Dynamic junction temperature measurement for high power light emitting diodes

Junction temperature of high power light emitting diodes (LEDs), which is crucial for the thermal management of solid-state lighting, needs to be measured accurately. In this paper, a dynamic junction temperature measurement system for LEDs was proposed and the calibration including instrument calibration and factor K calibration were presented. The influence of the fast switch time in dynamic junction temperature test was analyzed and measurement errors caused by sampling delay were quantified. To prove the accuracy of the present system, comparison experiment was conducted. It shows a good agreement between the experimental data and reference value. Experiments also show that the measurement accuracy of the instrument can be up to 0.1?°C, and the standard error of temperature measurement can be controlled within 1%.     

Contour parallel milling tool path generation for arbitrary pocket shape using a fast marching method

Contour parallel tool paths are among the most widely used tool paths for planer milling operations. A number of exact as well as approximate methods are available for offsetting a closed boundary in order to generate a contour parallel tool path; however, the applicability of various offsetting methods is restricted because of limitations in dealing with pocket geometry with and without islands, the high computational costs, and numerical errors. Generation of cusps, segmentation of rarefied corners, and self-intersection during the offsetting operations and finding a unique offsetting solution for pocket with islands are among the associated problems in contour tool path generation. Most of methods are inherently incapable of dealing with such problems and use complex computational routines to identify and rectify these problems. Also, these rectifying techniques are heavily dependent on the type of geometry, and hence, the application of these techniques for arbitrary boundary conditions is limited and prone to errors. In this paper, a new mathematical method for generation of contour parallel tool paths is proposed which is inherently capable of dealing with the aforementioned problems. The method is based on a boundary value formulation of the offsetting problem and a fast marching method based solution for tool path generation. This method handles the topological changes during offsetting naturally and deals with the generation of discontinuities in the slopes by including an “entropy condition” in its numerical implementation. The appropriate modifications are carried out to achieve higher accuracy for milling operations. A number of examples are presented, and computational issues are discussed for tool path generation.     

Influence of the phase composition and microstructure of plasma cladding Fe-Cr-Ni-C alloy coating on residual stress and crack formation

Tool path generation is one of the key challenges in multi-axis sculptured surface machining. Besides geometry accuracy, machining processes have been considered in tool path generation in order to improve machining quality and efficiency as far as possible. However, so far, the machine tool accuracies have not been yet fully taken into account during tool path generation. Contour accuracy is one of the most important precision indexes to guarantee the machining quality of sculptured surfaces. One of the major reasons causing contour error is the dynamic mismatch between feed axes of machine tools. In this study, the mathematic relationship between the cutting direction, dynamic mismatch of feed axes and contour error is theoretically established. The mathematic relationship can be used to calculate the optimal cutting directions which minimize the contour error caused by dynamic mismatch between feed axes during machining a sculptured surface by a three-axis machine tool. A machining experiment is carried out to verify the mathematic relationship. In the experiment, the tool paths are generated along the optimal cutting direction and other cutting directions for comparison. The results show that the contour error under the case of the optimal cutting direction is much smaller than that under the other cases.     

开关触点接触电阻动态测量方法研究

针对动态条件下开关触点接触电阻测量困难、工业环境下高频噪声和高斯白噪声的影响大等问题,研究了一种谐波分析测量及交流比较相结合的开关触点接触电阻测量方法,并将该方法应用于开关动态测试仪上。采用交流比较法能够有效提高信号的信噪比,消除了零点漂移及温度漂移;采用谐波分析法对接触电阻数据进行处理,能够滤除A/D产生的量化噪声,减小了工业环境下的高频噪声及高斯白噪声对测量的干扰。MATLAB仿真实验获得理想的测量效果。最后在开关动态测试仪上进行了动态实验,从而验证该方法的有效性与科学性。     

基于立体视觉的旋翼共锥度动态测量系统精度分析

为了提高基于立体视觉的直升机旋翼共锥度动态测量系统的精度和可操作性,全面分析了其测量误差。首先,介绍了测量系统模型及误差来源;其次,分析了双目立体视觉静态三维测量的误差;再次,针对旋翼共锥度的多目标动态测量特点,分析了系统安装误差对共锥度解算精度的影响;最后,利用原理样机进行了6 058次静态测量重复实验,通过统计分析可知静态测量误差小于1.4 mm。对动态测量误差进行了仿真实验分析,给出了各参数对精度影响的量化结果,为实际共锥度测量的误差控制提供了理论依据。在标记点安装精度小于10 mm的情况下,动态测量误差小于3.5 mm,合成产生的总测量误差小于4.9 mm,能满足旋翼共锥度动态测量精度要求。     

An improved tool–holder model for RCSA tool-point frequency response prediction

In addition to the precise kinematic motions of the machine tools and spindles, machining accurate parts necessitates controlling the dynamic behavior of the tool tip with respect to the workpiece. High-fidelity models of tool-tip dynamics can be used to select operating parameters that improve the accuracy by reducing the effect of vibrations. To effectively model the tool-tip dynamics for arbitrary tool-and-holder combinations using the receptance coupling substructure analysis (RCSA) technique, highly accurate and numerically efficient models of the tool–holder dynamics are needed. In this paper, we present a tool–holder model that incorporates a spectral-Tchebychev technique with the Timoshenko beam equation to obtain a completely parameterized solution. Comparison of the tool–holder model to a three-dimensional finite elements solution shows that the dynamic behavior is captured with sufficient accuracy. The tool–holder model is then coupled with the experimentally determined spindle–machine dynamics through RCSA to realize a model of the tool-tip dynamics. The coupled model is validated through experiments for three different tool overhang lengths. The presented technique can be used to predict the tool-tip dynamics for different tool-and-holder combinations and for optimization studies without the need for extensive experimentation.     

A methodology for systematic geometric error compensation in five-axis machine tools

To enhance the accuracy, an efficient methodology was developed and described for systematic geometric error correction and their compensation in five-axis machine tools. The methodology is capable of compensating the overall effect of all position-dependent and position-independent errors which contribute to volumetric workspace. It was implemented on a five-axis grinding machine for error compensation and for the check of its effectiveness. Error compensation algorithm was designed, and a routine was written in Matlab software. The developed technique and software are based on an error table which interprets the function of axis through cubic spline technique and synthesis modeling of a machine tool. Recursive compensation methodology was used to remove the machine errors from the actual tool path and inverse technique was implemented to find the corrected positions of prismatic and rotary joints. Moreover, it can convert the corrected tool paths into practical compensated NC codes. The generated, corrected and modified NC codes directly fed to the controller of a five-axis machine tool. Validation of the technique was preceded by repeated experimentation of measurement and through machining of typical standard workpieces with some additional specific features. Experimental results exhibit effective compensation and remarkable improvement in the parametric and volumetric-workspace accuracy of the five-axis machine tool.     

A new method for directly measuring the position errors of a three-axis machine. Part 1: theory

This paper presents a measurement method and instrument to measure position changes in a three-axis machine workspace. The proposed instrument, named 3D step gauge, includes two parts. One is composed of three LVDTs and installed in the main spindle. The other is a plate that is fixed on the worktable. Many triangular pyramids are distributed on the plate. Each pyramid profile plane is the basic measurement plane for the LVDTs. When the spindle moves relative to the plate, the LVDTs’ tip ends slide on the pyramid profile planes. From the datum measured by the LVDTs, the differential position changes of the spindle can be obtained by the pyramid’s constructional parameters. In addition, the error effect analysis is used to investigate the accuracy of the method with respect to the factor of the device constructional parameters. Part 1 of this paper gives the basic theory of measuring the differential position changes in the multi-axis machine workspace. Part 2 gives the application of this theory and so the position error in the multi-axis machine workspace can be directly measured. This proposed method and the instrument have been tested using an actual machine tool. The measurement results show good repeatability and high accuracy.     

数显式车刀角度测量仪的研究

为了提高车刀几何角度参数的测量精度,在原有车刀角度测量仪的基础上,改进设计了一种数字显示式车刀角度测量仪。该角度测量仪以单片机为控制核心,通过角度传感器采集转角信息,利用模数转换器模块,将所测车刀角度值以数字形式实时显示出来,提高了车刀几何角度测量的精确性。     

齿轮测量仪器的动态设计方法及其应用

为了解决目前齿轮量仪中由于动态性能不足而严重影响测量结果的稳定性、可靠性和精确性的问题,对齿轮测量仪器的动态设计方法展开研究,提出利用有限元分析与实验模态分析技术相结合的动态设计方法。首先,研究了动态分析的理论基础、有限元分析的基本步骤和实验模态分析的基本原理;接着,以某齿轮快速检测仪为例,对其进行了有限元分析与实验模态分析;然后,在该齿轮快速检测仪上进行测量实验,即采用不同精度的齿轮,在不同的速度下进行测试;最后,分析了测量实验中存在振动扰动以及测量过程中振动的变化情况。实验结果表明,有限元分析法可以在设计阶段有效的提高仪器的动态性能,从根本上提高仪器的动态性能指标。实验模态分析方法可以在仪器制造以后准确的获得仪器的实际动态性能指标,可以有效地进行最佳工作转速选择,进一步提升仪器的使用性能。通过测量实验,验证了有限元分析和实验模态分析的正确,为齿轮提高齿轮量仪的动态精度提供了一种方法,为量仪的合理使用提供了一条确实可行的途径。     

Form-truing error compensation of diamond grinding wheel in CNC envelope grinding of free-form surface

In computer numerical control (CNC) grinding of free-form surface, an ideal arc profile of trued diamond grinding wheel is generally employed to plan 3D tool paths, whereas its form-truing errors greatly influence the ground form accuracy. A form-truing error compensation approach is proposed by using an approached wheel arc profile to replace the previously designed ideal one. The objective is to directly compensate the trued wheel arc-profile errors. It may avoid the time consumption of traditional approach that compensates the measured coordinate point errors of workpiece to an iterative grinding operation. First, the 3D tool path surface was constructed to plan the 3D tool paths. Second, the CNC arc truing of grinding wheel was conducted to analyze the form-truing error distribution relative to the applied wheel arc profile. Then, the form-truing error compensation was carried out in CNC envelope grinding. Finally, the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm was used to match the measured coordinate points of workpiece to ideal free-form surface. It is shown that the 3D tool path surface constructed is practicable to plan arbitrary 3D tool paths for the form-truing error compensation. The ICP matching may be used to investigate 3D ground form error distribution. It is confirmed that the form-truing error compensation can directly improve the 3D ground form accuracy. It may decrease the 3D ground form error by about 20% when the 2D form-truing error is reduced by about 58% using the same truing conditions for CNC grinding.     

光电编码器误差检测转台的动态精度标定

由于光电编码器动态检测转台的分辨率、精度和转速都比较高,传统检测手段很难精确标定该类转台的动态精度,故本文开展了转台动态精度标定方法的研究。首先,分析动态转台工作原理,指出了影响转台动态精度的主要因素。然后,研究了动态误差的主要特性,提出了一种基于动态重复性的转台动态精度标定方法。最后,设计了FPGA+USB的数据采集电路,实现了对转台动态精度的标定。对自行研制的转台进行了动态精度标定。标定结果显示:提出的动态精度标定方法能够实现对转台的标定,验证了该转台能够实现对被检编码器的动态检测,解决了研制动态转台时缺少动态检测精度标定方法的难题。     

Experimental investigation on various tool path strategies influencing surface quality and form accuracy of CNC milled complex freeform surface

Four tool path strategies such as equal-interval tool paths, parallel tool paths, parallel–tangency tool paths, and freeform tool paths are proposed in computer numerical control milling of a complex freeform surface. The objective is to understand how 3D tool paths influence their machining efficiency, surface quality, and form accuracy. In this study, their scallop heights were less than or equal to 15 μm. First, their scallop heights distributions and 3D tool path distances were theoretically analyzed; then, four tool path strategies were investigated with reference to machining efficiency, surface texture height, surface roughness, and form errors. It is shown that scallop heights distribution can be used to display the surface texture state and predict tool path distance. Experimental results indicate that the surface texture height, the surface roughness, and the form errors were nearly identical on the machined flat location and surface for various tool path strategies, whereas their surface quality and form accuracy are easily destroyed on the abrupt ones except for the parallel tool paths. Although the freeform tool paths produce the shortest tool path distance through 3-axes driving mode, the parallel tool paths offer the best surface quality and form accuracy through 2-axes driving mode. This is because the 3-axes driving and its vector changes on abrupt location easily lead to large machine vibration and movement errors. It is confirmed that the parallel tool path strategy with 2-axes driving mode can improve the surface quality and form accuracy in actual milling of a complex freeform surface.     

基于传感器联合测量的车载POS精度检测系统设计

POS系统是移动测量系统的重要组成部分,其位置姿态精度一直受到广泛关注。结合全站仪、激光跟踪仪、GNSS授时装置等传感器,设计了动态精度检测系统,开展了POS系统动态精度检测方法研究。主要采用单次测量时间统计、平滑曲线拟合等方法探测检测系统的测量误差,并在误差剔除的基础上,结合ICP算法,利用跟踪仪高精度测量数据,对全站仪数据进行修正,提高检测系统整体测量精度。最后,在某实验区,进行车载POS系统动态跟踪实验,分别采用整体轨迹对比和实时点位对比方法进行POS系统事后处理精度检测和实时导航精度检测。实验结果表明:采用该种检测方法,动态检测系统能检测出POS实时和事后处理的动态定位精度。     

一种特殊用途的光学系统设计

介绍一种瞄准系统光学检测仪器的光学设计研究，其中包括设计的难度、研究思路、解决办法及最后结果。该光学系统作为接收镜被用在我所研制的摇摆台动态精度检测仪中。     

一种非接触式R-test测量仪球心坐标计算方法

R-test测量仪是用于五轴数控机床转动轴结构误差测量的专用设备,其通过测量球相对测量坐标系的位置变化进行误差辨识。在测量坐标系中,测量球球心坐标计算的准确性和稳定性是保证测量精度的重要前提。为进行测量球球心坐标的精确计算,构建了非接触式R-test测量仪的结构模型并建立了球心坐标计算方程组。以球心坐标计算方程组为基础,简化得到用于球心坐标求解的非线性方程组并构建其目标函数,然后采用差分进化算法提高球心坐标求解的精度。最后,在GF Mikron UCP800五轴机床上进行对比实验,将测量球球心坐标的计算结果与机床实际坐标进行对比,验证所提出球心坐标计算方法的精度和可靠性。     

Simultaneous geometric error identification of rotary axis and tool setting in an ultra-precision 5-axis machine tool using on-machine measurement

This paper presents a method to identify the position independent geometric errors of rotary axis and tool setting simultaneously using on-machine measurement. Reducing geometric errors of an ultra-precision five-axis machine tool is a key to improve machining accuracy. Five-axis machines are more complicated and less rigid than three axis machine tools, which leads to inevitable geometric errors of the rotary axis. Position deviation in the process of installing a tool on the rotary axis magnifies the machining error. Moreover, an ultra-precision machine tool, which is capable of machining part within sub-micrometer accuracy, is relatively more sensitive to the errors than a conventional machine tool. To improve machining performance, the error components must be identified and compensated. While previous approaches have only measured and identified the geometric errors on the rotary axis without considering errors induced in tool setting, this study identifies the geometric errors of the rotary axis and tool setting. The error components are calculated from a geometric error model. The model presents the error components in a function of tool position and angle of the rotary axis. An approach using on-machine measurement is proposed to measure the tool position in the range of 10 s nm. Simulation is conducted to check the sensitivity of the method to noise. The model is validated through experiments. Uncertainty analysis is also presented to validate the confidence of the error identification.     

数显便携式测色仪设计

为了使牙齿健康美容领域中牙齿的配色更加精确,设计出一款以色度学原理为基础,应用白平衡调节手段,采用集成数字化电路及掌上结构设计的牙齿测色仪器。设备以正白光高亮LED为光源、mega128单片机为核心,采用TCS230可编程颜色传感器采集颜色信号,通过C语言编程来实现颜色数据的采集、显示以及存储。通过比色卡对比实验,分析了几种影响测量精确度的因素。仪器具有测量精度高、稳定度好、功耗低、便于携带等优点,具有广泛的应用前景及市场空间。     

加入温度误差项的动态测量误差修正灰色模型

动态测量中的温度变化会使测量结果产生温度误差。采用插入高精度标准信号的误差实时分离方法无法将温度误差从测量信号中分离出来 ,因此必须在动态测量误差修正灰色模型中加入测量仪器的温度误差项 ,以提高模型的误差修正精度     

自由曲面微铣刀加工路径建模与仿真

为提高微小自由曲面数控加工精度与效率,对选择高效的自由曲面微铣刀加工路径进行了研究和讨论。在UG软件中,不同的加工模式对于自由曲面可得到不同的加工路径。首先,建立自由曲面模型并选定加工参数;然后,选用三种不同的加工方法,分别跟随周边、单向和往复,对三种加工路径进行铣削加工编程与仿真,分析了不同加工路径过切量与欠切量的结果,并对每种路径的加工时间进行了比较;最后,根据仿真及分析结果确定了具有较好加工精度和高效的加工路径。仿真结果表明,单向方式的加工路径可获得最小过切量,而往复加工路径可获得最小的欠切量。在加工时间方面,三种加工路径跟随周边、单向和往复的铣削时间分别为53s、115s和65s。通过对三种路径的分析与比较,选择高效的加工路径,帮助提高生产效率和加工精度。