玻璃钢激光烧蚀的微波透射性能研究

为了解激光辐照对玻璃钢材料微波透射特性的影响,对激光照射后的样品进行了分析研究。通过红外谱分析了烧蚀样品的微观结构变化,用扫描电镜分析了损伤细观形貌,结合结构和物理性能的变化讨论了微波透射性能变化。结果表明,激光烧蚀会导致玻璃钢材料微观组分的变化、宏观结构的改变,形成烧蚀层、碳化层、热解层和原始层组成的多层结构。其中,碳化层、烧蚀层的微观构成发生了显著变化,形成了微波的散射和吸收机制,进而导致了微波传输性能下降。     

星载蜂窝夹层结构固面天线反射器的热变形

针对固面天线反射器在轨运行时自身结构因素受环境温度变化引起热变形的问题,以一口径为1.2 m的星载蜂窝夹层结构固面反射器为研究对象,首先采用有限元仿真软件详细分析了温度由20℃降到-80℃时,不同蒙皮材料、胶层厚度、蜂窝刚度和蜂窝的热膨胀系数（CTE）对反射器热变形型面精度均方根（RMS）的影响规律,其次采用热压罐成型工艺制备了M55J和T300蒙皮材料的两种典型蜂窝夹层结构反射器对仿真结果进行试验验证。结果表明：M55J蒙皮材料发射器的热变形比T300蒙皮材料反射器的小,同时发现发射器的热变形与胶层的厚度基本呈线性关系,胶层厚度越薄,反射器的热变形越小,且当胶层厚度一定时,蜂窝的热变形占主导因素,其刚度变化值提升2倍时影响趋势突变,此时蒙皮刚度对蜂窝热变形的抑制作用明显,当蜂窝的CTE改变11倍时,反射器热变形RMS改变值大于80%。经试验测得环境温度由20℃降到-80℃时两种典型反射器的热变形的RMS值和仿真计算差值分别为15.7%和15.2%,证明仿真结果可靠,可通过优化相应的结构参数为星载天线反射器的设计提供参考。     

六(4-羟甲基苯氧基)环三磷腈阻燃剂/聚酰亚胺纤维对三元乙丙包覆层烟雾性能的影响

研究了六(4-羟甲基苯氧基)环三磷腈(PN-OH)阻燃剂和聚酰亚胺(PI)纤维对三元乙丙包覆烧蚀性能和烟雾性能的影响,并对阻燃和固碳机理进行了分析。通过1~#—10~#试样分析结果可以看出,随着PN-OH和PI含量的增加,三元乙丙包覆层线烧蚀率由0.164mm/s降至0.102mm/s,质量烧蚀率由0.065g/s降至0.055g/s;包覆层烟雾性能得到较大改善,可见光透过率由68.4%提高为90.2%,激光透过率由55.3%提高为75.3%。     

多孔火山岩超高速撞击蜂窝夹层板试验研究

为研究航天器蜂窝夹层结构的超高速撞击防护性能,采用轻质多孔火山岩弹丸模拟微流星体,进行超高速撞击试验,研究蜂窝夹层板的损伤特性。结果表明:采用硅橡胶垫片,结合弹托使用,可实现轻质、脆性火山岩弹丸的超高速完整发射;在火山岩弹丸超高速撞击条件下,蜂窝夹层板主要发生正面蒙皮穿孔、蜂窝芯层坍塌、背面蒙皮花瓣开裂、脱胶等损伤模式;正面蒙皮穿孔直径随弹丸直径的增大而增大;蜂窝芯层坍塌面积和背面蒙皮损伤面积不仅与冲击能量、弹丸直径相关,还与冲击位置相关。     

激光源原子氧对Kapton薄膜和Kapton／Al薄膜二次表面镜性能的影响

在模拟空间环境原子氧暴露条件下,采用激光源原子氧对热控涂层材料Kapton薄膜、Kapton/Al薄膜二次表面镜进行了不同剂量的暴露试验。研究了这两种材料的质量损失、表面形貌随原子氧暴露剂量的变化关系,以及Kapton薄膜的光谱透过率、Kapton/Al薄膜二次表面镜的光谱反射率和太阳吸收比Δαs随原子氧暴露剂量的演化规律。结果表明:两种材料的质量损失随原子氧暴露剂量的增加呈线性增大;原子氧暴露后,试样表面呈"地毯"状形貌,且随暴露剂量的增加粗糙度变大;Kapton薄膜的光谱透过率、Kapton/Al薄膜二次表面镜的光谱反射率随原子氧暴露剂量的增加而降低,Kapton/Al薄膜二次表面镜的太阳吸收比Δαs随暴露剂量的增加而增大。最后对Kapton薄膜的存在寿命和Kapton/Al薄膜二次表面镜绝热平面的平衡温度进行了预测。     

激光烧蚀对石英/氰酸酯透波复合材料电性能的影响

研究激光烧蚀对石英/氰酸酯复合材料电性能的影响并揭示其影响机制,对极度恶劣热环境条件下石英/氰酸酯复合材料透波性能评估分析、热防护设计等具有重要意义。利用激光作为外热流加载手段,对石英/氰酸酯复合材料进行激光辐照烧蚀实验,对实验前后的介电常数进行了测试。为分析介电常数变化机制,对石英/氰酸酯复合材料激光烧蚀前后的表面产物进行了透射红外光谱、XRD测试,对实验后的石英/氰酸酯复合材料表面进行微观形貌观察,并对氰酸酯和石英纤维进行了热失重测试。结果表明：与初始状态相比,激光烧蚀后的石英/氰酸酯复合材料在7~18 GHz范围内的介电常数为6左右,增大近1倍。分析认为激光烧蚀对石英/氰酸酯复合材料电性能的影响机制为：在激光辐照作用下,材料吸收激光能量升温,使氰酸酯树脂基体发生热分解、裂解等变化,在表面原位生成具有导电能力和岛链状态的炭黑物质,致使发生烧蚀炭化石英/氰酸酯复合材料的介电常数增大,将增强对雷达波的吸收。同时烧蚀形成的粗糙表面状态和疏松状态对电磁波的反射、散射作用增强,可进一步削弱石英/氰酸酯复合材料的雷达波透射能。     

结构参数对CFRP蒙皮-铝蜂窝夹层板低速冲击性能的影响

针对碳纤维增强树脂复合材料（CFRP）蒙皮-铝蜂窝夹层结构,使用半球头式落锤冲击试验平台进行了低速冲击载荷下蜂窝芯单元尺寸对夹层板冲击性能影响的试验探究,并基于渐进损伤模型、内聚力模型和三维Hashin失效准则,在有限元仿真软件ABAQUS中建立了含蒙皮、蜂窝芯、胶层的CFRP蒙皮-铝蜂窝夹层板精细化低速冲击仿真模型,仿真结果与试验结果吻合较好。利用该数值模型进一步探究了蜂窝芯高度、蒙皮厚度和蜂窝芯壁厚等结构参数对于蜂窝夹层板低速冲击吸能效果的影响。结果表明:增大铝蜂窝芯的单元边长,会减小蜂窝夹层板的刚度,提升夹层板的吸能效果;芯层高度对夹层板的刚度及抗低速冲击性能影响较小;增大蜂窝夹层板的蒙皮厚度,可以提高夹层板的刚度,但会降低夹层板的吸能效果;增大蜂窝芯的壁厚,可以提高夹层板的刚度和抗低速冲击性能。      

A型蒙皮复合蜂窝结构设计及其吸波性能

针对引入蒙皮材料导致吸波蜂窝26.5～40 GHz频段吸波性能退化的问题,对蒙皮的结构进行了改进设计,研究了A型蒙皮结构对多层蜂窝吸波性能的影响机制及规律,并得到了最优的蒙皮结构参数.研究结果表明,设计的A型结构,可有效改善蒙皮的高频段透波性能.随着A型蒙皮中透波蜂窝厚度的增加,复合吸波蜂窝在2～18 GHz频段内的吸...     

防蓝光纳米薄膜的磁控溅射制备技术及性能研究

以稀土材料钬靶,采用中频反应磁控溅射法设计并制备防蓝光多层纳米薄膜,并研究其光学、力学及耐候性等性能。研究表明:膜层对整个蓝光波段反射率达到40%左右,实现蓝光部分阻隔;600~780nm可见光波段透过率高达98%以上,反射率低于1%以下;表面铅笔硬度达到8H,3500次橡皮摩擦无变化;膜层耐候性能优良。     

纸蜂窝夹层板主共振频率的影响因素

目的 研究芯层结构因素和静应力因素对纸蜂窝夹层板-质量系统主共振频率的影响。方法 采用正弦振动试验测试纸蜂窝夹层板-质量系统的振动传递特性,分析不同静应力作用下不同蜂窝芯的纸蜂窝夹层板-质量系统的主共振频率变化规律。结果 纸蜂窝夹层板-质量系统的主共振频率在150~350 Hz之间;蜂窝芯结构及芯层材料影响纸蜂窝夹层板的刚性,从而影响系统的主共振频率;载荷质量变化引起静应力的变化,也会影响系统的主共振频率。主共振频率均随蜂窝胞元边长、纸板厚度、芯纸定量及静应力的增大而降低。结论 可为纸蜂窝夹层板的振动传递特性研究提供基础,有助于不同材质蜂窝夹层板的优化设计。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。