免疫酶技术在修饰的安卡拉痘苗病毒感染性滴度检测中的应用

 修饰的安卡拉痘苗（modified vaccinia Ankara，MVA）是MVA病毒在原代鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEF）中经过一系列的传代得到^[1]，在人体内可以表达 MVA 病毒蛋白及其携带的外源基因蛋白，但却不形成完整的病毒颗粒，为人体内复制缺陷性病毒^[2]，安全性好，即使在免疫功能缺陷病人和免疫抑制的恒河猴体内也未显示出明显的副作用^[3]。近年来，重组 MVA 病毒广泛地用于预防性疫苗和感染性疾病、癌症治疗的基础与临床研究^[4]，其中以 MVA 病毒作为载体的疫苗是最有希望用于预防人类艾滋病的活载体疫苗之一^[5]。由于 MVA 病毒本身的繁殖特点，其滴度的检测不适合采用常规的蚀斑法进行^[6]；而常规微量细胞病变（cytopathic effect，CPE）法相对耗时，对细胞培养要求高，往往受到主观因素的影响，因而不稳定且精确度降低^[7]，给检测工作带来不便。上世纪 90 年代初 Usuba 等^[8]建立了免疫酶技术测定流感病毒感染性滴度的方法，较常规方法省时、结果准确﹑重复性好。我们就免疫酶技术在 MVA 病毒感染性滴度检测中的适用性进行了探讨，旨在建立一种准确、快速的 MVA 病毒感染性滴度检测方法。......     

以Pin1为靶点的肿瘤反义基因治疗研究进展

 肽基脯氨酰顺反式异构酶 1（peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase 1，Pin1）是进化上非常保守的肽基脯氨酰异构酶（peptidyl-prolyl isomerase，PPIase）家族的成员，属微小菌素蛋白^[1]，最初报道于 1996 年，在分离与 NIMA（never in mitosis gene A）相互作用的蛋白时得到^[2]。一些研究发现，Pin1 的作用靶点可以是参与细胞增殖、细胞凋亡和转录的蛋白，如细胞周期蛋白 E（cyclin E）、cyclin D1、β-连环蛋白（β-catenin）等，其中多数蛋白在肿瘤形成过程中会失调^[3-5]；并且 Pin1 在多种肿瘤中过表达（如宫颈癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌等）^[6-14]，因此认为 Pin1 与肿瘤发生有关。有学者已经对 Pin1 在肿瘤治疗方面的应用进行了研究，包括靶向 Pin1 的小分子化合物和反义基因。本文主要就靶向 Pin1 的肿瘤反义基因治疗方面的研究进展做简要综述。 ......     

埃兹蛋白在胃癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

 目的 探讨埃兹蛋白（ezrin）在胃癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。 方法 随机选择手术切除并经组织病理学检查确诊的胃癌组织标本 40 份和癌旁正常组织标本 30 份，应用免疫组织化学 SP 法检测 ezrin 的表达，并分析 ezrin 表达与胃癌患者年龄、性别、肿瘤直径、浸润和分化程度、有无淋巴结转移等临床病理因素的相关关系。 结果 ezrin 阳性表达率在胃癌组织为 55%（22/40），癌旁正常组织为 0，两者间差异有统计学意义（χ² = 18.07，P < 0.05）；在高、中、低分化胃癌组织分别为 30%（3/10）、53%（10/19）、82%（9/11）（χ² = 5.760，P < 0.05）；在有、无淋巴结转移胃癌组织分别为 72.7%（16/22）、33.3%（6/18） （χ² = 6.208，P < 0.05）。ezrin 表达与胃癌患者年龄、性别、肿块大小及浸润程度无明显相关（P > 0.05）。 结论 ezrin 在胃癌组织中呈高表达，并与胃癌的淋巴结转移及恶性程度呈负相关，是反映胃癌生物学行为的有价值 指标。     

制备型高效液相色谱在生物医药制品领域的应用

 制备型高效液相色谱（preparative high performance liquid chromatography，Prep-HPLC）是一种使用高压、大流量液体输送系统在高分辨率、大内径、高载量分离柱上进行样品高纯度分离的液相色谱制备方法。应用该方法分离的产品在纯度、回收率、分离效率等方面远远优于传统的制备方法，因此在生物制品和药物研究、生产领域得到广泛应用^[1-3]。本文就近年来 Prep-HPLC 方法的研究进展及其在生物医药制品领域的应用做一综述。 1 Prep-HPLC 在蛋白质和多肽分离制备中的应用 蛋白质和肽类药物活性强，生物功能明确，特异性高，有利于临床应用，已成为医药产业中的一大类重要产品。但这些产品无论是来自于生物体内还是由化学合成，往往都带有复杂的混合成分，而总目的蛋白或肽类的丰度又低，给分离纯化带来困难，需要多种方法联合使用以获得纯度满意的产品。在此过程中，Prep-HPLC 通常在分离的最后阶段被用作获得高纯度产品的关键方法^[4]。......     

转基因动物育种研究的现状与趋势

 20 世纪 80 年代以来发展的转基因动物技术是指将已知的外源基因导入动物细胞并稳定整合到基因组中,使其得以表达的技术。转基因动物育种是指通过转基因的手段,从分子水平对动物进行改良,以期得到目标性状。1997 年,克隆羊 Dolly 的诞生^[1],开创了哺乳动物体细胞核移植技术的先河,随后,乳腺中表达人凝血因子 IX 的转基因克隆羊 Polly 培育成功^[2]。2005 年抗乳房炎转基因牛的诞生^[3],2006 年多不饱和脂肪酸转基因克隆猪的培育成功^[4],标志着转基因动物育种进入了新的发展历程。2009 年生产高比例的抗原特异性人源抗体的转染色体牛的出生^[5],是转基因动物生产药用蛋白的又一个里程碑。转基因动物技术自从诞生以来就在改良家畜生产性状、提高家畜抗病力以及生产非常规畜牧产品（如人药用蛋白和工业用酶）等方面显示了广阔的应用前景。随着基因工程技术的不断发展,转基因动物技术将会不断得到完善,从而在未来的动物育种中将发挥巨大的作用。......     

极低密度脂蛋白对HK-2细胞hUAT基因表达的影响

 目的 观察不同浓度极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）是否调节肾小管上皮细胞（HK-2细胞）人尿酸盐转运子（hUAT）mRNA的表达。方法 根据培养液中所含VLDL浓度的不同，将HK-2细胞分为：①仅使用DMEM/F-12组（对照组）；②DMEM/F-12+ 50 μg/ml VLDL组（V1组）；③DMEM/F-12+100 μg/ml VLDL组（V2组）；④DMEM/F-12+200 μg/ml VLDL组（V3组）；⑤DMEM/F-12+400 μg/ml VLDL组（V4组）。每组均培养 6瓶细胞。上述细胞在不同培养液中分别培养48 h。采用实时荧光定量PCR检测HK-2细胞中hUAT mRNA的相对表达量（2^ΔΔCt法）。结果 所有标本均能检测到hUAT mRNA的表达，但V1～V4组hUAT mRNA表达水平均明显低于对照组，其中，VLDL最低浓度（50 μg/ml）组hUAT mRNA表达水平为对照组的64%，VLDL最高浓度（400 μg/ml）组hUAT mRNA表达水平仅为对照组的24%。结论 VLDL下调hUAT mRNA表达，VLDL的这种作用可能与脂代谢紊乱易合并高尿酸血症有关。     

胸苷激酶1在乳腺癌诊断和预后判断中的应用研究进展

 乳腺癌是女性常见的恶性肿瘤，全世界每年约有 130 万妇女患乳腺癌，约有 50 万妇女死于乳腺癌。我国虽属低发国家，但据北京、上海、天津等大城市的统计，乳腺癌发病率以每年约 3% 的速度增长，发病年龄也从 50 ~ 55 岁提前了 10 岁左右，逐渐成为城市女性的第一杀手^[1]。胸苷激酶（thymidine kinase，TK）是嘧啶代谢循环中的关键酶之一，它能够催化脱氧胸苷转变为脱氧-1-磷酸胸苷酸，为 DNA 的合成提供原料，是衡量细胞增殖活性的重要指标^[2]。TK 在人类细胞中以 2 种同工酶的形式存在，即细胞质 TK（TK1）和线粒体 TK（TK2）。TK1 与细胞增殖密切相关，在非增殖细胞和健康人血清中浓度极微或者检测不到，但在恶性肿瘤细胞和恶性肿瘤患者血液中升高，其浓度与肿瘤细胞的增殖速度成正比，并与疾病的轻重程度有关^[3]，因此被认为是一种较好的血清学细胞增殖标志。本文主要就 TK1 在乳腺癌辅助诊断、疗效监控和预后评估等方面的作用做简要综述。......     

促凋亡基因 puma 的研究进展

 p53 上调节的细胞凋亡调控因子（p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis，PUMA）是 2001 年由 Yu 等^[1]和 Nakano 等^[2] 2 个独立研究小组同时发现的，是 Bcl-2 蛋白家族的促凋亡成员之一，具有强大的促凋亡作用，可被内、外源性 p53 快速诱导活化。PUMA 基因定位于 19q，cDNA 全长 1.9 kb，转录本由 4 个外显子（1a、2、3、4）组成，编码 1 个由 193 个氨基酸组成的蛋白，该蛋白定位于线粒体膜上。Bcl-2 蛋白家族中促凋亡蛋白的共同点是都含有 1 个由 9 个氨基酸（LRRMADDLN）组成的 BH3 保守结构域。其中 PUMA 与 Bik、Bad、Bid、Bim、Hrk/DP5 及线虫 Eg-1 等促凋亡蛋白，都只存在 1 个 BH3（Bcl-2 homology3）结构域，统称为 BH3 仅有蛋白。从秀丽隐杆线虫到小鼠的程序性细胞死亡的遗传学研究显示，BH3 仅有蛋白是程序性细胞死亡的重要启动因子，BH3 仅有蛋白通过其 BH3 结构域与 Bcl-2 蛋白家族中的抑凋亡蛋白表面的沟槽相互作用从而启动凋亡，提示 BH3 结构域对 BH3 仅有蛋白与 Bcl-2 等抑凋亡蛋白结合并启动凋亡起着至关重要的作用^[3]。PUMA 的 BH3 结构域位于其氨基酸序列的第 141 ~ 149 位，缺少此结构域的 puma 突变体也将丧失诱导凋亡的功能^[4]。近年来，PUMA 的诱导凋亡作用与肿瘤的相关性研究成为热点，本文仅就 PUMA 的促凋亡作用在肿瘤研究中的应用进行综述。......     

极低密度脂蛋白对HK-2细胞hUAT基因表达的影响

 目的 观察不同浓度极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）是否调节肾小管上皮细胞（HK-2细胞）人尿酸盐转运子（hUAT）mRNA的表达。方法 根据培养液中所含VLDL浓度的不同，将HK-2细胞分为：①仅使用DMEM/F-12组（对照组）；②DMEM/F-12+ 50 μg/ml VLDL组（V1组）；③DMEM/F-12+100 μg/ml VLDL组（V2组）；④DMEM/F-12+200 μg/ml VLDL组（V3组）；⑤DMEM/F-12+400 μg/ml VLDL组（V4组）。每组均培养 6瓶细胞。上述细胞在不同培养液中分别培养48 h。采用实时荧光定量PCR检测HK-2细胞中hUAT mRNA的相对表达量（2^ΔΔCt法）。结果 所有标本均能检测到hUAT mRNA的表达，但V1～V4组hUAT mRNA表达水平均明显低于对照组，其中，VLDL最低浓度（50 μg/ml）组hUAT mRNA表达水平为对照组的64%，VLDL最高浓度（400 μg/ml）组hUAT mRNA表达水平仅为对照组的24%。结论 VLDL下调hUAT mRNA表达，VLDL的这种作用可能与脂代谢紊乱易合并高尿酸血症有关。     

人海绵状血管瘤动物模型的建立和治疗药物的筛选

 目的 建立人海绵状血管瘤的动物模型，并用于药物筛选。方法 用荆豆凝集素包被的免疫磁珠分离和纯化人海绵状血管瘤内皮细胞（HCAEC）。将HCAEC（2.5×10⁶个）与人肝癌细胞Bel-7402（5×10⁵个）混合接种于裸鼠皮下，建立海绵状血管瘤的动物模型。通过绿色荧光蛋白示踪和组织学检查分析血管瘤中内皮细胞的来源和血管瘤的病理特征。另外，应用血管瘤内皮细胞和血管瘤动物模型筛选血管瘤的治疗药物。结果 HCAEC与Bel-7402细胞共移植于裸鼠皮下后7～9 d即可见接种局部形成血管瘤样结构。组织学检查显示血管瘤模型的组织学特征与人的海绵状血管瘤非常相似。细胞绿色荧光蛋白示踪显示绿色荧光蛋白存在于血管瘤的管壁，表明这些细胞来源于接种的HCAEC。药物筛选发现876-3，一种从中药中提取的单体，体外明显抑制HCAEC增殖，体内对血管瘤具有良好治疗作用。结论 HCAEC与肝癌细胞共移植在裸鼠皮下可以形成人源化血管瘤动物模型，这种血管瘤动物模型可以用于治疗药物的筛选。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.