股神经-坐骨神经联合阻滞在高龄患者单下肢手术中的临床应用

目的探讨应用神经刺激器行股神经-坐骨神经联合阻滞的方法用于高龄患者单下肢手术中的效果。方法将30例75岁以上、ASA分级Ⅱ-Ⅲ级、拟行单侧下肢手术的老年患者按随机数字表法分为2组,每组15例。A组采用神经刺激器定位技术,正确定位后,坐骨神经和股神经分别给予0.4%罗哌卡因20mL和25mL阻滞;B组选择L3-4或L2-3间隙行蛛网膜下腔麻醉,给予0.75%布比卡因1.2mL+10%葡萄糖0.1mL。对2组患者麻醉前,麻醉后15、30min,手术结束时SBP、DBP和HR的变化及不良反应的发生率进行比较。结果 2组患者麻醉效果均满意,阻滞效果及HR的变化比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。麻醉前2组患者的SBP、DBP比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);麻醉后B组15、30min的SBP、DBP均明显低于麻醉前及A组(均P<0.05)。B组围术期不良反应(恶心呕吐、尿潴留等)的发生率为66.7%,A组未出现不良反应,B组明显高于A组(P<0.01)。结论神经刺激器定位股神经-坐骨神经阻滞用于高龄患者单下肢手术阻滞成功率较高,对循环功能影响较小,术后并发症少。     

腰丛、坐骨神经旁置管分次阻滞用于单侧下肢骨折手术的麻醉和术后镇痛

目的:观察腰丛、坐骨神经旁置管分次阻滞用于单侧下肢骨折手术的麻醉和术后镇痛的临床效果,并与腰硬联合麻醉进行比较。方法:择期行单侧下肢骨折手术患者60例,随机分为腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞+置管术后镇痛组(N组)和腰硬联合麻醉+硬膜外术后自控镇痛组(E组),每组30人。N组均行腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞,根据相应手术部位在腰丛或坐骨神经旁留置导管行分次阻滞术后镇痛。E组施以腰硬联合麻醉并行硬膜外术后自控镇痛。记录两组患者围手术期和术后的VAS评分、平均动脉压、心率和呼吸次数,患者术后开始进食的时间,术后并发症及患者满意度。结果:两组患者术后VAS评分无显著差异。E组麻醉后30min和术后4h平均动脉压显著降低(P<0.01)。N组术后并发症发生率显著低于E组(P<0.05),术后开始进食时间显著短于E组(P<0.001)。结论:单侧下肢骨折手术采用腰丛、坐骨神经旁置管分次阻滞可以提供完善的术后镇痛,并且对全身各系统影响轻微。     

神经刺激器定位下肢神经阻滞的血液动力学研究

摘要目的：研究神经刺激器定位腰丛复合坐骨神经阻滞用于单侧下肢手术中的血液动力学变化。方法：选取择期、拟行单侧下肢手术、ASAⅠ-Ⅳ的病人22例，以神经刺激器定位，行腰丛、坐骨神经阻滞，当出现靶肌肉收缩时，减小电流强度至0．3-0．5mA。如仍有肌肉收缩．注入0．4％-0．5％的罗哌卡因20-25ml，然后观察麻醉效果，不同时间的SBP、MAP、DBP、HR及芬太尼、咪唑安定、异丙酚用量．麻醉效果的评价用VAS口述视觉评分。结果：22例病人全部完成麻醉操作，2例病人芬太尼用量大于100μg，咪唑安定用量大于10mg；无一例使用异丙酚，满意率90．9％；不同时间的血液动力学数据无显著差异。结论：腰丛复合坐骨神经阻滞用于下肢手术的麻醉效果满意．血液动力学平稳。     

地震伤员单侧下肢手术麻醉的探讨

目的探讨地震伤员单侧下肢手术可行的麻醉方法。方法回顾性分析抗震救灾应急接收的72例单侧下肢手术地震伤员的临床资料,分析其临床麻醉处理特点。结果 72例伤员分别在神经刺激器引导下行腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉(L-S组)或者气管插管全身麻醉(GA组)下行手术治疗,GA组麻醉后5分钟、10分钟收缩压(SBP)与舒张压(DBP)与麻醉前相比降低,2例伤员术中使用了升压药物;L-S组有1例伤员麻醉效果欠满意,GA组有1例伤员出现术后恶心、呕吐。L-S组手术结束到出手术室时间为10.94±7.98分钟,GA组手术结束到出手术室时间为30.34±8.47分钟。结论神经刺激器引导下腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞对血流动力学影响小,麻醉效果确切,是地震伤员单侧下肢手术理想的麻醉方法。     

外周神经刺激器定位腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞在血管外科下肢手术中的应用

目的观察外周神经刺激器定位下的腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞应用于血管外科患者下肢手术的效果。方法20例血管外科拟行单侧下肢手术的患者,施行单侧腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞。腰丛阻滞为腰肌间隙入路,坐骨神经阻滞为臀区入路。采用神经刺激器定位技术,刺激器电流频率1 Hz,起始强度1 mA,麻醉总量为1%利多卡因30 mL、0.5%罗哌卡因30 mL。结果20例患者均阻滞完善,麻醉效果满意,术中生命体征平稳,血流动力学稳定。结论神经刺激器定位技术下腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞定位准确,客观指征明显,效果可靠,对患者各系统干扰小,对有严重合并症患者更为适用。     

老年高危患者腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞49例下肢手术血流动力学分析

目的探讨神经刺激仪辅助定位腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞在危重老年患者行下肢手术中应用对血流动力学的影响。方法高危老年糖尿病足坏疽49例行单侧大腿中下1/3和小腿截肢术,入手术室后常规监测血压、心电图、血氧饱和度,面罩吸氧8 L/min,经刺激仪定位下行腰丛和坐骨神经阻滞,腰丛注入1%利多卡因15 ml和0.4%罗哌卡因15 ml,坐骨神经处注入1%利多卡因15 ml和0.4%罗哌卡因10 ml。结果49例患者麻醉效果均满意,无止血带疼痛反应,术后无腰痛、头痛、尿潴留、神经损伤。血流动力学变化与麻醉前比较,麻醉后10 min和30 min的SBP和DBP均稍有下降,但无明显差异（P〉0.05）,60 min患者的SBP、DBP经补液扩容有所回升,心率麻醉前后无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论神经刺激仪辅助定位腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞是老年高危患者下肢手术的理想麻醉方法。     

腰丛加坐骨神经与腰丛联合第一骶后孔电针刺阻滞麻醉在老年髋关节置换术中的应用比较

[目的]比较选择性腰丛加坐骨神经阻滞麻醉与腰丛联合第一骶后孔电针刺阻滞在老年髋关节置换术中的应用效果.[方法]本院行髋关节置换术的老年患者60例,根据麻醉方式不同分为两组,各30例,A组行腰丛加坐骨神经电针刺阻滞;B组行腰丛联合第一骶后孔电针刺阻滞.比较两组手术期血流动力学变化情况、阻滞成功率、麻醉效果和不良反应.[结果]A组患者各时间点收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)和心率(HR)比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05);B组在手术开始后10 min、20 min时患者SBP与阻滞前相比有所下降,且差异有显著性(P<0.05);各时间点HR、DBP比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05).注药后30 min,A组腰骶丛神经支配皮区针刺感觉阻滞成功率为98%~100%,B组为92%~100%.A组麻醉优良率为100%,高于B组93.3%,但两组相比较差异无显著性(P>0.05).两组患者均未发生局麻药中毒.[结论]相较于腰丛联合第一骶后孔电针刺阻滞麻醉,选择性腰丛加坐骨神经电针刺阻滞麻醉其患者的HR、SBP和DBP均较为稳定,各水平面阻滞成功率较高,神经麻醉效果较好,为老年髋关节置换术较优选择.     

B超引导下定位腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞在老年危重症患者下肢手术中的麻醉效果

目的观察B超引导下定位腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞在老年危重症患者下肢手术中的麻醉效果。方法回顾性收集我院2016年2月～2019年2月收治的老年危重症下肢骨折患者70例,按麻醉方式分为对照组和观察组各35例。对照组行常规腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉,观察组于B超引导下行定位腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉,比较两组神经阻滞时间、各时间点血流动力学指标。结果观察组运动、感觉神经起效时间均较对照组短,运动、感觉神经阻滞时间较长,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组T1、T2时DBP、SBP均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组各时间点HR比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对老年危重症患者下肢手术中采用B超引导下定位腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞可提高神经阻滞效果,稳定患者血流动力学,提高麻醉安全性。     

不同浓度和容量的罗哌卡因在老年患者腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞中的应用

目的观察两种不同浓度、不同容量的罗哌卡因用于腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞对老年患者下肢手术麻醉的效果和安全性。方法选择择期行单侧下肢手术的老年患者90例,将其随机分为3组各30例:0.3%罗哌卡因60 ml组(A组)、0.4%罗哌卡因45 ml组(B组)、0.4%罗哌卡因60 ml组(C组)。各组在神经刺激器引导下行单侧腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞,均按2∶1分配腰丛和坐骨神经的局部麻醉药容量,观察麻醉起效时间、持续时间、阻滞范围以及血流动力学变化和不良反应的发生情况。结果 C组的感觉和运动阻滞的起效时间快于A、B组(P<0.05),持续时间长于A、B组(P<0.05)。A组和C组的阻滞范围明显大于B组(P<0.05),A、C组之间无明显差别。A、C组患者在神经阻滞下均能完成手术,B组有5例患者由于镇痛不全或肌松效果较差,需辅助静脉麻醉或改为全身麻醉才能完成手术。结论低浓度高容量(0.3%、60 ml)的罗哌卡因用于腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞能为老年患者下肢手术提供较好的麻醉效果,同时可减少局部麻醉药用量并提高麻醉安全性。     

超声联合PNS神经阻滞在老年下肢骨科手术中的效果及对认知功能的影响

【目的】探讨超声联合外周神经刺激器(PNS)行腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉在老年下肢骨科手术中的应用价值。【方法】本院收治的160例拟实施腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉的下肢骨科手术的老年患者,随机分为两组,各80例;观察组采用超声联合PNS引导下实施腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉,对照组采用PNS引导定位实施腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉;对比两组不同时间点的血流动力学指标、简易智力状态量表(MMSE)评分及麻醉相关指标。【结果】阻滞前(T0)~阻滞后60min(T3)时,两组患者的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)值比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05);两组患者的SBP、DBP、HR监测值随着时间的变化,均较本组T。时刻发生了显著地波动,且差异具有选择性(P<0.05);麻醉前、麻醉后12h、24h、72h,两组患者的MMSE评分比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05);麻醉后12h和24h,两组患者的MMSE评分随着时间的变化,均较本组麻醉前时刻发生了先降低后升高的显著改变(P<0.05);观察组患者的感觉神经和运动神经阻滞起效时间均显著地低于对照组(P<0.05),观察组患者的感觉神经和运动神经阻滞维持时间均显著地高于对照组(P<0.05)。【结论】老年下肢骨科手术患者腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉中采用超声联合外PNS引导有利于提高定位的快速准确性,神经阻滞时间更长,但是对血流动力学的波动及认知功能的影响与单独应用PNS定位差异不大。     

Analysis of human acellular nerve allograft reconstruction of 64 injured nerves in the hand and upper extremity: a 3 year follow‐up study

Human acellular nerve allografts have been increasingly applied in clinical practice. This study was undertaken to investigate the functional outcomes of nerve allograft reconstruction for nerve defects in the upper extremity. A total of 64 patients from 13 hospitals were available for this follow‐up study after nerve repair using human acellular nerve allografts. Sensory and motor recovery was examined according to the international standards for motor and sensory nerve recovery. Subgroup analysis and logistic regression analysis were conducted to identify the relationship between the known factors and the outcomes of nerve repair. Mean follow‐up time was 355 ± 158 (35–819) days; mean age was 35 ± 11 (14–68) years; average nerve gap length was 27 ± 13 (10–60) mm; no signs of infection, tissue rejection or extrusion were observed among the patients; 48/64 (75%) repaired nerves experienced meaningful recovery. Univariate analysis showed that site and gap length significantly influenced prognosis after nerve repair using nerve grafts. Delay had a marginally significant relationship with the outcome. A multivariate logistic regression model revealed that gap length was an independent predictor of nerve repair using human acellular nerve allografts. The results indicated that the human acellular nerve allograft facilitated safe and effective nerve reconstruction for nerve gaps 10–60 mm in length in the hand and upper extremity. Factors such as site and gap length had a statistically significant influence on the outcomes of nerve allograft reconstruction. Gap length was an independent predictor of nerve repair using human acellular nerve allografts. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The ultrasonographic appearance of the femoral nerve and cases of iatrogenic impairment.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of ultrasonography of femoral nerves in a cadaveric specimen, healthy volunteers, and patients. METHODS: In 1 unembalmed cadaveric specimen (female, 90 years) and 20 healthy volunteers (9 male and 11 female, 18-50 years; n = 40 scans), the topographic features, cross-sectional shapes (oval or triangular), and cross-sectional areas of the femoral nerves were evaluated by ultrasonography (5- to 12-MHz broadband linear array). In a subsequent study, 7 consecutive patients with postoperative findings assigned to the femoral nerve were evaluated and assessed by a neurologist. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD anteroposterior and mediolateral diameters of the femoral nerves in the volunteers were 3.1 +/- 0.8 and 9.8 +/- 2.1 mm, respectively, at an average cross-sectional area of 21.7 +/- 5.2 mm2. The cross-sectional shape was oval in 67.5% superior to the inguinal ligament and in 95% inferior to the ligament. The infrainguinal femoral nerve showed variable distances to the femoral artery. In the subsequent patient study, 5 patients had swelling of the femoral nerve in the affected side. In 1 patient, the nerve had a blurred echo structure due to a hematoma. In 1 patient, major damage of the femoral nerve was ruled out clearly. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography allows the depiction and assessment of the femoral nerve from about 10 cm superior to 5 cm inferior to the inguinal ligament. In this region, ultrasonography is helpful in detection of impairments and, therefore, in decisions about planning and even acceleration of further treatment.     

借助人工神经修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损的实验研究

目的：研究人工神经－壳聚糖复合胶大气层 管修复大鼠坐骨神经15mm缺损的可行性。方法：借助人工神经修复10只大鼠坐骨神经缺损15mm，神经缺损7只为对照组，术后2个月，4个月行免疫组化，Osmium染色、Bodian染色，运动终板的特异染色、WGA－HRP神经示踪及大体观察。结果：术后2个月再生神经修复了坐骨神经的缺损，实验动物未出现排斥反应及明显的炎症反应。结论：人工神经导管对缺损的坐骨神经修复具有良好的桥梁作用和促神经生长的作用。     

Vagus Nerve and Vagus Nerve Stimulation,a Comprehensive Review: Part II

The development of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) began in the 19th century. Although it did not work well initially, it introduced the idea that led to many VNS‐related animal studies for seizure control. In the 1990s, with the success of several early clinical trials, VNS was approved for the treatment of refractory epilepsy, and later for the refractory depression. To date, several novel electrical stimulating devices are being developed. New invasive devices are designed to automate the seizure control and for use in heart failure. Non‐invasive transcutaneous devices, which stimulate auricular VN or carotid VN, are also undergoing clinical trials for treatment of epilepsy, pain, headache, and others. Noninvasive VNS (nVNS) exhibits greater safety profiles and seems similarly effective to their invasive counterpart. In this review, we discuss the history and development of VNS, as well as recent progress in invasive and nVNS.     

Lipofibromatous hamartoma of a digital branch of the median nerve: A case report and review of literature

Lipofibromatous hamartoma (LFH) is a benign tumor that causes nerve enlargement due to fatty adipose tissue infiltration around bundles of peripheral nerves. It most commonly occurs at the median nerve with associated macrodactyly. We present an uncommon case of LFH that affected a digital branch of the median nerve without macrodactyly.     

胫神经和腓总神经损伤修复后相应脊髓节段神经元细胞Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达差异的实验研究

目的比较大鼠下肢同一平面胫神经、腓总神经损伤修复后相应脊髓节段神经元细胞Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达差异。方法雄性SD大鼠90只随机分为3组:A组为对照组,B组为胫神经切断缝合组,C组为腓总神经切断缝合组。分别于术后1、3、7、14、28 d取大鼠L4~6节段脊髓进行HE染色,计算脊髓前角运动神经元数量,采用免疫组化检测Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达差异,并计算Bcl-2/Bax比值。结果 A组术后脊髓组织未见明显异常,B、C组术后可见脊髓组织结构紊乱,神经元细胞水肿、坏死。术后1、3、7、14 d,B、C组脊髓前角运动神经元数目均小于A组(P0.01)。术后3、7、14、28 d,B组脊髓前角运动神经元数目显著多于C组(P0.01)。B、C组Bcl-2蛋白表达出下降后上升的趋势,分别于术后3、7 d下降至低谷;B、C组Bax蛋白表达呈现出先上升后下降趋势,均于术后3 d上升至高峰;B、C组Bcl-2/Bax比值呈现出先下降后上升趋势,术后3、7、14、28 d,B组Bcl-2/Bax比值显著高于C组(P0.01)。结论大鼠下肢同一平面胫神经和腓总神经损伤后都会导致近端脊髓神经元细胞出现凋亡,但是和腓总神经损伤相比,胫神经损伤后对近端神经元退变死亡的影响较小。     

耳后切口在腮腺肿瘤手术中的应用

目的 评价耳后切口在腮腺肿瘤手术中应用的临床价值.方法 33例腮腺肿瘤患者,采用由耳后腮腺切口入路,术中保留面神经和耳大神经,胸锁乳突肌瓣填塞缺损区.结果 所有患者均达临床I期愈合,无涎瘘发生.6例患者术后出现暂时性面瘫,均在1个月内恢复.所有患者耳垂麻木均于术后3个月内恢复.结论 腮腺耳后切口较传统切口并发症少,不损容,效果好,具有临床应用价值.     

Safety and efficacy evaluation of a human acellular nerve graft as a digital nerve scaffold: a prospective,multicentre controlled clinical trial

This study developed a human acellular nerve graft (hANG) as an alternative to autogenous nerve and reports on its safety and efficacy. There were two groups comprised of 72 patients that received digital nerve repair with hANG (test) and 81 that received conventional direct tension‐free suture repair of the nerve defect (control). The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated by static 2‐point discrimination (s2PD) and Semmes‐Weinstein monofilament testing. Safety was evaluated by local wound response and laboratory testing. Mean age of patients in the test group was 33.0 ± 11.1 years (range 18‐61 years) and in the control group 36.9 ± 13.4 years (range 15‐77 years) (p = 0.0470). Mean time from injury to repair in the test group was 23.7 ± 52 days (range 0‐200 days) and in the control group 1.5 ± 10.4 days (range 0‐91 days) (p = 0.0005). Mean length of nerve graft was 1.80 ± 0.82 cm (range 1‐5 cm). All surgeries were performed successfully and without complications. The excellent and good rate of s2PD in the test group was 65.28% and 95% CI was 51.98‐78.93%. s2PD in the test group improved over time and average distance was 12.81 ± 5.99 mm at 6 months postoperatively. No serious adverse or product‐related events were reported. These results indicate that hANG is a safe and effective for the repair of nerve defects of 1‐5 cm in size. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

腓浅神经浅支移植修复桡神经缺损

[目的]探讨腓浅神经浅支修复桡神经缺损的临床效果。[方法]对腓浅神经浅支与桡神经形态结构进行比较，并对腓浅神经浅支移植修复桡神经缺损性损伤5例进行临床分析。[结果]腓浅神经浅支与桡神经形态结构大体一致．5例病例平均随访11(8～26)个月．按文献标准评定，优3例，良2例。[结论]腓浅神经浅支可作为修复桡神经缺损理想的供体神经。     

Perioperative Peripheral Nerve Block Safety Education: A Quality Improvement Project

PurposeThe purpose of the quality improvement (QI) project was to improve patient safety by increasing the consistency of monitor application and oxygen administration during the placement of peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs), advance the knowledge of perianesthesia staff about PNB safety, and develop a PNB hospital policy.DesignQI project using the focus, analyze, develop, and execute model.MethodsThe project had two parts, an educational component that was deployed in the three hospitals (hospital A, hospital B, hospital C) and an observation component that was conducted in only one of the hospitals (hospital A). Baseline observation of monitor and oxygen application was recorded at hospital A for 3 months. Assessment of perioperative personnel's baseline knowledge regarding PNB safety was attained using a knowledge assessment tool in the three hospitals. Learners in the three hospitals were given a pretest and post-test to measure the change in knowledge level after a PNB safety presentation was given. Monitor and oxygen application during nerve block placements were observed and recorded after the PNB safety presentation at hospital A. Statistical analysis was completed to determine if significant differences in knowledge levels in the three hospitals and monitor and oxygen application at hospital A existed after an educational intervention was delivered to the perioperative teams.FindingsParticipants' knowledge level increased 13% overall with post-test scores greater than 90% after the educational intervention. Monitor application and administration of oxygen during PNB placement improved from 2% to 100% in a preliminary 3-week postintervention review. Systematic changes were implemented to facilitate adherence to best practice measures.ConclusionsPNB safety presentations significantly improved staff's knowledge regarding PNB procedures and potential problems. A multidisciplinary team approach was used to facilitate changes to improve electrocardiogram, blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and oxygen use in this patient population. A proposed PNB policy was accepted as a protocol. Patients are safer with increased monitoring.