聚丙烯微孔发泡材料制备及改性进展

聚丙烯(PP)微孔发泡材料具有质轻、力学性能较高的特点,PP基体性质、发泡剂种类、发泡制备成型工艺、化学改性方法、共混及填充改性等方法均可以影响发泡材料的泡孔结构及发泡材料的性能。综述了PP微孔发泡材料的制备成型工艺、化学、共混、纳米、填充等改性方法研究进展,指出采用成本低廉、无毒的化学类发泡剂制备泡孔结构良好的PP微孔发泡材料将是今后研究的热点。PP的交联及接枝改性技术,与其它聚合物、填料共混技术是改善泡孔结构、提高泡沫材料发泡性能和力学性能的途径,研究改性材料与PP基体材料的界面相容性问题也是今后的研究方向。     

聚乳酸形状记忆发泡材料制备与形状记忆性能研究

利用超临界CO;间歇性降压法,制备一系列不同微观结构的聚乳酸(PLA)发泡材料,并探究环境温度、保压压强对PLA发泡材料微观形貌、孔隙率、泡孔尺寸的影响,并分析PLA发泡材料的形状记忆性能。结果表明:制备的PLA发泡材料具有结构可调控、形状记忆性能良好等特点。当保压压强为17.24 MPa,环境温度为140℃,PLA发泡材料具有较大膨胀率,且泡孔形貌均匀,具有良好形状记忆性能。低于20℃的变形温度下,PLA发泡材料的形状记忆固定率与回复率较好,其形状记忆回复率达到90%以上。     

EVM/PLA共混发泡材料泡孔结构和性能的研究

以乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯橡胶(EVM)和聚乳酸(PLA)共混物为基体材料,经模压发泡制备了共混发泡材料。研究了EVM/PLA不同共混比、硫化剂(DCP)、发泡剂(AC)和白炭黑用量以及不同发泡时间对EVM/PLA共混物发泡材料泡孔结构和物理机械性能的影响。结果表明,随PLA组分的减少,白炭黑和DCP用量的增加,泡孔逐渐减小,均匀度增加,孔壁增厚,材料的密度、拉伸强度和拉断伸长率呈升高趋势,发泡倍率呈降低趋势。随发泡剂AC用量的增加,泡孔壁变薄,平均泡孔尺寸变化不大,材料的密度、拉伸强度和拉断伸长率呈降低趋势,发泡倍率增加。随硫化时间的延长,泡孔尺寸变小,孔壁增厚、发泡倍率逐渐下降,拉伸强度先增大后减少,拉断伸长率先下降后上升。     

扩链改性对聚乳酸注塑发泡成型的影响

通过添加不同含量的扩链剂（CE）对2种牌号聚乳酸（PLA）进行改性,对改性PLA进行注塑发泡,研究了扩链剂用量对PLA熔体流变性能、试样的泡孔形态和力学性能等的影响,并比较了不同PLA泡沫的泡孔结构和力学性能的差异。结果表明,PLA的熔体流动速率随着扩链剂的加入明显降低,同时熔体强度得到提高;随着扩链剂含量的增多,注塑级和挤出级PLA的发泡效果和力学性能都逐渐提高,扩链剂含量达到0.8 %（质量分数,下同）时,取得最好的泡孔结构和最优的力学性能;改性注塑级发泡试样较改性挤出级发泡试样有更高的力学性能。     

PBAT/PLA复合材料的微孔发泡性能

将PBAT作为增韧剂加入PLA基体中得到复合材料,以超临界CO_2流体作为物理发泡剂,采用间歇釜式发泡法成功制备了PBAT/PLA复合微孔发泡材料。DSC和WXRD测试结果表明,PBAT与PLA具有良好的相容性。2种材料的复合可以改变PLA晶型,抑制结晶能力,降低材料对温度的敏感性。超临界CO_2发泡实验表明,随着PBAT含量的增加,达到相同发泡效果所需的发泡条件也得到了提高。同时,PBAT的加入使泡孔尺寸分布更集中,材料的泡孔结构更均匀稳定。而且,适中的工艺条件和PBAT含量可以获得性能最佳的发泡材料。     

聚乳酸扩链改性及其挤出发泡的研究

采用扩链剂对聚乳酸（PLA）进行扩链改性,研究了扩链剂对PLA流变性能的影响。采用3种不同类型的化学发泡剂：发泡剂A（发泡母粒）、发泡剂B\[自制复合发泡剂：偶氮二甲酰胺（AC发泡剂）/碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)\]、发泡剂C(自制改性AC发泡剂),利用单螺杆挤出机对PLA进行挤出发泡。采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了发泡材料的断面泡孔结构。结果表明,加入扩链剂可有效提高PLA的熔体强度和黏度及降低其熔体流动速率,改善PLA的发泡效果,扩链剂含量为0.8份（质量分数,下同）时,发泡材料的发泡效果最好;实验所用的3种发泡剂中,发泡剂C的发泡效果最好,发泡剂含量为1.5份时,发泡样品的表观密度较小（0.6 g/cm3）,泡孔直径最小(约为57 μm),泡孔密度最大（约为7.69×10^6个/cm3）,泡孔分布均匀,无明显泡孔破裂和连通现象。     

交联剂对聚乳酸流变性能及其发泡材料泡孔结构的影响

在研究交联剂对聚乳酸(PLA)流变性能影响的基础上,采用间歇发泡方法研究交联PLA发泡材料的泡孔结构。结果表明,交联剂可提高低频区PLA的损耗角正切和复数黏度以及PLA的熔体强度和拉伸黏度。交联PLA的复数黏度高,使泡孔长大初期的长大速率较低;泡孔长大后期泡孔壁被拉伸时,熔体强度和拉伸黏度的急剧提高使泡孔壁强度增加而不会被撕裂,大大减小泡孔的合并,形成较均匀且较规则的泡孔结构。交联PLA高的熔体强度可明显减少发泡时二氧化碳扩散至空气中的量,从而增加PLA发泡样品的体积膨胀率;加入0.4 phr的交联剂时,样品的体积膨胀率最大(达41)。     

丙烯酸酯橡胶/聚乳酸发泡材料的结构与性能

以偶氮二甲酰胺(AC)为发泡剂制备了丙烯酸酯橡胶(ACM)/聚乳酸(PLA)发泡材料,考察了ACM/PLA(质量比)和AC用量对发泡材料结构与性能的影响。结果表明,随着PLA并用比的增加,发泡材料的泡孔密度减小,泡孔逐渐变大,泡孔壁变薄,邵尔C硬度增大,撕裂强度和拉伸强度均降低,耐老化性能得到改善;随着AC用量的增加,发泡材料的泡孔壁变薄,大泡孔数增加,泡孔大小均匀度降低,密度、邵尔C硬度、拉伸强度和撕裂强度均逐渐降低,并且下降幅度逐渐变小,耐老化性能没有明显变化;发泡材料的压缩应力-应变变化包括较宽的线弹性区域、较窄的泡孔塌陷平台和泡孔壁相互接触后的密实化区域3个阶段。     

PLA/TPU复合体系微孔发泡性能的研究

制备了PLA/TPU复合材料,以CO_2为发泡剂,利用间歇式超临界发泡技术研究PLA/TPU复合材料的微孔发泡性能,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和XRD研究PLA/TPU复合材料的结晶性能、热性能;用扫描电镜(SEM)研究复合材料的相容性以及发泡后的泡孔形态。结果表明:TPU对刚性材料PLA有一定的增韧效果;采用超临界CO_2发泡技术,TPU含量的增加会降低泡孔尺寸,玻璃化转变温度几乎不变,结晶温度增加,结晶度增大。     

二氧化碳制备聚乳酸及其增韧体系微孔材料的研究

以CO2为物理发泡剂,采用间歇式升温发泡法制备了纯聚乳酸(PLA)发泡体系,质量分数为10%的丁二醇–己二酸–对苯二甲酸共聚酯(PBAT)增韧PLA发泡体系以及在此基础上添加1份硫酸盐类成核剂(LAK)后所制备的三元发泡体系,绘制了不同饱和压力下这3种体系的CO2解吸附曲线,研究了发泡工艺中CO2饱和压力以及解吸附时间对这3种体系泡孔结构的影响。结果表明,3种体系的CO2吸附率相当且解吸附曲线相似。随饱和压力的增大,3种体系泡孔尺寸均不同程度地减小,泡孔密度增大,尺寸分布趋于均匀。PBAT的加入减小了PLA的泡孔尺寸,增大了泡孔密度,在此基础上添加LAK可进一步改善PLA的泡孔结构,且在CO2的压缩条件(饱和压力为5 MPa)下,PBAT与LAK更能发挥其改善PLA泡孔结构的作用。随解吸附时间的增加,3种体系泡孔尺寸均不同程度地增大,泡孔密度减小,泡孔尺寸分布均匀性变差。在解吸附过程中,PLA/PBAT/LAK体系的泡孔尺寸始终最小,泡孔密度始终最大。     

改性聚乳酸发泡技术研究进展

综述了近几年国内外改性聚乳酸（PLA）发泡技术的研究进展，针对PLA在发泡方面熔体强度和结晶性能的不足，介绍了通过加入扩链剂、交联剂、成核剂、纤维和其他聚合物等物质来改善PLA发泡性能的方法、效果和机理；最后，对改性聚乳酸发泡技术的未来发展进行了展望。     

Effect of stereocomplex crystal on foaming behavior and sintering of poly(lactic acid) bead foams

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) bead foams with stereocomplex (Sc)/α crystals were prepared by melt mixing and solid‐state foaming methods, independently. A systematic method was applied to evaluate the effect of Sc/α crystals on rheological properties and foaming behavior of PLA. The results indicated that the presence of Sc/α crystals affected the foaming behavior and the melt elasticity of PLA. Hence, the enhanced rheological properties of PLA had a significant effect on controlling the foaming behavior. As a result, PLA bead foam with an expansion ratio of 24‐fold was developed. And, the presence of Sc/α crystals could also facilitate the sintering behavior and broaden the sintering process window. Sintered PLA bead foam with finer cellular morphology and strong sintering effect was obtained by inducing an appropriate Sc/α crystalline structure. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

植物纤维/聚乳酸生物质复合材料的制备及应用现状

聚乳酸是目前已开发的生物降解高分子中最具潜力的一种。尽管它具有众多优异的性能,但是,仍存在一些如脆性大、成型稳定性差等缺点。因此,对聚乳酸进行复合改性是目前重要的研究趋势。文章综述了近年来聚乳酸基生物质复合材料的研究进程。以聚乳酸为基体,以麻纤维、木纤维、竹纤维或其它植物纤维为生物质填料,采用热压、挤出等方法生产不同种类的聚乳酸基生物质复合材料,介绍了植物纤维的改性方法,如碱处理、化学改性、微生物改性等,并对这些生物质复合材料的力学性能、热稳定性能、结晶性能、尺寸稳定性能等进行了简要阐述,同时,对聚乳酸基生物质复合材料的应用领域及开发前景进行了展望。     

可降解聚乳酸/天然植物纤维复合材料的研究进展

从复合材料的植物纤维原材料类型、加工复合方式、增塑改性及增容改性等方面论述各种因素对可降解聚乳酸/天然植物纤维复合材料综合性能的影响,分析了该类型复合材料的研究现状,且着重介绍了增容改性的几种不同方式,并就此类型复合材料的发展趋势与前景进行展望。     

Poly (lactic acid) foaming

Poly (lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) is an aliphatic thermoplastic polyester produced from renewable resources and is compostable in the environment. Because of the massive use of foamed products of petroleum-based polymers, PLA foams have been considered as substitutes for some of these products. Specifically, because of PLA's competitive material and processing costs, and its comparable mechanical properties, PLA foams could potentially replace polystyrene (PS) foam products in a wide array of applications such as packaging, cushioning, construction, thermal and sound insulation, and plastic utensils. Due to their biocompatibility, PLA foams can also be used in such biomedical applications as scaffolding and tissue engineering. But PLA has several inherent drawbacks, which inhibit the production of low-density foams with uniform cell morphology. These drawbacks are mainly the PLA's low melt strength and its slow crystallization kinetics. During the last two decades, researchers have investigated the fundamentals of PLA/gas mixtures, PLA foaming mechanisms, and the effects of material modification on PLA's foaming behavior through various manufacturing technologies. This article reviews these investigations and compares the developments made thus far in PLA foaming.     

Effect of poly(butylenes succinate) on the microcellular foaming of polylactide using supercritical carbon dioxide

Microcellular Polylactide (PLA) and PLA/poly(butylenes succinate) (PBS) foams were prepared by batch foaming process with supercritical carbon dioxide. The introduced PBS phase was immiscible with the PLA matrix and separated as domains. The study of CO₂ solubility in PLA and PLA/PBS blends indicated the addition of PBS decreased the gas solubility due to the poor affinity of CO₂ for PBS. The crystallization behavior of PLA was enhanced by small amount of PBS with lower cold crystallization temperature and higher crystallinity. However, separated PBS droplets led to less perfect and small crystallites, which showed greatly effect for the PLA foaming process. The investigation on the foaming conditions dependence indicated the PLA/PBS blends required higher temperature and longer time for the cell growth, which were nucleated around the interface between PLA and PBS. With less CO₂ content in the PLA or PLA/PBS blends after different desorption time, the final cell morphology exhibited more uniform size distribution with bigger average cell size and smaller cell density. Different from the well closed-cell structure for neat PLA foam, the PLA/PBS foam presented open cell structure due to the cell nucleation around the PLA/PBS interface and the lower melt strength of PBS phase.     

Study of different effects on foaming process of biodegradable PLA/starch composites in supercritical/compressed carbon dioxide

Microcellular foaming of biodegradable and biocompatible PLA/starch composites in supercritical/compressed CO₂ has been studied. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential application of this kind of materials in medical materials or drug containers. The rate of CO₂ uptake and CO₂ equilibrium concentration in PLA/starch composites were studied by performing sorption and desorption experiments. The effects of a series of variable factors, such as saturation time and saturation temperature on the foaming morphology were studied through SEM observation and density measurement. The experimental results show that, while keeping other variables unchanged, longer saturation time leads to reduced bulk foam densities and different saturation pressures result in different bulk foam densities. The crystallinity of PLA–starch sample was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. It indicates that the foaming treatment with supercritical CO₂ increased the crystallinity of PLA/starch composites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

聚乳酸/塑化聚乙烯醇合金开孔发泡行为研究

以聚乳酸(PLA)为基体,加入不同含量的塑化聚乙烯醇(CPVA),通过熔融共混法制备PLA/CPVA合金样品。以超临界CO₂为物理发泡剂,采用釜压发泡和粒子沥滤法成功制备出PLA/CPVA合金开孔泡沫。结果表明,随着CPVA含量的增加,PLA的结晶温度下降,结晶度先上升后下降,熔体黏弹性改善;随着CPVA含量的上升,PLA/CPVA合金开孔泡沫的发泡倍率先减小后逐渐增大,开孔率逐步提高;当CPVA含量为50%(质量分数,下同)时,PLA/CPVA合金开孔泡沫的发泡倍率为23.1倍,开孔率达到了91.6%。     

Foaming behaviour and cell structure of poly(lactic acid) after various modifications

Improving the melt strength of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is of continuing strategic research interest since a low melt strength results in poor processability of foaming and blowing film. PLA was modified in various ways including crosslinking, chain extension, grafting, blending, plasticizing and nucleation to improve its melt strength. This work focuses on the effect of melt strength after various modifications on foaming behaviour and cell structures of PLA foam. Cell density was increased and cell structure became more uniform with increasing melt strength, in particular when the melt strain was also increased after modification. With increasing melt strength the phenomenon of open and ruptured cells was decreased. The foaming window was widened with increasing melt strength, in particular after crosslinking, chain extension and blending with elastomer. Molecular weight, thermal properties and viscosity of PLA after various modifications were also studied and used to explain the foaming behaviour and foam structures. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

低密度聚乙烯泡沫塑料研究进展

综述了低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)泡沫塑料的研究现状,介绍了共混、交联等改性LDPE泡沫塑料的方法及工艺参数如发泡温度、压力、滞留时间等对LDPE发泡行为的影响,概述了国内外有关LDPE开孔泡沫塑料、LDPE泡沫塑料阻燃性能以及废旧LDPE泡沫塑料回收再利用的研究情况.