Ag(TCNQ)纳米线的制备和场发射性能研究

采用气-液-固反应方法在硅片上制备了取向金属有机配合物Ag(TCNQ)纳米线.样品的XRD特征峰与Ag(TCNQ)相对应;SEM形貌显示纳米线几乎垂直基片生长,直径在50～300nm,长度在2～50μm.初步对其场发射性能进行了研究,所得Ag(TCNQ)纳米线的最低场发射开启电压约为1.5Vμm-1,最大发射电流密度约为0.03mAcm-2,此时对应的电场约为2.5Vpm-1.由测量所得I-Ⅴ曲线得到的FoWler-Nordheim(F-N)曲线近似为一条直线,说明样品具有场发射性能.重复实验表明,Ag(TCNQ)纳米线的场发射具有一定的稳定性.结合纳米线制备工艺,初步分析了场发射性能的影响因素.     

碳化硅/二氧化硅核壳结构纳米线的制备及场发射特性研究

以甲烷和二氧化硅纳米球为源,铁作催化剂,成功制备了长径比达200的碳化硅/二氧化硅核壳结构一维纳米线,分析了纳米线的合成机制,并研究了纳米线的场发射特性。研究结果表明,当施加的电场为5.5V/μm时,纳米线的场发射电流密度可达0.41mA/cm2,显示出良好的场发射特性。通过分析实验结果,认为纳米线具有良好场发射特性的原因有2个:一个是核壳结构纳米线的长径比比较大;另一个是核壳结构纳米线表面包覆的低电子亲和势的二氧化硅薄层抑制了表面缺陷发射。     

纳米α-Fe2O3的原位生长及其场发射性能研究

采用空气热氧化法在铁基片上原位生长纳米α-Fe2O3,并通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射、场发射等对600℃下氧化不同时间所制得样品的形貌、结构、场发射性能进行表征和分析.研究表明,600℃下所得样品均为(110)和(300)取向的α-Fe2O3,而且氧化时间对纳米α-Fe2O3的形状、密度、长径比及场发射性能都有较大的影响.生长开始时,主要以α-Fe2O3纳米片状为主,随着氧化时间的增加,纳米线逐渐增多,长度变长.其中氧化4h所得样品的密度和长径比适中,场发射效果最好,其开启场强为2.3 V/μm,而且概念错误均匀性好.     

基于氧化锌纳米线表面传导场发射阴极的研究

利用热蒸发和丝网印刷技术在玻璃基底上成功制备了氧化锌纳米线表面传导场发射阴极阵列,并测试其场发射性能。扫描电镜表明,在氩气和氧气流量分别为60和1mL/min,反应温度550℃保温30min条件下制备的氧化锌纳米线均匀垂直生长在玻璃基底上,直径大约在80～200nm,长度〉7μm。场发射测试表明,在阳压2000V和阴阳间距为500μm时,ZnO纳米线表面传导场发射阴极的开启电压为70V;在栅压为96V时,电子发射效率为26.2%,高于传统报道的表面传导电子发射器件,在经过80min的老练后发射接近稳定,平均发射电流接近135μA,表明ZnO纳米线表面传导场发射阴极有着稳定高效的场发射性能。     

单晶TiO_2纳米线束阵列的合成及光电转换性能研究

采用水热合成技术,以盐酸、去离子水和钛酸丁酯为反应前驱物,在透明导电玻璃(FTO)衬底上合成TiO2纳米线束阵列.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和高分辨透射电镜(TEM)对其结构和形貌进行了分析.结果表明:在FTO衬底上形成了垂直排列的具有金红石结构的单晶TiO2纳米线束阵列,TiO2纳米线束由φ4～6nm的几十条纳米线聚集在一起,形成宽度约110～210nm、长度约3μm的四方柱状结构.研究了以TiO2纳米线束阵列为光阳极制备的染料敏化太阳能电池的光电性能,其开路电压为0.72V,短路电流密度为2.9mA/cm2,填充因子为0.42,转换效率为0.88%.     

铝基氧化铝模板制备Ag纳米线及其电化学性质

采用电沉积的方法,以减薄阻挡层后的铝基多孔阳极氧化铝(AAO)为模板,制备了银纳米线。采用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等检测手段对产物的形貌和结构进行了表征。实验结果表明,所得的银纳米线具有面心立方结构,长度超过4μm,平均直径60nm左右。将所制备的银纳米线制成电极,电化学性能测试表明,银纳米线具有良好的可逆性和较高的比电容,当电流密度为5mA/cm2时,单电极比容量达到1110F/g。机理分析表明,一维结构的Ag纳米线对于提高电化学电容器的综合性能具有重要意义。     

金刚石微米聚晶结构的生长及其场发射特性研究

在覆盖金属钛层的陶瓷上,利用微波等离子体化学气相沉积(MPCVD)法制备出类球状微米金刚石聚晶薄膜.利用扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱、X射线衍射,分析了薄膜的结构和表面形貌.测试了类球状微米金刚石聚晶膜的场致电子发射特性.开启电场仅为0.55V/μm,在2.18V/μm的电场下,其场发射电、流密度高达11mA/cm2.对类球状微米金刚石聚晶阵列形成机理和场发射机理进行了研究.     

不同环境湿度对CuO纳米线生长及场发射性能的影响

首先在400℃的干燥空气(流量为500?sccm)及不同水汽流量(500、1500、3000、4000 sccm)等条件下分别热氧化铜片获得了系列垂直生长的氧化铜纳米线, 随后, 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)研究了不同条件下所制备的氧化铜纳米线形貌、结构等性能, 并进一步研究了其场发射性能。研究结果表明: 水汽对氧化铜纳米线的密度及场发射性能影响较大, 在500 sccm空气流量条件下, 通入水汽(500 sccm)条件与未通入水汽条件生长得到的氧化铜纳米线相比, 其密度明显增大, 场发射性能提升, 其开启场强约为3.7 V/μm, 明显低于干燥空气中生长氧化铜纳米线的开启场强(6.5 V/μm); 此外, 制备得到的氧化铜纳米线的场发射性能随着通入水汽量增大出现先升高后降低的趋势, 并且, 在通入水汽流量为3000 sccm时, 获得最佳的氧化铜纳米线场发射性能, 其开启场强低至1.4 V/μm。     

氨化Ga2O3/Nb薄膜制备GaN纳米线

采用射频磁控溅射技术先在硅衬底上制备Ga2O3/ Nb薄膜,然后在900℃时于流动的氨气中进行氨化制备GaN纳米线.用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外吸收光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)详细分析了GaN纳米线的结构和形貌.结果表明:采用此方法得到的GaN纳米线为六方纤锌矿结构,其纳米线的直径大约在50～100nm之间,纳米线的长约几个微米.室温下以325nm波长的光激发样品表面,只显示出一个位于364.4nm的很强的紫外发光峰.最后,简单讨论了GaN纳米线的生长机制.     

电催化金属辅助化学刻蚀法制备硅纳米线/多孔硅复合结构

量子限制效应使硅纳米线具有良好的场致发射特性, 结合多孔硅的准弹道电子漂移模型可提高场发射器件的性能。传统的金属辅助化学刻蚀法制备硅纳米线的效率较低, 本研究在传统方法的基础上引入恒流源, 提出电催化金属辅助化学刻蚀法, 高效制备了硅纳米线/多孔硅复合结构。在外加30 mA恒定电流的条件下, 硅纳米线的平均制备速率可达308 nm/min, 较传统方法提升了173%。研究了AgNO₃浓度、刻蚀时间和刻蚀电流对复合结构形貌的影响规律; 测试了采用电催化金属辅助化学刻蚀法制备样品的场发射特性。结果显示样品的阈值场强为10.83 V/μm, 当场强为14.16 V/μm时, 电流密度为64 μA/cm²。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。