2009年鞍山地区甲型H1N1流感疫情实验室检测

目的:对鞍山市流感样病例采样进行甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸检测,为甲型H1N1流感疫情防控提供依据。方法:采集鞍山地区出现流感样症状的病例采集咽拭子600份,提取标本核酸,采用实时荧光PCR试剂盒检测。疑似病例进行A型/B型流感初筛、H1/H3分型、甲型H1N1检测,出院病人进行甲型H1N1检测。结果:疑似病例600份,确诊新甲型H1N1 135例,重症病例15例,死亡2例,而出院病例标本均为甲型H1N1阴性。结论:实验室检测为鞍山地区甲型H1N1流感疫情的确认、防控以及病人的处理提供了依据,发展实验室检测技术具有重要的意义。     

广州市白云区2009年甲型H1N1流感流行特征分析

目的分析广州市白云区2009年甲型H1N1流感疫情的流行病学特征,探讨甲型H1N1流感流行规律和防控对策。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对2009年白云区甲型H1N1流感病例及学校和家庭聚集疫情资料进行分析,对发病3d内的现症患者采集咽拭子标本,采用Real-time RT-PCR方法检测甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸。结果2009年共报告250例甲型H1N1流感病例,其中学生169例（占67．6％）,发病年龄以7～24岁为主（182例,占72．8％）。全区有13所学校和2个家庭发生甲型H1N1流感聚集性疫情,以9月最多,共11起。结论甲型H1N1流感疫情流行病学特征与季节性流感相似,学校是疫情多发场所。早发现,早报告,早隔离治疗患者,狠抓各项防控措施的落实,尽快接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗,可以有效控制学校或家庭甲型H1N1流感聚集性疫情的发生和蔓延。     

营口市一起学校甲型H1N1流感暴发的调查

目的调查营口市某学校2009年8—9月发生甲型H1N1流感状况,以及时控制疫情。方法流行病学调查和实验室检测。结果14例确诊为甲型H1N1病例,并确认为一起由首例患者引起的以直接接触为主的学校聚集性甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情,无死亡病例。结论此为一起学校聚集性甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情,经各有关部门协同工作,使疫情得到控制。     

2009年北京市海淀区聚集性甲型H1N1流感疫情状况

目的 了解北京市海淀区聚集性甲型H1N1流感疫情的总体发病情况,为制定防控措施提供依据.方法 采用描述性流行病学方法,对2009年海淀区聚集性甲型H1N1流感的流行病学特征进行分析.结果 2009年7～12月,海淀区共报告聚集性甲型H1N1流感疫情34起,涉及单位32家,疫情发生单位均为各级、各类学校;涉及病例794例,总体罹患率1.05%.结论 海淀区聚集性甲型H1N1疫情的发生单位集中在学校,应将学校传染病防控作为工作重点,严格落实各项防控措施,有效控制聚集性疫情的发生.     

广州市社区甲型H1N1流感监测发现首起学校聚集性疫情分析

目的探讨社区甲型H1N1流感应急监测在寻找感染来源、发现聚集性疫情以及有效控制疫情方面的作用,为甲型H1N1流感的预防控制提供参考依据。方法制定监测方案,采集监测对象咽拭子用RT-PCR方法 ,检测甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸,采用现场流行病学调查方法 ,对学校甲型H1N1流感聚集性病例的流行特征进行调查。结果应急监测共采集148例监测对象标本,甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸阳性2例,阳性率为1.35%。调查病例时发现广州市首起学校聚集性甲型H1N1流感疫情,5d内发现确诊病例5例,罹患率为12.2%。结论开展社区甲型H1N1流感应急监测,是寻找社区感染来源,及时发现可疑病例,防止疫情扩散蔓延的很好方法 。     

一起学校甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情的调查

[目的]分析北京市顺义区某中学一起甲型H1N1流感疫情局部暴发,为有效防控学校甲型H1N1流感提供依据。[方法]通过流行病学调查,结合临床表现和实验室检测等进行综合分析。[结果]累计报告甲型H1N1病例120例,罹患率4.58%(120/2618)。首例病人于2009年9月10日发病,9月21～24日出现发病高峰,10月9日疫情结束。120例病例分布于40个班,年龄在11～16岁,其中,初二15班病例最多,11例,罹患率为23.40%(11/47),占发病总人数的9.17%(11/120)。[结论]提高学校防病意识,加大传染病防控措施力度,有效控制疫情。     

1起小学校内甲型H1N1流感爆发调查

目的通过分析1起学校甲型H1N1流感爆发疫情的发现和处置情况,总结防控经验,为控制学校甲型H1N1流感爆发疫情提供参考。方法通过流行病学调查,对这次甲型H1N1流感暴发学校的所有病例进行调查,并对部分病例采集咽拭子标本,采用RT-PCR检测甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸。结果 2013年12月27至2014年1月26日,该校共累计报告流感样病例24例,罹患率为2.37%。病例全部为学生,病例主要集中在二年级。病例均为轻症表现,未出现大规模暴发。采集8例流感样病例的咽拭子标本进行检测,结果显示,5份标本新甲1型流感病毒核酸呈阳性。结论此次为一起甲型H1N1流感爆发疫情,及早报告疫情、落实隔离、通风、接种流感疫苗等综合防控措施是控制甲流疫情的关键。     

茂名市1起学校甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情分析

目的通过分析茂名市首起学校甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情的发现和处置情况,总结防控经验,为控制学校甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情提供参考。方法采用现场流行病学调查方法,对茂名市首起学校甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情中发生的病例进行个案调查。对发病3 d内的现症患者采集咽拭子标本,采用Real-time RT-PCR方法检测甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸。对密切接触者进行7d的医学观察。收集学校所在社区部分流感样病例咽拭子标本,了解甲型H1N1流感病毒感染状况。结果2009年8月26日至9月7日期间,该校共报告流感样病例72例,疫情持续13 d;采集34例流感样病例的咽拭子标本进行检测,结果显示26份标本甲型H1N1流感核酸呈阳性。结论该起疫情为茂名市首起学校甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情,感染来源为社区感染。     

开封市某中学甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情调查与处置

[目的]了解甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情特点,为控制学校甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情提供科学依据。[方法]采用现场流行病学调查方法,对开封市某中学甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情进行调查,采集病人咽拭子标本,采用Real-time RT-PCR方法进行甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸检测,对病人进行隔离治疗、对密切接触者医学观察、加强疫情监测等。[结果]疫情持续13d,共发生流感样病例40例,其中12例咽拭子标本经实验室检测为甲型H1N1核酸阳性。109名密切接触者经过7d医学观察,未发生续发病例。[结论]此次疫情为开封市首起学校甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情,通过采用现场流行病学调查方法,并采取管理传染源、切断传染途径、加强疫情监测等综合性措施,使疫情迅速得到控制。     

1起发生在某高等专科学校的甲型H1N1流感聚集性疫情分析

[目的]了解聚集性疫情的性质,为及时有效采取控制措施提供依据。[方法]对2009年9月发生在扬州市邗江区某专科学校的1起聚集性甲型H1N1流感疫情进行调查。[结果]2009年9月9~14日,该校5 700名学生中累计确诊甲型H1N1流感病例19例,罹患率为0.33%,300名教职工无发病。9月9~16日采集19例病人的咽拭子标本,检测甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸,均为阳性。[结论]这是1起由甲型H1N1流感病毒引起的聚集性疫情。     

GSTM1及GSTT1和GSTP1基因多态性对尿中1-羟基芘水平的影响

目的 研究GSTM1、GSTT1和GSTP1基因多态性对多环芳烃接触工人尿中1-羟基芘(1-OHP)水平的影响.方法 分别选取2个炼焦厂共447名多环芳烃职业接触工人(接触组)和某线材厂220名非职业接触工人(对照组)作为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱法测定尿中1-OHP水平,采用线性回归统计模型分析GSTM1和GSTT1缺失型及GSTP1 I105V位点的多态性对不同人群尿中1-OHP水平的修饰作用.结果 接触组工人尿中1-OHP浓度为4.61 μmol/mol Cr,明显高于对照组(0.34μmol/mol Cr),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).接触类别和吸烟分别是影响尿中1-OHP水平的主要因素,在控制各混杂因素的影响后,线性回归分析显示,接触组尿中1-OHP水平和GSTP1 I105V位点多态性有关(单基因分析,P=0.012;多基因分析,P=0.011),对总体样本,单基因模型和多基因模型均显示,尿中1-OHP水平可能和GSTT1缺失型多态有关(P=0.055),多基因交互作用分析显示,GSTT1和GSTP1基因多态对接触组尿中1-OHP水平具有交互作用.结论 谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)基因的多态性对接触多环芳烃工人尿中1-OHP水平有影响.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the modification of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) excretions in workers under different exposure levels. Methods Four hundred and forty-seven occupationally exposed workers from two coking plants and 220 control workers from a wire rod plant were genotyped to analyze the modification of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms on urinary 1-OHP excretions. Results The urinary 1-OHP concentration in exposed group was much higher than that in control group (4.61 vs 0.34 μmol/mol Cr, P＜0.05). Occupational exposure levels and cigarette smoking were of the dominating factors affecting 1-OHP excretions in urine. After controlling potential confounders, decreased excretion of urinary 1-OHP was associated with GSTP1 I105V AG + GG genotype in coke oven workers (single-gene model, P=0.012; multi-gene model, P=0.011 ) and with GSTT1 null type in the analysis including all subjects (P=0.055 in both single-gene and multi-gene models). GSTT1 and GSTP1 were interacted on the urinary concentrations of 1-OHP. Conclusion Urinary 1-OHP concentrations can be modified by GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms, indicating that these genes are involved in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

多药耐药及相关蛋白基因抗砷作用

目的 研究多药耐药基因(MDRI)、多药耐药相关蛋白基因(MRP1)在长期砷暴露的细胞获得对砷的耐受过程中的作用,为抗砷机制的研究提供基础依据.方法 采用抑制剂维拉帕米(Verapamil)、MK571,在单一水平和联合水平上阻断MDR1和MRP1基因发挥作用,通过四甲基偶氮噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞的生存率及半数致死量(IC50);通过原子荧光法(AFS)分别检测给予Vempamil、MK571的实验组和对照组在不同时间点抗砷细胞内砷的含量.结果 在2,4,8,16,32,64 μmol/L砷浓度下,给予抑制剂的抗砷细胞生存率分别为(73.5±0.02)%,(54.6±0.07)%,(44.2±0.05)%,(20.5±0.09)%,(13.5±0.1)%,(7.6±0.05)%,明显低于同步对照组的生存率(93.5±0.05)%,(71.5±0.02)%,(49.2±0.03)%,(38.8±0.08)%,(37.6±0.06)%,(19.5±0.04)%.Verapamil作用下IC50为8.8 μmol/L,MK571作用下IC50为6.22 μmol/L;同时给于2种抑制剂时,逆转作用更为明显,IC50为5.23μmol/L;MK571作用下,抗砷细胞内砷含量增加明显,至10 h时砷含量达到最大值1.62 ng,明显高出Verapmil组和对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 MDR1、MRP1基因在抗砷细胞获得耐药性过程中起重要作用.     

工作场所空气中1,1-二氯-1-硝基乙烷的气相色谱测定法

目的 建立工作场所空气中1,1-二氯-1-硝基乙烷的气相色谱测定方法.方法 活性炭管采集工作场所空气中的1,1-二氯-1-硝基乙烷,以二硫化碳解吸后毛细管柱气相色谱法测定.结果 方法的测定范围为4.0～858.2μg/ml;回归方程Y=283X-1076,相关系数r=0.9999;最低检出浓度为0.4 mg/m3(以采集3L空气样品计);不同浓度测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.8%～4.1%(批内精密度试验的RSD分别为2.9%、1.8%和2.0%;批间精密度试验的RSD分别为4.1%、3.5%和3.2%);解吸效率为88.5%～90.6%;穿透容量大于0.7 mg;采样效率100%;样品在室温下至少可保存7 d.结论 方法的各项指标均符合GBZ/T210.4-2008<职业卫生标准制订指南-工作场所空气中化学物质测定方法>要求,可用于工作场所空气中1,1-二氯-1-硝基乙烷的测定.     

Co-circulation of pandemic 2009 H1N1, classical swine H1N1 and avian-like swine H1N1 influenza viruses in pigs in China

The pandemic A/H1N1 influenza viruses emerged in both Mexico and the United States in March 2009, and were transmitted efficiently in the human population. They were transmitted occasionally from humans to other mammals including pigs, dogs and cats. In this study, we report the isolation and genetic analysis of novel viruses in pigs in China. These viruses were related phylogenetically to the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans and pigs, which indicates that the pandemic virus is currently circulating in swine populations, and this hypothesis was further supported by serological surveillance of pig sera collected within the same period. Furthermore, we isolated another two H1N1 viruses belonging to the lineages of classical swine H1N1 virus and avian-like swine H1N1 virus, respectively. Multiple genetic lineages of H1N1 viruses are co-circulating in the swine population, which highlights the importance of intensive surveillance for swine influenza in China.     

Detection of CYP1A1 gene polymorphism using designed RFLP and distributions of CYP1A1 genotypes in Japanese

Isoleucine (Ile)-valine (Val) polymorphism, which is caused by a point mutation from A to G in exon 7, is reported to be associated with an elevated risk of lung cancer among Japanese. Because CYP1A1 catalyzes bioactivation of environmental procarcinogens, such as benzo[a]pyrene, it is very important to study the clinical meaning of Ile-Val polymorphism using an epidemiological study. In an epidemiological study, easy, economical, rapid and reliable identification of the CYP1A1 genotype is necessary. The present study shows that the new method, designed restriction fragment length polymorphism (designed RFLP), can detect Ile-Val polymorphism of CYP1A1 The Ile-Val polymorphism detected using this new method was consistent with that found by the allele-specific PCR amplifications (ASA) method in six cases tested. This new method detected Ile-Va1 polymorphism of CYP1A1 using 240 healthy Japanese who lived in the northern Kyusyu region. The frequency of the genotypes was as follows: Ile/Ile, 159 (66.2%); Ile/Val, 65 (27.1%); Val/Val, 16 (6.7%). The frequency of the Ile gene was 0.798 and that of the Val gene, 0.202. There was no difference in Ile-Val polymorphism based on sex or age. Racial differences influenced the distribution of this polymorphism, but Japanese regional differences did not. Since this new method, designed RFLP, is rapid, reliable and suitable for large-scale screening of polymorphisms, it may be used routinely to detect Ile-Val polymorphism of CYP1A1 Furthermore, it will help to evaluate the relationship between CYP1A1 polymorphism and individual sensitivity to xenobiotics that may affect the incidence of lung cancer.     

CYP1A1和CYP1B1基因多态性与RPL易感性

目的 探讨CYP1A1、CYP1B1基因多态性与复发性流产(RPL)遗传易感性关系,为预防和治疗该病提供新靶点.方法 本研究采用等位基因特异性PCR (As-PCR)和聚合酶链反应-限制性片断长度多态性(PCRRFLP)方法,针对CYP1A1基因MspI酶切位点和CYP1B1 L432V多态位点,检测81例患有原因不明RPL病例组和98名有生育史健康女性对照组之间差异.结果 RPL组和对照组CYP1A1 MspI位点3种基因型m1/m1、m1/m2、m2/m2分布频率差异无统计学意义(x2=0.335,P＞0.05);CYP1B1 L432V多态位点3种基因型C/C、C/G、G/G在病例组和对照组分布差异有统计学意义(x2=7.467,P＜0.05);2组间C、G等位基因分布差异有统计学意义(x2=9.129,P=0.003);G/G、C/G基因型与C/C基因型比较,RPL危险度分别提高2.620、1.954倍;等位基因G使RPL危险性增加2.038倍.结论 CYP1B1 L432V突变基因型增加RPL发病风险,尚不能认为CYP1A1基因MspI位点多态性与RPL易感性有关.     

Protective efficacy of an inactivated Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza vaccine against homologous H1N1 and heterologous H1N1 and H1N2 viruses in mice

Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1) swine influenza viruses are prevalent in pigs in Europe and Asia, but occasionally cause human infection, which raises concern about their pandemic potential. Here, we produced a whole-virus inactivated vaccine with an EA H1N1 strain (A/swine/Guangxi/18/2011, SW/GX/18/11) and evaluated its efficacy against homologous H1N1 and heterologous H1N1 and H1N2 influenza viruses in mice. A strong humoral immune response, which we measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN), was induced in the vaccine-inoculated mice upon challenge. The inactivated SW/GX/18/11 vaccine provided complete protection against challenge with homologous SW/GX/18/11 virus in mice and provided effective protection against challenge with heterologous H1N1 and H1N2 viruses with distinctive genomic combinations. Our findings suggest that this EA H1N1 vaccine can provide protection against both homologous H1N1 and heterologous H1N1 or H1N2 virus infection. As such, it is an excellent vaccine candidate to prevent H1N1 swine influenza.