双喷嘴水平对置撞击流混合器内湍流流动及混沌特性

应用激光多普勒测速系统, 对双喷嘴水平对置撞击流混合器内的速度场进行测量, 并且分别采用湍流理论和混沌理论对所测得的瞬时速度场进行分析, 研究其瞬时速度场内湍流特性参数(速度脉动均方根、湍流强度和湍动能)以及混沌吸引子的特征参数(关联维、Kolmogorov熵和最大Lyapunov), 得出该参数随喷嘴间距变化和进口雷诺数变化的分布情况, 并且得到有利于提高混合器内微观混合效果的最优工况。通过混沌分析得到双喷嘴水平对置撞击流混合器的瞬时速度场具有混沌特征和分形特性。研究结果表明:流场内的湍流参数和混沌参数均与进口雷诺数呈正相关关系, 但是两参数却随着喷嘴间距的增加, 呈先增加后减小的变化趋势, 从而可以得到在实验考察范围内L=3d为最合适的喷嘴间距。     

Mass transfer coefficient in the eductor liquid-liquid extraction column

In this research gasoil desalting was investigated from mass transfer point of view in an eductor liquid–liquid extraction column (eductor-LLE device). Mass transfer characteristics of the eductor-LLE device were evaluated and an empirical correlation was obtained by dimensional analysis of the dispersed phase Sherwood number. The Results showed that the overall mass transfer coefficient of the dispersed phase and extraction efficiency have been increased by increasing Sauter mean diameter (SMD) and decreasing the nozzle diameter from 2 to 1 mm, respectively. The effects of Reynolds number (Re), projection ratio (ratio of the distance between venturi throat and nozzle tip to venturi throat diameter, R_pr), venturi throat area to nozzle area ratio (R_th-n) and two phases flow rates ratio (R_Q) on the mass transfer coefficient (K) were determined. According to the results, K increase with increasing Re and R_Q and also with decreasing R_pr and R_th-n. Semi-empirical models of drop formation, rising and coalescence were compared with our proposed empirical model. It was revealed that the present model provided a relatively good fitting for the mass transfer model of drop coalescence. Moreover, experimental data were in better agreement with calculated data with AARE value of 0.085.     

T型撞击流反应器的微观混合性能研究(英文)

Confined impinging jet reactor (CIJR) offers advantages for chemical rapid processes and has become an important new reactor used in the chemical industry. The micromixing efficiency in a T-shaped CIJR for two tubes of inner diameter of 3 mm was studied by using a parallel competing iodide–iodate reaction as the working system. In this work, the effects of different operating conditions, such as impinging velocity and acid concentration, on segregation index were investigated. In addition, the effects of the inner nozzles diameter and the distance L between the jet axis and the top wal of the mixing chamber on the micromixing efficiency were also considered. It is concluded that the best range of L in this CIJR is 6.5–12.5 mm. Based on the incorporation model, the estimated minimum micromixing time tm of CIJR approximately equals to 2 × 10?4 s. These experimental results indicate clearly that CIJR possesses a much better micromixing performance compared with the conventional stirred tank (micromixing time of 2 × 10?3 to 2 × 10?2 s). Hence, it can be envisioned that CIJR has more promising applications in various industrial processes.     

基于XCT的气固流化床布风板射流特征研究

构建了X光层析成像（XCT）气固流动参数测量系统,基于锥形束滤波反投影算法（FDK）开发了CT三维重建软件,并设计了射流识别及量化算法。基于以上方法获得了不同流化风速下床料粒径d_p、布风板孔口直径d₀和布风板孔口均分面积A₀对射流形态结构和几何特征的影响规律。结果表明平均射流长度L、最大直径D和体积V与床料粒径d_p成反比,与孔口直径d₀和孔口均分面积A₀成正比,最终拟合了流化床平均射流长度关联式。     

Ross LPD型静态混合器内湍流传热与混合强化特性

在湍流状态Re=2640~17600下,采用恒热通量传热实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,系统研究Reynolds数Re和交错角对Ross LPD型静态混合器内湍流流动与传热性能影响,采用Nusselt数、Darcy摩擦系数、综合传热系数、速度场与温度梯度和压力梯度协同角等参数评价混合器内传热强化性能;基于CFD与LPT相耦合分析混合器内流体微元拉伸率。研究结果表明：SST k-ω模型预测Ross型静态混合器湍流阻力及传热结果与实验结果具有很好一致性;Ross混合器流场内形成与流场尺度较为接近的纵向涡,其涡心在圆形截面与半圆形截面中心间周期性迁移,横截面内湍流分散混合效率是Kenics的3.36~1.72倍;当Re>7040时,Ross LPD综合传热性能明显优于KSM;当叶片夹角为30°时,综合传热性能系数具有最大值;Ross LPD内插件具有高效低阻的技术优势和结构改进潜力。     

Ross LPD型静态混合器内湍流传热与混合强化特性

在湍流状态Re=2640~17600下,采用恒热通量传热实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,系统研究Reynolds数Re和交错角对Ross LPD型静态混合器内湍流流动与传热性能影响,采用Nusselt数、Darcy摩擦系数、综合传热系数、速度场与温度梯度和压力梯度协同角等参数评价混合器内传热强化性能;基于CFD与LPT相耦合分析混合器内流体微元拉伸率。研究结果表明：SST k-ω模型预测Ross型静态混合器湍流阻力及传热结果与实验结果具有很好一致性;Ross混合器流场内形成与流场尺度较为接近的纵向涡,其涡心在圆形截面与半圆形截面中心间周期性迁移,横截面内湍流分散混合效率是Kenics的3.36~1.72倍;当Re>7040时,Ross LPD综合传热性能明显优于KSM;当叶片夹角为30°时,综合传热性能系数具有最大值;Ross LPD内插件具有高效低阻的技术优势和结构改进潜力。     

微通道内低黏聚合物流体的停留时间分布研究

以低分子量的聚丙二醇为流动介质、酸性橙的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺溶液为示踪剂,采用脉冲响应法测定了螺旋型微通道（MC）反应器内的停留时间分布（RTD）,验证了平行多釜串联（PTIS）模型与RTD实验数据的匹配性,系统考察了MC长度和Reynolds数（Re）对RTD的影响,并讨论了流体径向速度分布指数y和Peclet数（Pe）的变化规律。结果表明,RTD随MC长度的增加而变窄。当通过降低黏度来增大Re时,RTD随之变窄。当通过增大流速来增大Re时,若管径较大,则RTD随之变窄。但若管径较小且管长不长时,则RTD随Re的增加而变宽;如管长较长,则RTD随Re（或流速）的增加先变宽后变窄,即存在临界Reynolds数（Re_c）。RTD的这些变化规律表明,二次流动和径向分子扩散对细小管径的MC的RTD有显著的影响。     

基于微观粒子图像测速法的微肋阵通道内流场特性研究

采用微观粒子图像测速法（Micro-PIV）,实验研究了Reynolds数（Re）=50～800范围内去离子水在微肋直径D=0.4 mm微肋阵内的绕流流场特性,获得了不同Re下错排和顺排微肋阵内的流线分布与速度场,分析了Re与微肋排布方式对旋涡结构、流速分布等流场特性的影响规律。研究结果表明,在Re=50～700范围内,错排和顺排微肋阵内均出现涡结构,当Re=800时错排微肋阵内开始发生旋涡脱落;错排微肋阵内旋涡长度随着Re的增大而增加,而对于顺排微肋阵,在低Re时旋涡长度随着Re的增大而增加,当Re≥300后,旋涡长度保持微肋间距不再增加;顺排微肋阵内主流区顺流速度较错排微肋阵大,而错排微肋阵内横向速度大于顺排微肋阵且最大值比顺排微肋阵高约25%,微肋错排布置增强了流体的掺混。     

单一尺寸圆柱颗粒填充床的阻力特性

通过直径为3、4 mm不同长度的圆柱颗粒填充床的阻力特性实验,研究了颗粒密度对填充床孔隙率的影响,结合文献孔隙率数据修正了孔隙率模型使其在高球形度时预测更准,分析了等效直径的计算方法对Ergun常数的影响,得到圆柱颗粒填充床的阻力特性并与Nemec和Wu的阻力预测模型进行对比,提出新的拟合方法对Ergun常数进行拟合。结果表明：颗粒密度在1156~7947 kg/m3范围内对填充床的孔隙率没有影响;结合文献数据得到圆柱颗粒填充床的孔隙率修正模型;文献中预测不同L/D的圆柱颗粒堆积床的阻力时结果相差较大,Nemec模型要比Wu模型预测准确度高,但也不适用所有L/D下的阻力预测;结合圆柱颗粒填充床孔隙率提出新的拟合方法,拟合Ergun常数时,采用d_ep作为等效直径的拟合优度最高;提出新的Ergun常数表达式,适用于圆柱直径3~4 mm,L/D=1~10的圆柱颗粒,相比于Nemec模型其R²更高,适用范围更明确,因此实用性更强。     

Continuous aerosol size spectrometry with a variable-orifice impactor

An aerosol size spectrometer based on a round-jet impactor of continuously variable geometry is tested using an iris diaphragm as the nozzle. The impactor is run by fixing the nozzle-to-plate distance L, the aerosol mass flow rate m′, and the volumetric pumping capacity Q, which results in a nearly fixed downstream pressure at variable nozzle diameter d_n. Tests are carried below 1.3 and 2.5 mm. The size spectrometer has an excellent resolution when the jet Reynolds number and nozzle-to-plate distance are kept within the ranges 175 Re 700; 0.75 L/d_n 3.33. The instrument may also be run at atmospheric pressure, with an estimated lower size range of 1.7 μm.     

Inocula selection in microbial fuel cells based on anodic biofilm abundance of Geobacter sulfurreducens

Microbial fuel cells(MFCs)rely on microbial conversion of organic substrates to electricity.The optimal performance depends on the establishment of a microbial community rich in electrogenic bacteria.Usually this microbial community is established from inoculation of the MFC anode chamber with naturally occurring mixed inocula.In this study,the electrochemical performance of MFCs and microbial community evolution were evaluated for three inocula including domestic wastewater(DW),lake sediment(LS)and biogas sludge(BS)with varying substrate loading(L_(sub))and external resistance(R_(ext))on the MFC.The electrogenic bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens was identified in all inocula and its abundance during MFC operation was positively linked to the MFC performance.The LS inoculated MFCs showed highest abundance(18% ± 1%)of G.sulfurreducens,maximum current density [I_(max)=(690 ± 30)m A·m~(-2)] and coulombic efficiency(CE = 29% ± 1%)with acetate as the substrate.Imaxand CE increased to(1780 ± 30)m A·m~(-2)and 58% ± 1%,respectively,after decreasing the R_(ext) from 1000 Ω to 200 Ω,which also correlated to a higher abundance of G.sulfurreducens(21% ± 0.7%)on the MFC anodic biofilm.The data obtained contribute to understanding the microbial community response to Lsub and R_(ext)for optimizing electricity generation in MFCs.     

Lightnin静态混合器内气泡分散流体动力学特性实验研究

以Lightnin静态混合器（LSM）内水-空气气液两相体系为研究对象,在连续相水表观速度U_L=0.071~0.127 m/s和离散相空气表观速度U_G=0.007~0.042 m/s的条件下,研究内径100 mm的LSM内气液两相湍流流动阻力与气泡分散水动力学行为。使用分辨率为1920×1080的高速相机Revealer-2F04M采集混合器内不同轴向窗口的气泡群演化过程。结果表明：当U_L<0.085 m/s和U_G=0.025~0.042 m/s时,LSM内的流型为泡状流。随着气泡群流经混合元件数的增加,气泡群的Sauter平均直径d₃₂逐渐减小。当液体表观速度U_L≤0.085 m/s时,Sauter平均直径d₃₂随气体表观速度的增加先减小后增大;U_G =0.028 m/s时d₃₂达到局部最小值,53%的气泡直径d_B/D₀在0.02~0.05范围内。Sauter平均直径、内径与无量纲停留时间τ之间的关系满足d₃₂/D₀=0.031τ^-0.14We^-0.41。平均气含率α的增大显著增加了单位体积内气泡数量密度,加剧气泡与元件表面碰撞频率,增大旋涡二次流强度,导致摩擦系数显著降低;采用Lockhart-Martinelli方法对实验数据回归,得到气液两相流压降预测常数C的关联式：C=5.26×10⁵U_G^-0.91/Re^0.74。     

Lightnin静态混合器内气泡分散流体动力学特性实验研究

以Lightnin静态混合器（LSM）内水-空气气液两相体系为研究对象,在连续相水表观速度U_L=0.071~0.127 m/s和离散相空气表观速度U_G=0.007~0.042 m/s的条件下,研究内径100 mm的LSM内气液两相湍流流动阻力与气泡分散水动力学行为。使用分辨率为1920×1080的高速相机Revealer-2F04M采集混合器内不同轴向窗口的气泡群演化过程。结果表明：当U_L<0.085 m/s和U_G=0.025~0.042 m/s时,LSM内的流型为泡状流。随着气泡群流经混合元件数的增加,气泡群的Sauter平均直径d₃₂逐渐减小。当液体表观速度U_L≤0.085 m/s时,Sauter平均直径d₃₂随气体表观速度的增加先减小后增大;U_G =0.028 m/s时d₃₂达到局部最小值,53%的气泡直径d_B/D₀在0.02~0.05范围内。Sauter平均直径、内径与无量纲停留时间τ之间的关系满足d₃₂/D₀=0.031τ^-0.14We^-0.41。平均气含率α的增大显著增加了单位体积内气泡数量密度,加剧气泡与元件表面碰撞频率,增大旋涡二次流强度,导致摩擦系数显著降低;采用Lockhart-Martinelli方法对实验数据回归,得到气液两相流压降预测常数C的关联式：C=5.26×10⁵U_G^-0.91/Re^0.74。     

Axial dispersion in single pellet-string columns packed with unusually shaped porous pellets

Axial dispersion in the single pellet-string arrangement of a chromatographic column (SPSC) packed with 15 types of pellets with various shapes was studied. Non-porous cylindrical pellets and non-spherical porous pellets with pores blocked by a liquid (Porofil) were used. For different tracer- and carrier-gases (carrier-gases: N₂, H₂; tracer-gases: H₂, He, N₂, Ar) comparable dependencies of Bodenstein numbers, Bo, versus the product of Reynolds and Schmidt numbers, Re Sc, were obtained. Tracer dispersion due to extra-column effects was eliminated via convolution of column responses for two column lengths. Reproducibility of axial dispersion determination was verified by repeated column repacking. An interpolation equation for different pellet shapes was proposed. The pellet shape is characterized through pellet sphericity, φ, and the pellet/column diameter ratio, d_p/d_c. The effectiveness of axial dispersion correlations was confirmed for sphericity 0.427–0.89 and the pellet/column diameter ratios 0.35–0.87.     

正弦波纹挡板式沉降器内流动特性

采用VOF模型对正弦波纹式入口挡板的重力非均相沉降器内流场进行数值模拟研究。对比了正弦波纹挡板与平挡板的平均流场分布情况，分析了沉降器的轴向流速均一程度（λ₁）随时间演化特性，探究了λ₁和面积加权平均湍流强度（I_a）在沉降器内空间分布特性；引入流场均稳指标USC，研究了冲击间距（L_b/D）对USC的影响。结果表明：正弦波纹挡板作为入口构件可以有效降低返混。在0.84＜L_b/D＜2.17范围内，正弦波纹板沉降器内流场的均一程度整体高于平面挡板；随着L_b/D减小，平挡板沉降器内流场的λ₁基本不变，但正弦波纹挡板沉降器内流场的λ₁降低，且对I_a的影响不明显。对比平挡板，正弦波纹挡板可以有效降低轴向速度的梯度，使返混区面积减小，流场稳定性提高。随着L_b/D增加，USC值呈现多峰值趋势，L_b/D=2.17时正弦波纹板沉降器的USC取得极大值为14.68，较平挡板提高了93.67%。     

Aerodynamic focusing of particles in viscous jets

The use of particle inertia to bring particles seeded in a viscous, incompressible jet to a sharp focus is considered. Earlier work on aerodynamic focusing in seeded supersonic jets has involved relatively large Reynolds numbers Re (where viscous effects due to the nozzle walls are negligible), and has reported sharp focal points for particles characterized by a Stokes number exceeding a certain critical value S*. Here a rapidly converging nozzle geometry is shown to yield similarly sharp aerodynamic focusing of particles in sheathed subsonic aerosol jets at Re as low as 15. The diameter d of the particle deposits collected on a greased impaction plate placed normally to the aerosol jet is measured as a function of the distance L between the nozzle and the collector. A numerical solution of the steady, axisymmetric, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations along with extensive particle trajectory calculations complements the available experimental data. In the range of Re for which experimental data are available (15 < Re < 300), the measured particle deposit diameters agree reasonably closely with the calculated values, and only a mild Re effect on d is observed. In this regime, provided a sheath air fraction of 50% is used, concentration of the particles by a factor on the order of 1000 is observed in the focal region, comparable to that previously obtained in supersonic seeded jets. Numerical calculations performed for Re < 15 show that aerodynamic focusing arises even at Re = 3. The presence of the collector plate is shown numerically to have little effect on the particle aerodynamic behavior in the focusing regime (i.e. S>S*).     

Thermal performance and entropy generation for nanofluid jet injection on a ribbed microchannel with oscillating heat flux: Investigation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics

In current numerical study, forced flow and heat transfer of water/NDG (Nitrogen-doped graphene) nanofluid in nanoparticles mass fractions (φ) of 0, 2% and 4% at Reynolds numbers (Re) of 10, 50, 100 and 150 are simulated in steady states. Studied geometry is a two-dimensional microchannel under the influence of nanofluid jet injection. Temperature of inlet fluid equals with T_c=293 K and hot source of microchannel is under the influence of oscillating heat flux. Also, in this research, the effect of the variations of attack angle of triangular rib (15°, 30°, 45° and 60°) on laminar nanofluid flow behavior inside the studied rectangular geometry with the ratio of L/H=28 and nanofluid jet injection is investigated. Obtained results indicate that the increase of Reynolds number, nanoparticles mass fraction and attack angle of rib leads to the increase of pressure drop. By increasing fluid viscosity, momentum depreciation of fluid in collusion with microchannel surfaces enhances. Also, the increase of attack angle of rib at higher Reynolds numbers has a great effect on this coefficient. At low Reynolds numbers, due to slow motion of fluid, variations of attack angle of rib, especially in angles of 30°, 45° and 60° are almost similar. By increasing fluid velocity, the effect of the variations of attack angle on pressure drop becomes significant and pressure drop figures act differently. In general, by using heat transfer enhancement methods in studied geometry, heat transfer increases almost 25%.     

循环射流混合槽内液液两相混合特性数值模拟

循环射流混合槽作为一种高效的混合装置在化工过程强化处理技术中具有潜在的工业应用前景。由于缺乏对其内多相体系流动和混合行为的研究,制约了循环射流混合反应器的优化设计与工业化应用。本文选取水和二甲基硅油两相体系,采用计算流体力学软件ANSYS Fluent V16.1中Eulerian-Eulerian多相流模型和SST k-?湍流模型,对两种不同加料方式下循环射流混合槽内液液两相射流中心线速度、离析强度、拉伸率等参数进行研究。研究结果表明：分散相浓度（α_d）增大射流卷吸能耗增大,在l/s<0.4内α_d=1.80%和2.86%量纲为1的射流中心线速度衰减趋势与α_d=6.00%相比减弱51%和21%;在低分散相浓度时,量纲为1的射流中心线速度随Re的增大衰减趋势变化小,在l/s<0.24内Re=6346、9519和12692量纲为1的射流中心线速度衰减趋势与Re=3173相比分别减弱2.60%、2.87%和12.69%。离析强度随混合时间的增大而减小,随周向角度增大呈W形变化趋势。在相含率和雷诺数相同时,对称球状较圆柱状加料达到混合时间减少65.5%;不同喷嘴之间的拉伸率随迹线长度的增大而增大,jet1和jet9位置处的拉伸率与其余喷嘴相比较大;相同喷嘴之间拉伸率随Re的增大而增大,Re=6346、9519和12692的拉伸率与Re=3173相比分别提高289%~320%、418%~454%和607%~667%。     

湿法磷酸固-液体系混沌混合与浸出强化行为

湿法磷酸浸出过程中，传统刚性搅拌桨的作用方式主要是剪切作用，容易形成对称性流场结构，降低搅拌效率。实验考察了桨叶类型、离底高度、搅拌速度、柔性钢丝绳长度、柔性钢丝直径对磷矿浸出率及最大Lyapunov指数(LLE)的影响。实验结果表明：刚柔组合桨通过刚-柔-流的耦合作用，改善流场的结构，提高了流体混沌混合效果。当搅拌转速225 r/min，浸出时间120 min，离底高度h=T/4，柔性钢丝绳直径d= 0.42r，柔性钢丝绳长度L=1.3T时，刚柔组合桨的最大Lyapunov指数达到0.09071，磷矿浸出率提高了10.8%。另外，在相同的功耗(P _v=9890 W/m³)条件下，刚柔组合桨使反应器内的悬浮均匀度和渣中磷含量分别降低了40.8%和17.67%，有效地改善了晶体的形貌，提高了磷石膏的过滤性能，强化了颗粒的混合与浸出。     

Wall effects in flow past a circular cylinder in a plane channel: a numerical study

This paper describes a numerical study on the steady flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid past a circular cylinder confined in a plane rectangular channel. Using FLUENT (version 6), two-dimensional steady state computations were carried out for an uniform inlet velocity and for different values of the Reynolds numbers in the range between 0.1 and 200 and blockage ratios (ratio of the channel width to the cylinder diameter) in the range between 1.54 and 20. The flow parameters such as drag coefficient, length of the recirculation zone, and the angle of separation are presented as functions of the Reynolds number and blockage ratio. The total drag coefficient (C_D) was found to decrease with an increase in the blockage ratio (λ) for a fixed value of the Reynolds number (Re) and to decrease with increasing Reynolds number for a fixed value of λ. Similarly, for a fixed value of λ, both the angle of separation and the length of the recirculation zone increase with the increasing Reynolds number.