烤烟品种种植结构对烟叶原料和卷烟产品的影响

在深入分析我国近年来烤烟品种种植结构的基础上,分别从遗传学、生态学、烟叶品质及卷烟配方等角度论述了烤烟品种种植结构对烟叶和卷烟生产发展的影响,并结合中式卷烟对烟叶原料的需求和特色优质烟叶的开发与生产探讨了我国未来烤烟品种种植结构的方向。     

中国烟叶铅、镉、砷的含量及分布特征

研究了我国烟叶主产区2004年生产的497份烤烟样品和17份白肋烟样品中铅、镉、砷的含量及分布特征。结果表明:我国大部分产区烤烟烟叶铅和镉含量低于4mg/kg,砷含量低于0.5mg/kg,铅和镉可能是目前我国烟叶中的主要重金属元素;白肋烟的铅和镉含量高于烤烟,砷含量则是烤烟高于白肋烟;在当前烤烟生产中,品种对烟叶铅、镉和砷积累的影响远小于生态环境条件和土壤元素背景值,因此,可以忽略品种的影响;不同产区烤烟的铅、镉和砷含量存在显著差异,铅和镉含量的差异大于砷,烤烟中这3种元素的含量均存在一定的地域分布,铅和镉的地域分布相对明显,砷则相对较弱。     

绿肥在烤烟生产中的利用

在烤烟生产中,种植绿肥并实行绿肥翻压可显著地改良土壤结构,提高土壤养分的有效性,改善烟叶品质。综对改变我国植烟土壤中有机质含量偏低这一状况提供了一条新途径。     

基于特征向量的烤烟外观质量分类评价

为了更好地评价烤烟外观质量,在烤烟外观质量量化评价体系基础上,引入烤烟外观质量特征向量,运用指数和法初步建立了烤烟外观质量分类方法,对2007年我国94个典型生态点的初烤中部烟叶外观质量进行了分类评价。结果表明,2007年我国烤烟中部烟叶颜色以桔黄为主,成熟度较好,叶片结构疏松,色度和油分相对较好,多数烟叶样品身份适中,少部分厚度偏薄。用建立的烤烟外观质量分类方法对2007年中部烤烟样品的评价结果,能客观反映当前初烤烟叶外观质量状况。     

影响宿北烟叶发展的主要生产技术问题探讨

宿北烟区是安徽省烤烟区划中优质烟生产的适宜区。其生态条件较好，土壤多为山黄土和山红土，发展潜力大。被安徽省烟草公司确定为“优质烟生产开发基地”。该地区所产烟叶颜色桔黄、香气量足、燃烧性好。近年来，该地区生产的烟叶质量经多次评级鉴定，总体质量较好，受到了国内外有关专家好评和市场的欢迎。但是由于种种原因，该地区烤烟生产始终未能改变规模不大、总产不高、质量不稳、抗灾能力较弱等状况，远不适应当前市场激烈竞争的新形势。为进一步提高宿北烟叶质量和生产规模，把生态优势转化为产品优势、经济优势,促进宿州烟叶生产的健康稳步发展。     

遵义市烟草专卖局（公司）企业概况

遵义是《中国烤烟种植规划》中明确的最适宜区之一。烤烟是遵义市农村经济的支柱产业,全市年产烤烟180万担,加工烤烟170万担,是我国四大优质烟叶产区之一,被列为国家首批优质烟叶生产示范基地。     

建立"名、优、特"烟叶产区提高烟叶品质和可用性

我国种烟历史悠久 ,长期的市场选择、烟草种性变异和栽培条件的演变 ,形成了晒烟、晾烟、烤烟等多种类型。广东南雄晒红烟 ,湖北黄岗晒黄烟 ,吉林蛟河晒烟 ,甘肃、新疆莫合烟等久负盛名。建国后又成功地引进了香料烟和白肋烟 ,尤其是在国家烟草专卖局的扶持下 ,逐步形成了一批优质烟生产基地。但在几十年的发展过程中 ,由于片面发展烤烟而忽视了其它类型烟叶 ,使很多优良的晒晾烟资源丢失或绝迹。在烟叶高农特税及多种附加税的诱导下 ,各地政府积极发展烟叶生产 ,致使不适宜区劣质烟叶也挤占了市场 ,适宜区由于缺乏正确的技术引导 ,使我国烟…     

重点品牌的原料保障——论政策及农、商、工交接收购方式的创新

为了保障重点卷烟品牌的烟叶原料供应,从烟叶资源的利用、提高烟叶的可用性、调动烟农的积极性和解决农、商、工利益分配矛盾等方面论述了烟叶收购相关政策改革创新的必要性,以及推广步进式烤房对规模化烤烟生产和开展我国植烟土壤的化学特性(包括微量元素)、物理特性及微生物情况研究对优质烤烟可持续发展的重要性。     

2002-2013年间我国烤烟主要化学成分变化趋势及原因分析

为了提高我国烟叶的工业可用性,采用2002-2013年间烤烟主产区中部叶数据,分析了近年来我国烤烟主要化学成分指标的变化趋势并探讨了其原因。结果显示,我国烤烟中部烟叶烟碱、总氮、还原糖、钾、氯和淀粉含量(质量分数)范围分别为1.38%~3.77%、1.35%~2.96%、16.96%~32.76%、1.09%~3.07%、0.11%~0.79%和2.00%~8.07%。2002-2013年间,我国烤烟中部烟叶淀粉、钾和氯含量在不同年份间相对稳定,还原糖含量由2002年的21.79%上升为2013年的26.54%,以2005-2008年间上升明显;平均烟碱含量则由2002年的2.72%下降为2013年的2.29%,以2003-2007年间下降明显;总氮变化趋势与烟碱相似;烟草种植布局和品种格局变化与化学成分变化关系不大,烤烟还原糖含量的升高与除北方烟区外其他烟区还原糖含量的普遍升高密切相关,烟碱和总氮含量的降低则主要与西南、东南和长江中上游烟区烤烟烟碱和总氮含量的降低有关。      

大户种植对烟叶生产可持续发展的影响

摘要:随机抽取部分烤烟大户和常规种植农户进行调查,分析了种植大户在经济效益、社会效益和生态效益方面对烟叶生产可持续发展的促进作用,并结合实际,提出了培育和发展烤烟种植大户需要重点解决的问题及应采取的对策和措施,旨在探索新形势下烟叶生产的有利形式,为其可持续发展提供参考。       

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Content of selenium in fishes,caught in lakes in Buriatia

Study of selenium accumulation by fish of Buryatia shows relatively high accumulation level for the Baikal lake (213-513 mcg/kg) contrary to the lakes of Baunt and Selenginsk regions of the republic (84-227 mcg/kg). Selenium deficiency in Baunt region is also confirmed by low selenium levels in meat of native origin (39-95 mcg/kg). Among different tissues and organs the lowest selenium levels are typical for muscles, the value increasing in the row: muscle < skin < air bladder < scales < fin < liver < roe.     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。