假体植入在即刻乳房再造中的应用

目的探讨并分析保留皮肤乳腺切除术后应用Becker可扩张假体或Mentor光面假体植入即刻乳房再造的手术方法、效果及并发症。方法本组共96例，行保留皮肤的乳腺切除术后，再行Becker可扩张假体或Mentor光面假体植入即刻乳房再造，其中Mentor光面假体植入68例，可扩张假体植入28例。本组有30例患者保留乳头、乳晕。根据乳房的体积、形状、与对侧乳房的对称性比较及患者满意情况，评价手术效果。结果效果优29例，良47例，一般12例，差8例。并发症发生率为12．5％。结论假体植入即刻乳房再造安全可靠，手术效果好，并发症少，适用于早期乳腺癌患者。选择性保留乳头、乳晕并不增加局部复发的风险。手术成功的关键在于病例的选择，乳腺癌根治切口设计及术中、术后的处理。     

保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房再造的临床应用

目的探讨保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻再造乳房的适应证、方法、效果及可行性。方法2002年1月至2007年11月本院对94例乳腺癌患者行保留乳房皮肤皮下乳腺组织切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫术后，应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣（transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap，TRAM）、背阔肌肌皮瓣（latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap，LDM）联合或不联合假体、单纯乳房假体植入4种方式即刻再造乳房。结果再造手术均取得成功。带蒂TRAM再造47例，LDM再造共42例（其中联合假体28例），单纯乳房假体植入5例。4例出现轻微术后并发症（4．25％）。经过3～67个月随访，局部区域复发率为0，再造乳房形态自然，效果满意，术后外观评价优良率97．87％。结论合理选择病例行保留皮肤或保留乳头乳晕乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房再造是安全可靠的，切口隐蔽并能够保留原有乳房皮肤的感觉，从而获得最佳美容效果，值得广泛推广和应用。     

保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳房切除术并即刻假体植入乳房重建26例

目的 探讨保留乳头乳晕复合体(NAC)的乳房切除术并即刻假体植入乳房重建的疗效.方法 对26例乳腺癌患者实施保留NAC的乳房切除术并即刻假体植入乳房重建术,观察术后美容效果、并发症情况并进行随访.结果26例患者均手术成功.术后1个月按放射治疗联合中心(JCRT)标准评价美容效果,优良率88.5％(23/26),无严重并发症发生.术后随访3～48个月(中位随访时间26个月),所有病例均无局部复发及远处转移.结论 保留NAC的乳房切除术并即刻假体植入乳房重建术能够保证肿瘤根治原则,手术操作简单,具有良好的形体美容效果,疗效满意,值得进一步临床实践.     

双侧乳腺切除加假体植入一期乳房重建治疗青年早期乳腺癌患者

目的探讨保留皮肤和乳头乳晕复合体的双侧乳腺切除及假体植入一期乳房重建在青年早期乳腺癌治疗中的临床应用。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2011年3月接受保留皮肤及乳头乳晕复合体双侧乳腺切除加假体植入一期乳房重建术的21例青年早期乳腺癌患者临床资料。结果21例患者手术成功,术后美容效果优良。随访12—72个月（中位随访期为34个月）,无局部复发和远处转移。结论对青年早期乳腺癌患者,在切除患乳同时预防性切除对侧乳房,即行保留皮肤和乳头乳晕复合体的双侧乳腺切除加一期假体植入重建乳房,美容效果好,临床疗效满意。     

20例保留皮肤的乳腺癌全乳切除和即刻乳房再造

选择早期乳腺癌患者20例,行保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻植入假体(14例)或背阔肌肌皮瓣(2例),或联合乳房再造(4例),部分保留乳头乳晕复合体.20例患者中,保留乳房皮肤及部分保留乳头乳晕,均未见局部复发.再造效果优6例,良12例,尚可2例,无严重变形病例.无严重并发症,均按时进行辅助治疗.保留乳房皮肤及乳头乳晕的乳腺癌全乳切除术局部复发率低,术中即刻假体、背阔肌肌皮瓣或联合乳房再造手术效果好,并发症少.     

乳腺癌保留乳头乳晕切除即刻乳房重建术后患者生活质量的评价

目的:观察分析保留乳头乳晕乳腺切除术后即刻假体乳房重建术患者的美容效果和生活质量。方法:回顾性分析陕西省人民医院2015年5月至2016年9月收治并行保留乳头乳晕乳腺切除术后即刻假体乳房重建组（20例）与乳腺切除+前哨淋巴结活检术组（20例）的乳腺癌患者临床病理资料，术后就乳房重建的美容效果及随访1年生活质量等数据进行组间比较。结果:两组的平均年龄、TNM分期及文化程度等资料差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；随访1年两组生活质量通过乳腺癌患者生命质量测定量表评价结果表明，重建组在社会/家庭状况、情感状况、功能状况、附加关注方面的得分均高于对照组，重建组显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）；而在生理状况评分方面无明显差异。结论:保留乳头乳晕乳腺切除术后即刻假体乳房重建术较乳腺切除+前哨淋巴结活检手术具有创伤小、效果良好、外形美观、生活质量高等优势，值得临床推广。     

组织扩张术在即刻乳房再造中的应用

目的改进即刻乳房再造的手术方法,将软组织扩张术应用于即刻乳房再造术中,避免再造乳房术后出现"补丁样"外观,并保留乳房再造的最佳条件。方法在乳腺癌切除后即刻于胸大肌后间隙置入圆形扩张器,并于术后8~12周注水扩张至理想体积。Ⅱ期再造手术采用硅凝胶乳房假体、背阔肌肌皮瓣+硅凝胶乳房假体、背阔肌肌皮瓣及DIEP皮瓣置换扩张器完成乳房再造。结果 2009年6月至2011年6月,采用该技术进行扩张法即刻乳房再造36例,平均完成乳房再造时间3.5个月。术后无假体外露、皮瓣坏死等并发症出现,也无原手术切口的延长或新手术切口增加。术后随访6~12个月,患者对手术效果满意率达97.2%。结论采用组织扩张法进行即刻乳房再造,可以保留最佳的乳房再造条件,避免了术后放疗对乳房假体的影响,可以避免由于采用皮瓣修补胸部皮肤缺损而出现的"补丁样"外观,是理想的即刻乳房再造方法之一。     

乳腺癌改良根治术同期假体植入重建乳房

目的探讨乳腺癌行改良根治术后，同期硅胶假体植入重建乳房的可行性。方法2005年6月至2006年9月，对20例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者行保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后，同期于胸大、小肌间植入硅胶假体重建乳房，并根据冰冻切片检查结果决定是否保留乳头乳晕复合体。结果20例患者客观评价效果优良和尚好者达95％，主观评价效果优良和尚好者达100％。其中有6例保留乳头乳晕复合体。术后随访3～18个月，所有病例均无局部复发和远处转移，无明显术后并发症。结论保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后用硅胶假体行一期乳房重建，能达到满意的乳房美容效果，是治疗早期乳腺癌安全可行的方法。     

即刻乳房再造在乳腺癌手术中的应用与探讨

目的探讨即刻乳房再造在乳腺癌手术中的应用价值。方法自2005年10月至2009年2月共完成了26例乳腺癌改良根治即刻乳房再造手术,其中10例为局部晚期乳腺癌。即刻腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术12例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术8例,保留乳头乳晕复合体皮下乳腺全切假体植入乳房再造术5例,保留乳头乳晕复合体皮下乳腺全切背阔肌肌皮瓣结合假体植入乳房再造术1例。结果全组手术切缘病理均达到阴性,皮瓣全部成活,无假体相关并发症,亦无腹壁疝发生。再造乳房形态满意,肌皮瓣再造乳房可以安全地耐受术后放疗,随访1～40个月无局部复发病例。结论即刻乳房再造手术从根本上改善了乳腺癌患者术后的生活质量,在局部晚期乳腺癌手术中,肌皮瓣乳房再造还可以为足够的切除范围提供安全保障,颇具临床应用价值。     

乳腺癌切除即刻乳房再造术中假体的选择

目的: 研究乳腺癌切除即刻乳房再造术中选择假体的方法,探讨即刻假体乳房再造的适应证。 方法: 收集2007年6月至2012年6月南昌市第三医院乳腺肿瘤科的乳腺癌切除术患者121例,其中乳腺癌改良根治术32例、单纯乳腺切除术89例。乳腺切除后根据阿基米德法计算缺失乳房体积,并测量切除组织直径,以切除组织的体积和直径为依据选择乳房假体,并置入胸大肌及前锯肌后间隙。 结果: 术后随访6~72个月,术后无假体外露、皮瓣坏死以及感染等并发症,出现血清肿4例。对患者行手术效果满意度问卷调查结果显示,手术效果非常满意89.3%（108/121）、满意9.0%（11/121）、不满意1.7%（2/121）。 结论: 在乳腺癌切除术同时采用乳房假体行即刻乳房再造可避免供区损伤,是一种理想的即刻乳房再造方法。采用阿基米德法对缺失乳房组织量进行计算并测量切除组织的直径,可相对准确地得到假体的参数,避免选择假体的盲目性,有利于获得良好的乳房再造手术效果。      

Reconstructive options after cancer surgery of the breast

Breast cancer is now treated either by conservative therapy or by mastectomy. In the first case, no reconstruction is usually necessary, although some patients require additional surgery for asymmetry, distortion or even severe damage, by surgery or radiotherapy, of the treated breast. In these cases, reconstructive surgery should be performed very carefully, taking full account of the risk of operating in irradiated tissues. Minor procedures are usually adequate, but major surgery, reconstruction with abdominal flap, is sometimes the only solution to solve difficult postradiotherapy disasters. When a mastectomy is the choice of the patient and the surgeon, immediate reconstruction is now performed more often than before, as expansive prostheses are now available, allowing immediate implantation without endangering the skin flaps. In most cases of mastectomy, however, reconstruction is performed as a secondary procedure, in two stages if possible (volume and symmetry after the first, areola after the second). Most of the reconstructions are done by simple implantation of a prosthesis. When local conditions require a flap, the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous has been the best choice for years, but the lower rectus flap is now taking over, as it gives the advantage of reconstructing a breast with autologous tissue.     

Wound complications in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy after mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction for breast cancer

A retrospective study was done to evaluate the frequency and severity of wound complications in 112 patients with breast cancer who received adjuvant chemotherapy following mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction. Data on wound complications were available for 120 mastectomies. The rate of complications in 36 mastectomies treated with chemotherapy after mastectomy and immediate reconstruction was compared to that in 84 mastectomies not receiving adjuvant therapy. There were 25 wound complications (20.8%) in the entire group. The rate of wound complications was 27.8% (10 of 36 mastectomies) in the group treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and 17.9% (15 of 84 mastectomies) in the group that did not receive adjuvant therapy (P = 0.13). No patient had a delay in the initiation of adjuvant therapy because of wound complications secondary to immediate reconstruction. Logistic regression analysis found no correlation between age, type of operation, tumor pathology, stage, number of lymph nodes harvested, type of prosthesis or chemotherapy, and wound complications in patients undergoing immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy. The frequency of wound complications was not increased in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy after mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. The administration of adjuvant chemotherapy does not need to be delayed in patients who have had immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy for breast cancer. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Timing of breast reconstruction: immediate versus delayed

Breast reconstruction is an integral part of treatment of breast cancer. Immediate reconstruction is breast reconstruction that is done at the same surgery as the mastectomy, whereas delayed reconstruction is done months or years after the mastectomy. Immediate and delayed reconstruction can be accomplished with autologous tissue flaps or prosthetic breast implants. The esthetic result, psychosocial effect, and cost of breast reconstruction are better with immediate reconstruction, but the risk of surgical complications is less with delayed reconstruction. Although immediate reconstruction is oncologically safe and esthetically advantageous, nationwide less than 20% of patients having a mastectomy have immediate breast reconstruction. Radiation treatment before or after mastectomy has a negative impact on the outcome of breast reconstruction and is one important factor to be considered in determining the optimal timing for breast reconstruction.     

Options for immediate breast reconstruction following skin-sparing mastectomy.

BACKGROUND: Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) is a type of breast cancer surgery presupposed as breast reconstruction surgery. Cosmetically, it is an extremely effective breast cancer operation because the greater part of the breast's native skin and infra-mammary fold are conserved. All cases of SSM and immediate breast reconstruction performed by the senior author during the last five years were reviewed. METHODS: There are three implant options for breast reconstruction, namely, deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap, latissimus dorsi myocutaneous (LDM) flap, and breast implant, and one of these was used for reconstruction after comprehensive evaluation. RESULTS: From 2001 to 2005, immediate reconstructions following SSM were performed on 124 cases (128 breasts) by the same surgeon. Partial necrosis of the breast skin occurred in 4 cases of SSM. The mean follow-up was 33.6 months. During the follow-up, there was local recurrence following surgery in 3 cases. The overall aesthetic results of immediate breast reconstruction after SSM are better than those after non-SSM. CONCLUSION: SSM preserves the native breast skin and infra-mammary fold, and is an extremely useful breast cancer surgery for breast reconstruction. SSM is an excellent breast cancer surgical technique. We think this procedure should be considered in more facilities conducting breast reconstruction in Japan.     

乳腺癌术后乳房重建手术与放疗间关系——基于中国110家医院横断面调查研究

目的 调查目前我国乳房重建手术开展现状,以及国内医生对放疗与乳房重建手术之间关系看法。方法 选取全国范围内110家乳腺癌年手术量>200例的医疗机构,以问卷调查形式开展研究,调查内容包括手术医师及其所在科室和医院的基本情况、2017年乳腺癌手术开展情况、各类型重建手术开展情况以及对放疗和重建手术关系的具体看法。结果 110家单位参与调研,96家(87.3%)单位已开展重建手术,植入物重建占总重建手术量的65.7%,自体重建占20.1%。对于可能需要术后放疗的患者,受访医院首选的手术方式为植入物重建,对于明确需要术后放疗和全乳切除术后接受过放疗的患者,首选自体组织重建。术后放疗是即刻乳房重建的阻碍因素,多数医院认为放疗对手术的影响不大。延期-即刻乳房重建的开展比例达到66%,86%的医院首选在放疗结束半年后更换假体。保乳术后复发的患者也可进行即刻重建,首选的手术方式为植入物重建。结论 我国乳房重建的比例开展较低,医生技术掌握仍有欠缺,在面对与放疗的冲突时,国内专科医生的选择与指南和共识尚存在出入,提示需要对医生进行更专业的培训,以进一步推动国内乳房重建事业的发展。     

The surgical and oncological safety of immediate breast reconstruction.

AIM: The aim of our study was to (1) examine the incidence of surgical complications, (2) determine the incidence of loco-regional recurrences and (3) examine the safety of saving the nipple-areola-complex after immediate breast reconstructions in breast cancer. METHODS: Sixty-six immediate breast reconstructions were performed. Wide local excision (WLE), skin sparing mastectomy and subcutaneous mastectomy (SCM) were performed to 12, 20 and 34 patients, respectively. In all patients with WLE the reconstruction was performed with the latissimus dorsi (LD) miniflap. In other patients reconstructions were done with a free TRAM-flap (n=26) LD-flap (n=27) or with a prosthesis only (n=1). RESULTS: Major flap necrosis developed in four patients. Local recurrence rate was 8.3% in the group where nipple-areola-complex was removed and 7.1% in the group where nipple-areola-complex was saved. Metastases were found in 12.5 and 0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: SCM compared to skin sparing mastectomy may lead to an enhanced risk of immediate surgical complications, but does not threat the oncological safety. Saving the nipple-areola-complex in immediate breast reconstructions is possible in early breast cancer, if the tumour is not in the central part of the breast.     

Irradiation en situation postopératoire après reconstruction mammaire

Immediate breast reconstruction versus delayed breast reconstruction improves quality of life of breast cancer patients undergoing total mastectomy without impacting oncologic outcomes. Two types of immediate reconstruction are possible, implant-based reconstruction or autologous reconstruction. These reconstructions interpose a tissue in the operating bed, which modifies target volume definition compared to a wall without reconstruction Post mastectomy radiotherapy increases the rate of postoperative complications for both surgical procedures. Recent guidelines were published about target volume definition in the post mastectomy setting after implant-based reconstruction. Guidelines about target volume definition after autologous reconstruction are still awaited. The aim of our work is to present the different surgical procedures for immediate breast reconstruction, their complications, and the definition of the postmastectomy target volume.     

乳腔镜下行乳腺癌皮下腺体切除Ⅰ期假体植入术

 目的　探讨应用乳腔镜技术行乳腺癌皮下腺体切除，Ⅰ期假体植入的可行性。方法　2006年12月至2007年10月收集经TE方案（紫杉醇+表柔比星）新辅助化疗2～6次后的乳腺癌患者9例，Ⅰ期3例、Ⅱ期5例，Ⅲ期1例，其中5例Ⅱ期患者3例降为Ⅰ期，1例Ⅲ期降为Ⅱ期。乳腔镜下行保留乳头乳晕区的皮下腺体切除，Ⅰ期将假体植入胸大肌、胸小肌之间。根据术中冷冻决定是否保留乳头乳晕复合体。结果　9例中2例行双侧乳腺皮下切除，7例行单侧乳腺皮下切除术，均保留乳头乳晕复合体。8例行前哨淋巴结活检，腋窝淋巴结清扫7例，保腋窝2例。8例患者效果满意，1例效果一般。1例发生皮下积液、1例乳头表皮坏死、1例乳房皮瓣出血，经压迫好转。随访1～10个月，未见局部复发。结论　应用乳腔镜技术行乳腺癌皮下腺体切除，Ⅰ期假体植入安全可行，具有微创、美容效果。双侧乳房皮下腺体切除、Ⅰ期假体植入效果更佳。     

Options for immediate breast reconstruction following skin-sparing mastectomy

Background  Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) is a type of breast cancer surgery presupposed as breast reconstruction surgery. Cosmetically, it is an extremely effective breast cancer operation because the greater part of the breast’s native skin and infra-mammary fold are conserved. All cases of SSM and immediate breast reconstruction performed by the senior author during the last five years were reviewed. as]Methods: There are three implant options for breast reconstruction, namely, deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap, latissimus dorsi myocutaneous (LDM) flap, and breast implant, and one of these was used for reconstruction after comprehensive evaluation. Results  From 2001 to 2005, immediate reconstructions following SSM were performed on 124 cases (128 breasts) by the same surgeon. Partial necrosis of the breast skin occurred in 4 cases of SSM. The mean follow-up was 33.6 months. During the follow-up, there was local recurrence following surgery in 3 cases. The overall aesthetic results of immediate breast reconstruction after SSM are better than those after non-SSM. Conclusion  SSM preserves the native breast skin and infra-mammary fold, and is an extremely useful breast cancer surgery for breast reconstruction. SSM is an excellent breast cancer surgical technique. We think this procedure should be considered in more facilities conducting breast reconstruction in Japan.