胰腺实性-假乳头状瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的:探讨胰腺实性-假乳头状瘤的CT和MRI表现,提高对其诊断水平.材料和方法:回顾性分析手术、病理证实的5例胰腺实性-假乳头状瘤的临床及影像资料.结果:5例均为年轻女性.5例CT表现为胰腺区巨大囊实性肿块,其中肿瘤位于胰尾3例、胰体1例、胰头1例, 1例肿块内伴有点状钙化,增强扫描肿块实性成分动脉期呈轻度增强,门静脉期肿块囊壁及实性成分均增强明显,囊性部分增强前后均呈低密度,其中1例伴有胰管轻度扩张,5例均未见肝内外胆管扩张.1例肿块MRI表现T1WI、T2WI高低混杂信号,邻近结构受压移位,包膜完整,增强扫描肿块实性成分明显增强,囊变坏死区无增强.结论:胰腺实性-假乳头状瘤的CT和MRI表现有一定特征,结合临床,可与其它胰腺肿瘤相鉴别.     

胰腺囊实性乳头状上皮性肿瘤的CT、MRI诊断

目的 研究胰腺囊实性乳头状上皮性肿瘤CT、MRI表现，提高对该病的认识诊断水平。方法 3例经手术病理证实的胰腺囊实性乳头状上皮性肿瘤均经CT检查，其中1例还进行MR平扫和动态增强。回顾性分析其临床特征及CT、MRI表现。结果 3例患者均为年轻女性，无黄疸。CT均表现为胰头部巨大的囊实性肿块；其中1例肿块内可见钙化；1例伴有胰管轻度扩张。所有3例肝内外胆管均未见扩张。1例MR检查的病例胰头部肿块在T1WI、T2WI上呈混杂信号。增强后，CT、MRI上肿块囊壁及实性成分均明显强化。结论 胰腺囊实性乳头状上皮性肿瘤CT、MRI表现较具特征性，结合临床特征可在术前作出诊断。     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的CT及MRI诊断

目的:探讨胰腺实性假乳头状瘤(SPTP)的CT及MRI表现.方法:9例经外科手术后病理组织学证实的SPTP,术前5例进行CT及MRI平扫和增强扫描,4例只进行CT平扫和增强扫描.结果:肿瘤3例发生在胰头颈部,6例发生在胰尾部.直径2～11cm,均含有囊壁的囊实性肿块,囊性、实性成分比例各有不同,肿瘤内伴有不同程度的出血,囊壁与周围组织分界清楚,9例均未见钙化灶.增强扫描肿瘤实性部分及囊壁有强化,动脉期呈轻度强化,静脉期及延迟期呈轻中度强化,延迟期肿瘤实性部分强化体积及程度更大,囊性和实性结构变得清晰,但均低于正常胰腺.结论:SPTPCT及MRI表现具有一定的特征性.     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的影像学分析

目的:分析胰腺实性假乳头瘤的影像学表现.提高其术前诊断率.方法:回顾性分析经手术、病理证实的5例胰腺实性假乳头瘤的影像表现和特征.结果:肿瘤绝大多数来源于胰腺,呈圆形、卵圆形.多有完整包膜,与胰腺分界清晰.CT、MRI表现为肿瘤内有实性结构和囊性结构.根据囊实性结构成分的比例可分为3型.CT平扫呈不均匀囊实性,实性结构为不规则状或乳头状,中心囊性部分密度较低.增强扫描肿瘤实性部分动脉期轻度强化.实质期呈中等或明显强化,呈渐进性强化.肿瘤斑线样外周钙化2例.MRI扫描显示胰腺边缘清晰囊实性肿物,T1WI上呈不均匀等一低混杂信号,T2WI呈不均匀混杂高信号.增强扫描肿瘤实性部分和囊壁强化.结论:SPTP具有一定的临床、CT及MR影像学特征,有助于医师做出正确诊断.     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的CT及MRI表现

目的探讨胰腺实性假乳头状瘤（SPTP）的CT及MRI表现。方法回顾性收集、分析9例经病理证实的胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的CT及MRI表现,分析肿瘤的位置、大小、边缘、密度及增强特征。结果9例均为女性,3例位于胰头,1例位于胰颈,5例位于胰体尾部,肿瘤体积较大,边界清楚,直径6～11cm,均表现为囊实性肿块,囊性、实性成分比例各有不同,以实性成分较多,4例伴有钙化,增强扫描时,肿瘤实性成分及包膜呈渐进性、填充式强化,囊性部分无强化,9例均不伴有胆管扩张,1例伴有轻度胰管扩张。结论胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的CT及MRI表现具有～定的特征性。     

胰腺少见囊性病变的CT及MRI诊断

目的 探讨胰腺少见囊性肿瘤的影像学特征,提高诊断水平. 方法 回顾分析经手术病理证实的11例少见胰腺囊性肿瘤的临床特征及术前平扫和增强的CT、MRI表现,其中表皮样囊肿4例, 淋巴上皮囊肿4例,淋巴管瘤3例. 结果 (1)表皮样囊肿病变位于胰尾部,囊壁光滑完整,CT平扫囊性病变内的实质成分和脾的密度相同.CT和MRI增强后实质成分表现出和脾完全相同的强化方式.(2)淋巴上皮囊肿老年男性多见,病变呈现多房状境界清楚的肿块.CT平扫呈等密度,MRI T_1WI和T_2WI上混杂的等高信号,增强后囊壁分隔强化.(3)淋巴瘤表现为体尾部的分叶状多囊性病变,CT平扫密度略低于胰腺实质,MRI平扫呈长T_1长T_2信号.增强后分隔和囊壁轻度强化,肿瘤不与胰管交通,胰管轻度受压移位.结论胰腺少见的囊性病变具有一定的特征性的临床和影像学特征.     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的影像学诊断分析(附21例报告)

目的 探讨胰腺实性假乳头状瘤(solid-pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas,SPIT)的螺旋cT及高场强MRI表现.资料与方法 回顾性分析21例经手术病理证实的SPTP影像学资料.21例中,男2例,女19例,年龄12～57岁,中位年龄34.5岁,男女比例1:9.5.19例行薄层胰腺CT,13例行MRI,其中6例行磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP),10例患者接受CT联合MRI.结果 21例肿瘤均为单发,14例肿瘤边界清楚,15例呈类圆形,6例呈团块状,其中3例呈分叶征象.CT平扫,10例肿瘤密度稍低或明显低于胰腺组织,3例肿瘤内局部密度高于胰腺组织,2例肿瘤钙化,6例囊实性混杂密度.MRI脂肪抑制T2WI上3例呈高低混杂信号,9例呈稍高、中等高信号,1例呈均匀极高信号,4例肿瘤边缘可见环形细线状包膜低信号,T1WI上4例呈高低混杂信号,6例呈低信号,2例呈高信号,1例呈等信号(与胰腺信号相仿).CT和MR动态增强扫描动脉期肿瘤均有不同程度强化,门静脉期和延迟期肿瘤仍持续强化,CT延迟期病灶与胰腺组织有"杯口"状分界,MRI门静脉期及延迟期肿瘤中央和囊性部分无强化.MRCP示胆总管扩张1例,胰管扩张1例.1例术后复发者为外生性分叶状肿块,肿块最大径10.5 cm,伴局部钙化,与周围组织界限欠清,增强后肿块内见直径0.7 cm的小斑片状囊性无强化区.21例定期行影像学检查,平均随访时间40个月,2例出现肝脏转移,生存率为100%.结论 平扫、动态增强螺旋CT及高场强MRI和MRCP能反映SPTP的影像学特点,提高了该病的诊断准确率.     

胰腺结核的CT及MRI诊断

目的 :探讨胰腺结核的CT及MRI表现,提高对胰腺结核的诊断水平。方法 :回顾性分析经病理证实及临床抗结核治疗病灶缩小确诊的胰腺结核患者6例,均行CT平扫及增强扫描,其中4例同时行MRI平扫及增强扫描。结果:CT检查发现胰头部结核性病变6例,平扫呈等或略低密度肿块,增强扫描后病灶呈轻度及中度不均匀性强化或呈环形强化;4例行MRI检查T1WI病灶呈等或略低信号,T2WI病灶呈等或略高信号,内见片状高信号,增强扫描后呈轻度强化2例,环状强化2例。结论:胰腺结核的CT及MRI表现为胰头部局灶性实质性或囊实性病灶,增强扫描后呈轻中度强化或蜂窝状环形强化,伴有胰周淋巴结或腹腔淋巴结肿大环状强化,可合并脾脏等腹腔结核灶,影像学表现有一定特异性。     

超声、CT及MRI在胰腺实性假乳头状瘤诊断中的价值

目的探讨胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的超声US、CT及MRI表现,旨在提高对实性假乳头状瘤的认识,提高影像诊断准确率。方法回顾性分析2003年2月-2013年8月12例经手术病理证实的SPTP患者的US、CT、MRI特征及临床资料。结果 12例声像图呈实性、囊性或囊实混合性回声,CDFI多见点状血流;CT表现8例见钙化,依据肿瘤内实性和囊性成分比例不同,动脉期轻至中度强化,门脉期及延迟期呈渐进性强化,病灶增强扫描各期强化强化程度始终低于正常胰腺实质;MRI平扫囊性成分病灶在T1WI呈明显低信号,T2WI呈明显高信号;病变内实性成分T1WI呈低信号,T2WI等或略高信号;DWI呈高信号,增强扫描强化模式与CT强化模式相仿。结论 SPTP临床表现无特异性,好发于年轻女性,术前诊断主要依赖US、CT、MRI检查。影像学检查能够明确病变位置、大小及周围情况,为临床制定合理的手术方案提供更准确的信息,改善患者预后。     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的CT表现简

目的：探讨胰腺实性假乳头状瘤（SPTP）的CT表现特征,提高其CT诊断准确性。方法回顾性分析手术病理结果证实的8例胰腺实性假乳头状瘤患者的CT表现,并与病理进行对照性分析。结果8例胰腺实性假乳头状瘤均为单发病灶,术前均行CT平扫及增强扫描。肿瘤直径1．5~6．4 cm,8例CT平扫为均匀或欠均匀类圆形低密度影,1例肿瘤内见点状钙化灶,所有病例为囊实性肿瘤,边界清楚,肿瘤质地较软。结论胰腺实性假乳头状瘤,肿瘤包膜清晰,内可见出血及部分囊变及钙化,肿瘤平扫密度较低,增强后可见轻度强化及强化,少数呈渐进性强化。     

Mistakes in the diagnosis and treatment of the complete dislocation and fractures of the acromial end of the clavicle

The analysis of the mistakes in the operative treatment of the sick with such a trauma was conducted. Two typical examples were given. The mistakes were stipulated non-diagnosis of the simultaneous break of the coracoclavicular ligament and not taking measures for its recovery. The radiodiagnosis based on N. Z. Shmidt's method is considered to be inevitable for this category of the sick. After the confirmation of the diagnosis the operation of choice can be the operation of Yotkins-Leochuk for the sick with the complete dislocation of the acromial end of the clavicle, and the operation of Yotkins for the sick with fractures of the acromial end of the clavicle with the break of the coracoclavicular ligament. By means of these methods 43 sick men with the dislocation and 7 sick men with fractures of the acromial end of the clavicle have been operated since 1973. No cases had complications, relapses or unsatisfactory results.     

Quantitative evaluation of the echo intensity of the median nerve and flexor muscles of the forearm in the young and the elderly

Objectives

Musculoskeletal structures often appear brighter on imaging in the elderly, which makes it difficult to accurately delineate a peripheral nerve during ultrasound-guided regional anaesthetic procedures. The echo intensity of skeletal muscles is significantly increased in the elderly. However, there are no data comparing the echo intensity of peripheral nerves in the young and the elderly, which this study was designed to evaluate.

Methods

13 healthy, young volunteers (aged <30 years) and 11 elderly patients (aged >60 years) who were scheduled to undergo orthopaedic lower limb surgery were recruited. The settings of the ultrasound system were standardised and a high-frequency linear array transducer was used for the scan. A transverse scan of the median nerve (MN) and the flexor muscles (FMs) at the left mid-forearm was performed and three video loops of the ultrasound scan were recorded for each subject. Still images were captured from the video loops and normalised. Computer-assisted greyscale analysis was then performed on these images to determine the echo intensity of the MN and the FMs of the forearm.

Results

The echo intensity of the MN and FMs of the mid-forearm was significantly increased in the elderly (p<0.005). There was also a reduction in contrast between the MN and the adjoining FM in the elderly (p=0.04).

Conclusion

Under the conditions of this study, the MN and the FMs in the forearm appeared significantly brighter than those in the young, and there was a loss of contrast between these structures in sonograms of the elderly.Recently, there has been an increase in interest in the use of ultrasound to guide peripheral nerve blocks [1-3]. We have observed during such procedures that musculoskeletal structures often appear significantly brighter and that there is loss of contrast between the nerve and its adjoining muscles in the elderly, which often makes it difficult to accurately delineate a peripheral nerve using ultrasound in this age group. There are published data showing that the echo intensity (EI) of skeletal muscles is significantly increased in the elderly [4]. However, there are no data comparing the EI of a peripheral nerve in the young and the elderly, which this study was designed to evaluate.     

Sonography of the wrist and the hand

Sonographic examination of the hand requires high-frequency linear transducers. As the relevant structures are located very close to the surface, water stand-off pads are mandatory. Owing to the high sensitivity of sonography in the detection of fluid, exudative synovitis, tenosynovitis and ganglia can be easily diagnosed. Sonographic information on muscle atrophy and alterations of the shape and echogenicity of the median nerve in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome may be useful in evaluating the extent of disease. Further indications for the sonographic examination of the hand include suspected tumors, foreign bodies and synovial proliferation. Osseous destruction can be visualized in patients with rheumatoid disease, but the precise extent is hard to determine.     

Aspects of the venous drainage of the pons and the mesencephalon

Summary After a brief resumé of the morphology of the pontomesencephalic veins, the authors demonstrate the drainage dynamics of these veins in normal and pathlogical vertebral angio-seriograms. The repercussions of drainage impairment are illustrated.

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Untersuchungen über die Venen-Drainage von Pons und Mesencephalon

Zusammenfassung Nach kurzer Beschreibung der Morphologie der pontomesencephalen Venen wird die Drainagedynamik dieser Venen anhand normaler und pathologischer Vertebralisangiogramme demonstriert. Die unterschiedlichen Mechanismen einer Drainagebehinderung werden erläutert.

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A propos du drainage veineux du pont et du mésencéphale

Résumé Après un bref résumé de la morphologie des veines ponto-mésencéphalques, les auteurs décrivent les modalités de drainage de ces veines en sérioangiographie vertébrale normale et pathologique. Ils illustrent les répercussions de drainage défectueux.

     

MR imaging of the major nerves about the elbow: cadaveric study examining the effect of flexion and extension of the elbow and pronation and supination of the forearm

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides useful information in the evaluation of peripheral nerves. Recent advances in MR imaging allow for detailed depiction of the soft tissue structures of the elbow joint. Three major nerves are present about the elbow. Six cadaveric elbows were imaged to depict the normal anatomy of these nerves and to determine the best plane and position of the elbow for optimal visualization of each nerve. Axial images of the elbow in full extension with the forearm in supination allow identification of all major nerves. Axial images with the elbow in full flexion allow accurate assessment of the cubital tunnel and the ulner nerve. Axial images of the elbow in full extension with the forearm in pronation are helpful for assessment of the median and radial nerves in the forearm.     

高原彝汉成年人血红蛋白、红细胞值调查分析

目的了解高原地区彝汉成年人血红蛋白、红细胞及相关指标的基础水平，探讨其与国家参考值指标是否存在差异。方法选择健康成人规范采集静脉血，用美国COULTERAC·Tdiff2血球分析仪检测，对数据进行统计学处理。结果川西南高原彝汉成人的血红蛋白、红细胞水平及相关指标与国家参考值比较差异有非常显著的意义，P〈0．001；当地彝汉民族比较差异无显著意义，P〉0．05。结论有必要制定高原地区成人血红蛋白、红细胞及相关指标的正常参考值，为临床提供更科学实际的参考依据。     

On the Importance of the Level of Glutathione and the Activity of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Heat Sensitivity and Thermotolerance

Summary

Heating of Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT) cells and mouse fibroblast LM cells to 43 or 44°C respectively, results in an increased level of reduced gluthathione (GSH). The maximum elevation in GSH was to 140 per cent for LM cells and to 120 per cent for EAT cells. No increase of GSH in EAT cells was observed after heating at 44°C. LM cells were treated with diethylmaleate (DEM) and the EAT cells with buthionine-sulphoximine (BSO) at non-toxic doses to deplete the levels of GSH. No effect on thermosensitivity or on the development of thermotolerance was observed when the DEM and BSO treatments were chosen such that the lowering of GSH was just down to the level of detection (about 5 per cent of control). When higher concentrations of DEM were used, thermal sensitization was observed. The activity of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) was also investigated because of its importance in supplying NADPH for the regeneration of GSH from GSSG and for the endogenous production of polyols. Hyperthermia was found to enhance markedly the flux of glucose through the PPP. While the DEM treatment inhibited glucose oxidation through the PPP, BSO addition to the cells resulted in a slightly increased activity of the PPP. The PPP activity of thermotolerant cells was lower (fibroblasts) or hardly affected (EAT cells) compared to control cells. The extent of PPP activation by hyperthermia was comparable for thermotolerant and control cells. For the two cell lines studied neither a high level of GSH nor an active PPP is a prerequisite for the development of thermotolerance.