05),但平面固定后MBS评分无显著差异(P>0.05),而运动完全恢复时间显著快于B组(P<0.05)。两组给药后各时间点MAP均低于给药前,但相同时间点两组比较R组显著高于B组(P<0.05)。R组术中辅助药用量及不良反应发生明显减少(P<0.05)。两组术中呼吸平稳,SpO2均≥98%。结论等比重罗哌卡因腰麻具有可控性好、血流动力学稳定、呼吸平稳等优点,是老年病人下腹部及以下部位手术安全可行、比较理想的麻醉方法。     

地佐辛预处理对老年下肢远端骨折患者术后痛觉过敏及血流动力学的影响

目的探讨地佐辛预处理对老年下肢远端骨折患者术后痛觉过敏及血流动力学的影响。方法选取贵州省安顺市人民医院2018年4月至2019年6月行下肢远端骨折手术的老年患者77例,依据盲抽法分为对照组(n=38)与观察组(n=39)。对照组进行常规全麻,观察组在对照组基础上,于麻醉诱导结束后,切皮前15 min左右,予以地佐辛预处理,比较两组麻醉恢复期指标、各时间点疼痛程度与血流动力学指标。结果观察组术毕苏醒时间、拔管时间、意识恢复时间与对照组差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组术后1 h(T0)视觉模拟评分(VAS)差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组术后6 h(T1)、术后12 h(T2)VAS均较T0显著降低,且观察组T1、T2 VAS较对照组显著低(P0.05);对照组T0、T1、T2平均动脉压(MAP)、血氧饱和度(SPO_2)、心率(HR)水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组T0、T1、T2 MAP、SPO_2、HR水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组T0 MAP、SPO_2、HR水平,T1时刻HR水平、T2时刻MAP水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组T1时刻MAP、SPO_2水平、T2时刻SPO_2、HR水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年下肢远端骨折患者应用地佐辛预处理可有效预防术后痛觉过敏,降低疼痛程度,平稳血流动力学,且对麻醉恢复期无影响。     

不同麻醉方案在老年多发肠息肉患者中的应用效果对比

目的分析不同麻醉方案在多发肠息肉老年患者中的应用效果。方法择期行肠镜下多发肠息肉摘除术的72例老年患者随机分为观察组和对照组各36例。观察组、对照组术中分别给予小剂量右美托咪定(DEX)联合舒芬太尼、丙泊酚联合舒芬太尼的麻醉方案,根据术中情况加用丙泊酚、麻黄碱、阿托品等。比较给药前(T1)、置入肠镜时(T2)、手术开始15 min(T3)、退镜时(T4)、离开手术室(T5)的心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、血氧饱和度(SpO_2)、脑电双频指数(BIS)值及手术时间、苏醒时间、术后恢复室(PACU)的停留时间、术中麻黄碱、阿托品、丙泊酚的应用量、不良反应。结果与T1相比,观察组各时间点的HR、RR、MAP、SpO_2均未出现明显变化(P>0.05),仅T2、T3、T4的BIS值显著降低(P<0.05);对照组T2、T3、T4的RR、MAP、SpO_2、BIS值均显著降低(P<0.05),T5的MAP显著升高(P<0.05)。两组T1的HR、RR、MAP、SpO_2、BIS值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组T2、T3、T4的RR、MAP、SpO_2、BIS值均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组手术时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组苏醒时间、PACU的停留时间均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组均未应用阿托品,观察组术中未应用麻黄碱,显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组术中丙泊酚用量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组无低血压、呼吸抑制、头晕,2例术中明显体动和1例消化道不适。观察组低血压、呼吸抑制发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论对行无痛肠镜下多发息肉摘除术的老年患者而言,小剂量DEX联合舒芬太尼对呼吸、循环的影响轻微,且镇静深度较低,患者可随时被叫醒并配合操作,清醒镇静效果令人满意。     

不同比重液单侧腰麻在老年人髋部手术中的麻醉效果观察

目的观察不同比重液单侧腰麻在老年人髋部手术中的麻醉效果及并发症。方法将60例择期行髋部手术的老年患者随机分为两组:轻比重组(A组)30例(0.75%布比卡因与灭菌注射用水混合);重比重组(B组)30例(0.75%布比卡因与5%葡萄糖注射液混合)。两组均选择腰硬联合麻醉(CSEA),混合液含布比卡因8~15 mg,推注速度0.1 ml/s,注药完毕后维持穿刺体位不变至麻醉平面固定。观察麻醉起效时间、阻滞完全时间、持续时间、血流动力学变化及不良反应发生率。结果两组患者术中麻醉效果均满意,A组麻醉起效时间及平面固定时间均较B组延长(P0.01),而维持时间较B组短(P0.01)。与A组相比,B组血流动力学波动较大,需要辅助使用血管活性药,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论轻比重与重比重单侧腰麻均可适用于老年髋部手术麻醉,但轻比重单侧腰麻的血流动力学更趋于稳定,更加安全可行。     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

岳阳市城区小学生血吸虫病防治健康教育现状调查

目的 调查湖南省岳阳市城区小学生血吸虫病防治知识、行为现状及健康教育需求情况,为制定科学有效的小学生血吸虫病健康教育方案提供参考依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取岳阳市城区洞庭湖湖畔学校和中心城区学校各2所,每所再从五、六年级分别抽取2个班的学生,通过调查问卷了解小学生血吸虫病相关知识、预防行为及健康教育需求,并进行统计分析。结果 共调查湖畔小学353人、中心城区小学363人,两组学校小学生年龄、性别、年级构成差异无统计学意义（t=-0.494,χ²_性别=1.615,χ²_年级=2.152;P均>0.05）。学生血吸虫病防治知识总知晓率为42.60%（305/716）,其中,湖畔学校小学生血防知识知晓率（52.97%）高于中心城区（32.51%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=30.661,P<0.05）;学生行为正确率为76.68%（549/716）,血防知识知晓组行为正确率（81.31%）高于不知晓组（71.24%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=6.384,P<0.05）。学生血防知识主要来源于老师（47.49%）;91.90%的学生愿意了解更多的血防知识,最喜欢的血防知识学习方式是参加课外活动（50.42%）。结论 岳阳市城区小学生的血防知识知晓率及行为正确率偏低,对血吸虫病防治健康教育需求较高。建议针对学生开展形式多样的血防健康教育,以增强学生的血吸虫病防护意识,提高自我防护能力。     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.