浅谈宋清两代建筑之比较

以宋《营造法式》和清《工程做法则例》为基础,将宋式与清式建筑做法的几个主要部分作比较,了解中国古典木构建筑发展演变之趋势.     

《营造法式》中椽材间广屋深的模数初探

模数制是人类建筑活动发展到一定阶段的必然产物。《营造法式》(简称《法式》)卷四大木作制度开卷即说:“凡构屋之制,皆以材为祖,材有八等,度屋之大小因而用之”。这里讲的“材”即是模数之意。在同卷中,材份制涵盖了斗栱的所有构件和制做工艺,但在卷五中,叙述椽架平和间广时使用的却是具体尺寸,似乎《法式》在这里没有法式了。李诫在“看详”中评价     

宋式与清式楼阁建筑平坐层比较——以独乐寺观音阁与曲阜奎文阁为例

文章通过对比宋式与清式的楼阁建筑平坐层,来分析从宋式到清式中国木建筑在结构方面的发展。在对比中,选择了辽代的独乐寺观音阁以及明代的曲阜孔庙奎文阁作为《营造法式》和《营造则例》的代表进行比较,最终的结论与中国木建筑结构向着稳定性更强的方向发展相附合。     

《营造法式》研读笔记二则

宋代《营造法式》大木作制度中八个材等的划定究竟采用了何种方法,是建筑史学界不断尝试解读诠释的一个问题。第一篇研读笔记试图表明,古代木构建筑的用材与建筑开间尺寸(间广)之间存在着一定的对应关系, 因此在划分材等时也很可能有基于这方面的考虑,使之适用于比较常用的间广尺寸。另一篇则关于《营造法式》小木作制度中的一处条文,认为其中有可能存在文字前后错置的现象。     

宋代建筑屋面举析的简便确定法──数学计算法与传统作图法的比较

宋代建筑屋面举析的简便确定法──数学计算法与传统作图法的比较东南大学建筑研究所孙祥斌宋式建筑的重要特征之一是屋面举析严格遵循《营造法式》中有关规定，如何迅速准确地确定屋面举析，则是我们需要解决的问题之《营造法式》规定：举高为前后撩檐枋水平距离的１／３...     

《营造法式》模度体系及隐性模度

《营造法式》中的"材""栔"均在面积模度与长度模度两种不同意义下使用,后者实质上是"材广""栔广"的缩略语。在厘清歧义基础上,对《营造法式》中模度体系再认识,指出:《营造法式》中的模度体系的构成,包含基本模度、扩展模度和隐性模度;《营造法式》序中所言的"倍斗而取长",是"以材而定分"的延伸;斗的边长,是《营造法式》中存在的隐性模度;进而分析了栱、替木等模度构成。     

唐宋时期华北地区木构建筑的小斗斗纹与斗型

本文从小斗造作加工的角度,发现唐宋时期华北地区木构建筑小斗采用顺纹斗作法,并讨论华北地区较少使用截纹斗的原因。在《营造法式》作法影响下,华北地区木构建筑中小斗也发生了趋近于法式作法的转变,文中详述具体转变特点。     

法隆寺金堂的“舌”与《营造法式》的“燕尾”——东亚视野下一种栱端装饰源流与意义探微

以法隆寺金堂和《营造法式》为代表,通过梳理和归纳3-12世纪中国、朝鲜半岛、日本的墓葬、石刻、图像资料以及木构建筑实例,追寻同为栱端装饰细部的"舌"与燕尾彩画之间的演化关系。并结合对地域性的考察探寻其传播路径,在斗栱细部上为中国、朝鲜半岛、日本三地之间木构建筑样式的关联性提供了实证,同时揭示了中国北方斗栱细部样式演变的一条线索。     

立灶——读解宋《营造法式》之立灶制度

该文对宋李诫所著《营造法式》之立灶制度进行详尽剖析，复原出转烟与与直拔两种宋式的立灶形式，从面向人们展示出宋人生活场景的又一片断。     

佛光寺东大殿尺度规律探讨

基于《佛光寺东大殿建筑勘察研究报告》的数据和研究成果,文章对其尺度规律研究部分予以详细的分析评述,对佛光寺东大殿的尺度规律提出了以足材为模数的新见解,并尝试建构理想设计模型以呈现大木作尺度之间的关系;同时也对《营造法式》的相关内容展开了讨论。     

故宫军机处屋顶形式与大木结构特殊性研究

本文根据军机处的实际测绘与调研,绘制军机处第一手建筑图纸,为军机处的保护修缮工作奠定了基础。同时结合调研过程中所发现的问题进行总结,尤其是对军机处屋顶形式及大木结构的特殊性进行讨论和分析。意在通过对屋顶形式与大木结构的研究,进一步阐述屋顶与木结构之间的关系,记录建筑变化与修缮的过程,丰富古代木构建筑屋顶形式及木构构法,并为今后古建筑修缮保护提供依据。     

应县木塔风压分布的风洞试验与CFD模拟研究

风荷载作用下高耸古木塔的结构安全在建筑遗产保护领域备受关注.为了研究古木塔风压分布特性,开展了应县木塔的1:50刚性模型风洞试验,并进行了计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟分析.提出复杂中式高耸古木塔的几何建模与网格尺寸划分策略,并使用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes (RANS)方法对木塔的表面风压进行预测,分析木塔...     

飘带形大跨屋盖风致响应振型耦合效应研究

推导出振型能量贡献系数计算方法,以某体育会展中心会展馆和体育场的飘带形大跨屋盖系统模型风洞试验结果为基础,由贡献系数挑选了主导振型,分析体育馆振型能量,提出振型背景位移响应与共振位移响应耦合系数的计算方法,并通过体育馆数值算例进行分析验证。结果表明:飘带形大跨屋盖中耦合系数的数值范围要比简单单层球面网壳大许多,在使用能量贡献法挑选振型时,忽略耦合效应时飘带结构响应产生的误差范围较大,需要进行模态补偿。     

A novel method for full-scale measurement of the external convective heat transfer coefficient for building horizontal roof

The external convective heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) of building horizontal roof is an indispensable parameter for accurately calculating heat transfer through the roof and simulating airflow around the building. A novel method, namely naphthalene sublimation method, was developed for measuring external CHTC and was compared with heat balance method in this study. The comparative field measurements were carried out on the roof of a nine-story building using both methods simultaneously. The measured CHTCs on the roof of building show an approximate linear relation with representative wind velocities. The magnitude of results using the two methods was very close to each other, though the slope of the linear function using the naphthalene sublimation method was a little larger than that using the heat balance method. The difference can be considered as the slow response of heat flux meter used in heat balance method. In addition, the variance of temperature on test specimen's surfaces was not found to have significant effect on measurement results.     

某厂房木屋架检测鉴定与加固处理

本文通过某建于50年代的厂房大跨度木屋架的检测鉴定,对存在的问题提出了有效的加固处理措施,保证了屋架后期的使用安全,也可为目前正在使用或使用多年的大跨度木屋架的加固提供参考。     

明清时期的民间木构建筑技术

传统的木建筑构架，基本上是矩形构架系统，其刚度完全依靠榫卯紧密的结合。民间木构建筑为加固构架的刚度，采用了一些方法如：增加阁楼。增加柱间穿插，增多檩条，相对缩小檩距。加强围护结构的刚度。尽可能增加斜撑和加固节点的构件。同时民间建筑抛弃了官式建筑中许多不合理的用材和构造。常见的几种木构架类型：三角形构架、硬山搁檩、平顶、抬梁式构架、穿逗式构架等。明清时期，还留下了若干成套的建筑经验，或某一工种的定型做法的歌诀和著作。     

Schimmelpilzbildung im Bereich der Untersicht hölzerner Dachüberstände – Ursachen und Vermeidung

Mould growth at the range of the bottom side of wooden roof overhangs – causes and prevention. Mould growth is found particularly on outside surfaces of timber or derived timber products especially in the range underside of roof overhangs. Unsteady calculations considering realistic climatic boundary conditions were carried out in order to deepen the knowledge and the reasons of the problem causes. The results of those calculations show, especially for clear nights, that the construction is cooling down to temperature values clearly below air temperature due to a loss of heat by radiation. This leads to a transport of humidity into the construction element following the vapour pressure gradient with the result of an occasionally appearing increase of wood moisture in the bottom layer of the planking. The results indicate that a considerable increase of wood moisture occurs already prior to reaching dew point temperature resp. prior to development of surface condensate! The increase of wood moisture involves an increase of a risk for mould growth. Basically mould growth in the range underside of wooden roof overhangs is a problem of physics relating to construction. In this respect remedial actions of wood protection only combat the symptoms, however not the cause of mould growth! It is possible to eliminate the cause of mould growth by spacing a thin thermal insulation between roof boarding and roof sealing. Remedial actions of wood protection as well as the choice of the suitable lumbers resp. derived timber materials are necessary as supporting measures.     

沉管海底隧道强度折减法分析探讨

将强度折减法用于静荷载作用下海底钢筋混凝土沉管隧道安全稳定性分析。首先,基于应变协调原理并按照沉管钢筋的分布形式和受力特征,推导出钢筋混凝土沉管等效模型抗剪强度指标、抗拉强度的计算公式;其次,利用FLAC^3D软件建立了沉管-土体-海水相互作用强度折减法非线性数值分析模型,探讨钢筋混凝土沉管的破坏分析方法。研究结果表明：不能用位移突变作为沉管破坏分析判据;通过综合分析沉管顶板下沉位移与折减系数的关系、塑性状态以及剪应变增量的分布规律,得到了沉管隧道的安全系数;强度折减法能直观地揭示沉管破坏机理,沉管段的破坏模式主要表现为沉管顶板中部及其与两侧墙壁交汇处的拉伸、剪切破坏。     

Tauwasserausfall in Eissporthallen

Condensation in Ice Sports Arenas. Because of damage to the wooden structure or mould on the suspended ceiling, examinations were made in three ice sports arenas in Northern Germany. Measurements of temperature and relative humidity inside and outside these arenas gave interesting results: During relatively warm winter periods the measured surface temperature at the bottom of the roof above the ice rink was lower than the air temperature in the arena, resulting in a significantly higher relative humidity at the roof than outside the building. Thus, condensed water was dripping from the roof construction to the ice. Depending on the construction, at the end of the winter the moisture content of the wooden structure was very high, partially resulting in wood destroying fungi, or the steel parts were corroding, respectively. In this paper the climatic conditions in ice sports arenas are simulated including conductivity, convection and radiation in a simplified model. The results were discussed for different parameters. Finally two different solutions are shown to lower the moisture content in the timber construction or the steel corrosion, respectively: – An insulated suspended ceiling below the roof construction may protect timber or steel from the low ice temperature with the resulting high humidity. – An air‐conditioning system may dry the air in the arena. By that means the relative humidity can descend as low as necessary for a durable construction.     

湘西洞口宗祠建筑群古戏楼营造技术探析

湘西祠堂戏楼古老的木构架形式，既规矩，又灵活，不拘泥于形制。围护结构和承重结构既独立，又相互依托，给建筑的外形处理带来很大的可塑性，人们可以灵活地处理可变的外形和固定的结构之间的关系。这种灵活性，既可以最大限度减少对内部空间的占用，又可以因地制宜地美化建筑外观，使建筑自然、美观。湘西洞口宗祠建筑群为明清时期南方传统建筑，共 11 组祠堂，每个祠堂都有戏楼，每个戏楼各具特色。本文归纳总结了戏楼主体木结构的组合形式、屋面形式与木结构位置的关系、翼角发戗的特点、底部承重结构的布置的作用、檐口挑出和装修的艺术特点。