基于Red重组系统的阴沟肠杆菌基因重组技术

目的:开发一种基于Red重组系统的E.cloacae基因重组技术。方法:将Red重组酶基因连接于表达载体形成pSC-MSC-red,将Flp重组酶基因连接于表达载体形成pSC-MSC-flp。以budA基因(编码乙酰乳酸脱羧酶)为例,构建了不同长度同源臂的抗性盒。将这些DNA片段分别转化入携带pSC-MSC-red质粒的E.cloacae进行基因重组。结果:使用同源臂长度为39和100 bp的抗性盒不能得到重组子;同源臂长度为200 bp的抗性盒可以获得重组子E.cloacae ΔbudA-773,重组效率为6.1 CFU/μg DNA;同源臂长度为500 bp时,重组效率提高到131.5 CFU/μg DNA。将表达Flp重组酶的质粒pSC-MSC-flp转化入重组菌株中传代培养成功消除了抗性标记。对重组菌株E.cloacae ΔbudA进行发酵培养实验,菌株丧失了合成乙偶姻和2,3-丁二醇的能力,表明budA基因被成功敲除。结论:本文建立了一种适用于E.cloacae的基因重组方法。     

低双乙酰啤酒酵母工程菌的构建

利用PCR技术以啤酒酵母QY的染色体为模板扩增出含有乙酰羟酸合成酶（AHAS）基因ILV2的片段，将ILV2基因的内部EcoRI片段连接到整合载体YIp5上，并在该载体的Bam HI-SalI位点插入铜抗性基因CUP1－MT1，构建了YIpCE质粒，将其转化啤酒酵母QY，所得到的转化子AHAS酶的活力比受体菌QY降低75％左右， 在发酵测试中，转化了产生双乙酰的量比原始菌株降低30％。     

高效表达淀粉酶的工业酿酒酵母菌株的构建

将PCR扩增的扣囊腹膜孢酵母菌淀粉酶基因 ,与磷酸甘油酸激酶基因 1启动子和α 分泌序列一起插入含 2 μm的酵母穿梭质粒YEp3 5 2 ,构建酵母菌重组表达质粒并命名为pLA8α。用醋酸锂转化法转化工业酿酒酵母Sc 1 6,转化子培养上清液的淀粉酶活性为 6 8U/mL ,46%的淀粉被降解 ,SDS PAGE检测到约 5 5ku的蛋白条带。转化子在非选择条件下的遗传稳定性为82 %。     

酿酒酵母苏氨酸合成酶缺失对高级醇生成量的影响

通过构建酿酒酵母苏氨酸合成酶基因(THR4)缺失的工程菌株,研究该基因对酿酒酵母高级醇生成量的影响。以质粒pUC-19为载体,KanMX抗性基因为筛选标记,构建了重组质粒pUC-TABK,经PCR扩增得到YAKanMX-YB重组盒,并以酿酒酵母AY15单倍体α5为出发菌株,通过醋酸锂转化和G418抗性筛选,获得THR4基因缺失的突变株α5-T7。将转化子和亲本菌株分别进行模拟酒精发酵及酒精浓醪发酵,发酵结束后进行发酵性能和高级醇生成量的测定。结果显示,与亲本菌株相比,突变株正丙醇生成量分别提高了1.61倍和2.6倍,异戊醇生成量分别提高了0.27倍和0.24倍,而异丁醇生成量没有明显差异,表明THR4基因缺失会使酿酒酵母高级醇特别是正丙醇生成量提高。     

一次敲除BAT2同时过表达Lg-ATF1对啤酒酵母产醇酯的影响

乙酸乙酯和高级醇是啤酒中的重要风味物质,为了探究BAT2基因和Lg-ATF1基因对啤酒酵母产醇酯能力的影响,进而解决啤酒中存在的醇高酯低的问题。本研究通过酶切连接法构建重组质粒p UC-PLABBK,采用醋酸锂转化法和胞内同源重组技术,以多倍体啤酒酵母菌株S5为出发菌株,Kan MX基因作为筛选标记,最终获得过量表达Lg-ATF1基因同时敲除BAT2基因的重组菌株S5-Lg。通过啤酒发酵实验和数字PCR探究重组酵母菌株S5-Lg与出发菌株S5醇酯含量与相关基因表达量的变化。结果显示,与出发菌株相比,S5-Lg的总高级醇生成量降低9.12%,其中异丁醇和异戊醇的生成量分别降低了10.63%和9.55%,乙酸乙酯生成量提升了26.81%,BAT2基因表达量降低45.72%,Lg-ATF1基因表达量大幅提升。BAT2基因和Lg-ATF1基因可以影响啤酒酵母产生高级醇和乙酸乙酯的含量,对改善啤酒风味有重要参考意义。     

啤酒酿造中双乙酰的微生物代谢工程调控

双乙酰是啤酒中的重要风味物质，也是影响啤酒成熟和质量的关键因素之一。以酵母细胞内双乙酰的代谢途径和微生物代谢工程为基础，通过分析细胞内双乙酰的代谢网络，设计合理的重组DNA——增加ILV5和ILV3基因拷贝数，提高缬氨酸生产通量；改变ILV2基因，降低双乙酰的前驱物质α-乙酰乳酸的生成；构建含α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶（ALDC）基因的工程菌；在啤酒发酵过程中外加α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶制剂——以此来降低或阻断双乙酰的生成，从而缩短啤酒的发酵周期。本文综述了啤酒酿造中双乙酰的微生物代谢工程调控的研究进展。     

ldhA基因敲除对Corynebacterium glutamicum TCCC11822发酵生产L-谷氨酸的影响

针对L-谷氨酸发酵过程中乳酸产量偏高的问题,以L-谷氨酸生产菌谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)TCCC11822为出发菌株,通过构建敲除质粒pK18mobsacB△ldh并采用同源重组技术敲除其乳酸脱氢酶编码基因ldhA,以期达到减少副产物、提高L-谷氨酸产量和转化率的目的。结果表明,与出发菌株相比ldhA基因敲除株的乳酸合成量降低了85.6%,L-谷氨酸的产量和转化率分别提高7.6%和5.5%,但生物量略有下降。本研究可为L-谷氨酸及其他氨基酸生产菌株的理性改造提供参考。     

重组L-乳酸脱氢酶在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化及活性研究

乳酸脱氢酶是生物法转化苯丙酮酸为苯乳酸的一种有效的酶。实验克隆到一种新型L-乳酸脱氢酶基因ldhL,来源于Lactobacillus plantarumSK-2(植物乳杆菌SK-2),GenBank接受号为FJ392647。以pET-22b(+)为载体质粒,E.coliBL21(DE3)为宿主细胞,构建了基因重组菌,IPTG可诱导目的蛋白的过量表达;经亲和层析纯化的重组蛋白样品进行SDS-PAGE电泳分析,约在37ku处出现显著的特征蛋白条带;重组LDH的比酶活为0.06U/mg。     

BAT基因改造对酿酒酵母高级醇生成量的影响

酿酒酵母BAT基因编码支链氨基酸转氨酶,其中BAT1和BAT2基因分别编码线粒体和细胞质氨基酸转氨酶,位于细胞不同的位置导致二者的生理功能有所差异,BAT1基因在线粒体中倾向催化α-酮酸合成氨基酸,细胞质中的BAT2基因将氨基酸转化为α-酮酸,通过敲除BAT2以减少α-酮酸合成,过表达BAT1以增加α-酮酸消耗达到降低酿酒酵母高级醇的合成的目的。本研究以酿酒酵母AY15单倍体α5为出发菌株,结合融合PCR技术构建重组质粒p UC-BABPB1K,获得BA-PGK-BAT1-BB重组盒,并利用醋酸锂转化法和同源重组技术筛选出缺失BAT2基因同时过表达BAT1基因的突变株B-8,将其和亲本菌株α5、BAT2基因缺失菌株α5ΔBAT2进行酒精发酵实验,发酵结束后进行发酵性能和高级醇的测定。实验结果表明,与亲本菌株相比,异丁醇降低了25%,异戊醇降低了15%,活性戊醇降低了30%;与α5ΔBAT2菌株相比,异丁醇提高了0.5倍,异戊醇增加了0.1倍,活性戊醇增加了0.3倍。     

乙醇脱氢酶I基因敲除的酿酒酵母重组菌构建的初步研究

本实验根据酿酒酵母乙醇代谢途径,构建一株低乙醇产量的酿酒酵母基因工程菌株,以满足人们对低醇啤酒的需要。利用抗性基因筛选基因敲除突变体的方法,通过引物L1和L2扩增潮霉素B基因(两翼与酿酒酵母同源),按常规醋酸锂法转化酵母细胞后,筛选标记与酵母adhI基因发生同源重组,得到一株ADHI酶活性降低的工程菌株。发酵实验结果表明,转化菌株乙醇含量平均值为1.8%(V/V),较原始菌株低了65%。说明转化菌株体内乙醇生成途径受到干扰。     

New industrial brewing yeast strains with ILV2 disruption and LSD1 expression

New industrial brewing yeast strains, free of vector sequences and drug-resistance genes, were constructed by disrupting alpha-acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) gene (ILV2) and introducing Lipomyces starkeyi dextranase (DEX) gene (LSD1) as a selective marker. The resulting recombinant strains can survive on YNB minimal medium plate with dextran T-70 as sole carbon source and showed lower AHAS activity. Fermentation test with recombinant strains in 500 ml conical flask confirmed DEX activity and lower AHAS activity compared with their host strain. Moreover, the fermentative performance of recombinant strains T1 and Q9 was better than their host, and the residual sugar content was reduced by 20-25% in fermented wort with recombinant strains compared to their host, too.     

Constructing an amylolytic brewing yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus suitable for accelerated brewing

An amylolytic brewing yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus, free of vector sequences and drug-resistance genes, was constructed by disrupting the alpha-acetolactate synthase gene and introducing the alpha-amylase gene as a selective marker. The resulting recombinant strain was able to utilize starch as the sole carbon source and its alpha-acetolactate synthase activity was lowered by 30%. Fermentation tests confirmed that the diacetyl concentration and the residual oligosaccharide were reduced by 70% and 25%, respectively, in fermented wort by the recombinant strain, while the brewing performance of the recombinant strain was retained.     

羟酸还原异构酶基因多拷贝重组酵母的构建

利用PCR技术扩增出啤酒工业酵母QY的羟酸还原异构酶基因ILV5 ,在酵母YS5 8中表达时 ,羟酸还原异构酶活力提高 2～ 3倍。将ILV5基因与铜抗性基因插入到YEp3 5 2载体中得到重组质粒 pLZ -5C ,转化QY ,通过铜抗性筛选转化子 ,所得转化子的羟酸还原异构酶的活力明显高于对照菌株QY ,在发酵测试中 ,转化子产生双乙酰的量比原始菌株降低了 60 %。     

嗜热链球菌胸苷酸合成酶基因的克隆与序列分析

本研究以嗜热链球菌(S．thermophilus)染色体DNA为模板,利用PCR技术扩增出胸苷酸合成酶(thymidylate synthase,thyA)基因,将其克隆入T载体中,转化DH5α,筛选阳性克隆,提取质粒,进行酶切鉴定,PCR扩增鉴定,进行测序,与已知序列进行同源性比较,结果表明成功克隆了thyA基因,全长900bp,与国外报道的S．thermophilus ATCC19258 thyA基因同源性达99．9%。这为构建以thyA基因为选择压力的非抗生素抗性载体提供了理论依据。     

Construction of recombinant sake yeast containing a dominant FAS2 mutation without extraneous sequences by a two-step gene replacement protocol

A novel two-step gene replacement protocol was developed to construct a recombinant industrial yeast free of bacterial and drug-resistant marker sequences. A yeast strain exhibiting cerulenin resistance conferred by a dominant mutation of FAS2 was previously shown to produce high levels of a flavor component of Japanese sake. A N- and C-terminally truncated portion of the mutant FAS2 gene was subcloned to an integrating plasmid containing an aureobasidin A-resistant transformation marker and a galactose-inducible growth inhibitory sequence (GAL10p::GIN11). The plasmid was targeted into the chromosomal FAS2 locus of sake yeast Kyokai no. 7, resulting in a tandem repeat of inactive FAS2 sequences surrounding the integrated plasmid sequences. Cells containing the integrated plasmid were unable to grow on galactose medium due to the inhibitory effect of GAL10p::GIN11. This growth inhibition allowed efficient counter-selection for cells that had undergone homologous recombination between the FAS2 repeats by their growth on galactose medium. This recombination event resulted in loss of the integrated plasmid sequences and the resulting strains should contain a single copy of either wild-type or cerulenin-resistant FAS2. The selected cerulenin-resistant strains produced approximately 3.7-fold more ethyl caproate, a flavor component, than the Kyokai no. 7 strain. Southern blot and sequence analyses confirmed the presence of the FAS2 mutation and the absence of integrated plasmid sequences in the genome of the selected strain. This gene replacement method provides a straightforward approach for the construction of recombinant industrial yeasts free of undesirable DNA sequences.     

SUPPRESSION OF α-ACETOLACTATE FORMATION IN BREWING WITH IMMOBILIZED YEAST

Immobilized yeast cells extensively produced the diacetyl precursor, α-acetolactate, during alcohol fermentation. The activity of acetohydroxy acid synthetase, which is responsible for the formation of α-acetolactate from pyruvic acid, was high in cell-free extracts of immobilized yeast cells compared with that of free yeast cells. It was suggested that the expression of AHA synthase of immobilized yeast cells was increased during growth in the carrier as compared with free yeast cells. When the initial immobilizing yeast cell concentration was changed from 1.0 × 10⁶ cells/ml to 1.0 × 10⁹ cells/ml, production of α-acetolactate was reduced from 0.94 mg/l to 0.30 mg/l. Furthermore, during continuous fermentation for 10 d, the concentration of α-acetolactate in beer was 0.30 mg/l.