川西峨边地区金口河辉绿岩脉SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄及其对Rodinia裂解的启示

川西金口河地区中元古代峨边群中发育大量基性侵入岩,其具体侵位时间对厘定峨边群的时限、研究扬子西缘前寒武纪构造属性具有重要意义。对峨边群枷担桥组层型剖面中一条辉绿岩脉进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年。结果表明,该辉绿岩脉的锆石发育清楚且宽缓的内部环带结构,具有较高的Th/U比值,属典型基性岩浆成因的锆石,其206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为(813.4±8.2)Ma(MSWD=0.56),代表了该辉绿岩脉的侵位时间,也限定了峨边群枷担桥组的上限年龄。综合扬子西缘新元古代中期基性岩浆活动的最新同位素年龄,证实存在2个主要的活动期:830~800Ma和780~745Ma,且830~800Ma期间基性岩浆活动的峰值年龄为(821±2)Ma。这与前人总结的华南和澳大利亚同期基性岩浆活动的年龄分布特征完全一致,暗示川西金口河辉绿岩脉的形成可能与新元古代导致Rodinia超大陆裂解的地幔柱幕式活动有关。     

扬子西缘新元古代中期裂谷作用:来自年代学与沉积学的新证据

华南新元古代沉积盆地演化与Rodinia超大陆裂解存在紧密联系,但仍缺乏精细刻画.对扬子西缘澄江组开展了系统的碎屑锆石年代学和沉积学研究.澄江组砂岩的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄主要为新元古代（870~780 Ma）,少数为前新元古代（2 850~1 010 Ma）,最显著的峰值为820 Ma,最年轻一组碎屑锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为804.5±5.4 Ma.结合已发表年龄数据,将澄江组沉积时限进一步限定为800~720 Ma.物源分析揭示澄江组的新元古代碎屑锆石剥蚀自邻近的新元古代岩浆岩,而前新元古代锆石可能来自于邻近新元古代岩体的剥蚀或地层的沉积再循环.扬子西缘新元古代中期沉积盆地具有由冲积扇相逐渐过渡为前扇三角洲相的沉积演化序列,最终形成了具有裂谷充填特征的“楔状地层”.这种沉积超覆演化过程在整个华南新元古代裂谷系普遍存在,指示在800 Ma左右华南全面进入裂谷盆地成熟阶段.      

湖南冷家溪群划分及同位素年龄约束

依据区域岩石组合特征,参照岩石地层的划分原则,对冷家溪群进行重新划分:下部为海相深水盆地沉积细碎屑岩系,划分出易家桥组、潘家冲组、雷神庙组;上部为盆地斜坡相浊流(扇)沉积粗碎屑岩系,分为黄浒洞组、小木坪组、大药菇组。在冷家溪群各岩组中的凝灰岩夹层内取得一批新的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年数据,对其沉积时代归属提供了新的约束。锆石SHRIMP年龄数据表明其沉积时限介于820～>862 Ma之间,时代属于新元古代早期。     

川西列古六组底部凝灰质杂砾岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其意义

长期以来,川西地区列古六组一直被认为与新元古代冰川晚冰期(Marinoan)地层南沱组相当,从而认为扬子西缘缺失早冰期(Sturtian)沉积,但缺少可靠的年代学证据。针对川西列古六组底部凝灰质杂砾岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄范围为722 Ma~902 Ma,在~725 Ma,~780 Ma,~820 Ma和~850 Ma具有明显的峰值。其中,最年轻一组~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为724 Ma±12 Ma,代表列古六组底部杂砾岩的最大沉积时间。列古六组沉积序列特征以及华南Sturtian冰期启动年龄分布范围综合分析可知,川西列古六组下段为早冰期沉积,可与长安组对比,而上段则为间冰期沉积,可与富禄组和大塘坡组对比。因此,扬子西缘存在早冰期(Sturtian)和间冰期沉积,不存在晚冰期(Marinoan)沉积。     

华北—江南地区中、新元古代地层格架的再认识

近年来, 在华北古陆中、新元古代地层中不断获得新的锆石U-Pb年龄, 为华北中、新元古代高精度年代地层框架的建立提供了重要的数据。当前国际前寒武纪地层精确对比的依据主要是高精度的同位素测年数据, 因此, 系统的锆石定年研究仍然是目前国际前寒武纪地层学研究的热点问题之一。本文报道蓟县剖面中元古代地层的基底迁西杂岩(群)锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄2534?9 Ma和串岭沟组中的辉绿岩(床)1638?14 Ma新的数据, 结合大红峪组火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄1625.9?8.9 Ma和侵入到太古代地层中密云环斑花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄1685?15 Ma, 认为华北中、新元古代年代地层框架的优化和长城系盖层沉积的起始时间在1.75~1.70 Ga。在中国地层格架中, 扬子板块和华夏板块之间有一明显呈带状分布的元古代轻微变质的沉积地层和一系列岩浆岩单元, 被称之为“江南造山带”, 这套地层的定位对于确定中国古大陆晚寒武纪地层构造格局极为重要, 本文结合双桥山群的最新年龄和邻区的SHRIMP U-Pb年龄数据探讨其构造地层意义。     

扬子地块西缘中元古界登相营群年代学及地质意义

扬子板块西缘中元古界登相营群为一套与裂谷相关的沉积- 火山岩序列,其年代学和构造背景对理解扬子板块前寒武纪构造演化具有重要意义。本文获得登相营群松林坪组、则姑组和朝王坪组火山岩LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年龄分别为1166±6 Ma、1040±4 Ma和1020±4 Ma,精确限制了登相营群时代为1166~1020 Ma。松林坪组砂岩碎屑锆石年龄具有多峰值特征,地球化学特征表明砂岩物源主要来自酸性火山岩以及花岗岩。则姑组英安岩具有较高的Ga/Al比值和Zr、Hf、Ga和HREE含量以及高的锆石饱和温度,属于A型花岗岩系列,锆石εHf(t)值为~15. 1~9. 1,说明来自花岗质地壳物质的部分熔融。构造背景判别图解显示登相营群砂岩和英安岩形成于大陆裂谷盆地。结合前人的研究成果,笔者认为扬子地块西缘中元古代晚期构造属性为被动大陆边缘裂谷,新元古代早期构造动力学背景转为活动大陆边缘洋- 陆俯冲,扬子板块应位于超大陆的边缘位置。     

扬子地块西缘古—中元古代地层划分对比研究: 来自通安组火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄的证据

提要：通安组作为扬子地块西缘最古老的基底地层之一,是前人通过1.8 Ga最大沉积时限的碎屑锆石年龄和第三段已获得辉绿岩1.5 Ga的侵入年龄来限定的;但未见其更精确地层年龄的相关报道。笔者以通安组一段和四段地层中发现的火山岩样品为研究对象,采用LA-ICP-MS 方法对其锆石进行原位微区U-Pb测年,获得了通安组一段下部变基性火山岩锆石207Pb/206Pb年龄(1833±2) Ma和四段底部变凝灰岩锆石207Pb/206Pb年龄(1508±15) Ma。该年龄结果表明：(1)通安组下部层位的沉积时代为1.8 Ga,基本限定了通安组的最大沉积时限,与东川群因民组、大红山群底部大致相当;(2)通安组四段底部沉积时代为1.5 Ga,与前人获得的通安组三段及东川群黑山组顶部层位沉积时代大致相当,为同期异相沉积;(3)进一步确定了通安组在地层柱上应位于会理群之下,与东川群、河口群、大红山群为可对比的同期异地异相沉积地层。     

扬子地块西缘古一中元古代地层划分对比研究:来自通安组火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄的证据

通安组作为扬子地块西缘最古老的基底地层之一,是前人通过1.8 Ga最大沉积时限的碎屑锆石年龄和第三段已获得辉绿岩1.5 Ga的侵入年龄来限定的;但未见其更精确地层年龄的相关报道。笔者以通安组一段和四段地层中发现的火山岩样品为研究对象,采用LA-ICP-MS方法对其锆石进行原位微区U-Pb测年,获得了通安组一段下部变基性火山岩锆石~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb年龄(1833±2)Ma和四段底部变凝灰岩锆石~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb年龄(1508±15)Ma。该年龄结果表明:(1)通安组下部层位的沉积时代为1.8 Ga,基本限定了通安组的最大沉积时限,与东川群因民组、大红山群底部大致相当;(2)通安组四段底部沉积时代为1.5 Ga,与前人获得的通安组三段及东川群黑山组顶部层位沉积时代大致相当,为同期异相沉积;(3)进一步确定了通安组在地层柱上应位于会理群之下,与东川群、河口群、大红山群为可对比的同期异地异相沉积地层。     

扬子地台西缘盐边群玄武质岩石地球化学特征及SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄

选择盐边群底部荒田组玄武质岩石(原划为蛇绿岩),通过岩石化学和微量元素地球化学研究,认为盐边群玄武质岩石可能形成于弧后盆地环境;通过SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学研究,获得玄武质岩石岩浆结晶年龄为782±53Ma,其形成时代为新元古代。同时获得其中继承性变质锆石年龄为1837±14Ma。变质锆石年龄可能代表扬子地台西缘变质基底年龄,证明扬子地台西缘可能存在古元古代变质基底。     

扬子地块西缘河口群的时代:来自火山岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄的证据

扬子地块西缘的河口群长期以来被认为是早元古代的火山—沉积地层,这种认识缺乏高精度同位素年龄的支持。为精确标定河口群的时代,采用激光剥蚀等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)对川西南拉拉铜矿区河口群中的石英角斑岩进行锆石U-Pb定年。结果表明所有锆石均为岩浆锆石,单点分析结果均为谐和年龄,锆石207Pb/206Pb加权平均年龄为1722±25Ma(2σ,MSWD=0.5,n=11)。由此认为河口群浅变质火山—沉积岩系的精确沉积时代为1722±25Ma,为早元古代晚期的火山—沉积地层。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the