化学发光磁酶免疫法检测O157∶H7大肠埃希菌

目的建立灵敏稳定检测O157∶H7大肠埃希菌的化学发光磁酶免疫法。方法利用AMPPD-ALP化学发光体系,通过磁珠酶联免疫法对O157∶H7大肠埃希菌进行检测。结果其检测灵敏度达到850个,线性范围为1000~50000个,批间变异小于15%,批内变异小于20%,与人工计数培养检测相比相关系数达0.9807。结论化学发光磁酶免疫分析法操作简便,检测精密度和灵敏度高,是一种很有发展前景的可靠方法。     

应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7

目的制备和纯化O157：H7抗原，免疫家兔和豚鼠，获得高效价的抗O157：H7免疫血清并进行纯化及酶标记。建立对O157：H7感染患者快速诊断方法，做到早期发现及时治疗，有效控制疫情的蔓延。方法ELISA双抗体夹心法检测O157：H7抗原。步骤：包被特异性抗体，加处理后的粪便等标本，然后加入抗O157：H7酶结合物，最后加入底物显色。结果本课题所研制的抗O157：H7酶结合物只对O157：H7呈阳性反应，而与其他相关细菌无交叉反应。结论应用酶联免疫吸附试验(即双抗体夹心法)对肠出血性大肠杆菌O157：H7抗原的检测较常规法实验程序简捷、快速、敏感。临床和现场验证结果表明，其方法具有灵敏度高，特异性强操作简单等特点，为肠出血性大肠杆菌O157：H7的鉴定及快速诊断提供了一种新的检测手段。     

大肠埃希菌O157：H7Tir基因的生物信息学分析

目的扩增和测序肠出血型大肠埃希菌O157：H7 tir打基因,利用生物信息学预测分析其结构和功能特征．以探讨Tir作为疫苗候选抗原的可能性。方法利用PCR技术扩增fir基因并测序,应用生物信息学网站在线分析工具和vectorNTISUite软件分析Tir蛋白结构和生物学功能,预测B细胞抗原表位。结果该基因全长1674bp,编码558个氨基酸,蛋白质总体亲水性高,有稳定的理化性质。含有3个结构和功能域,两段穿膜结构,多个磷酸化位点,预测20个B细胞线性表位。结论Tir毒力因子是很有前景的疫苗候选抗原,为肠出血型大肠埃希菌O157：H7的疫苗研究提供了理论依据。     

肠出血型大肠埃希菌O157：H7 EspF蛋白多克隆抗体的制备和初步纯化

目的制备肠出血型大肠埃希菌（EHEC）O157：H7EspF蛋白多克隆抗体并初步纯化。方法生物信息学方法分析EHECO157：H7EspF蛋白的柔韧性、亲水性、表面可能性及抗原表位,选取1条由15个氨基酸残基组成的多肽为半抗原,在其C端偶联钥孔血蓝蛋白（KLH）,免疫新西兰大白兔制备抗血清。ELISA测定抗血清效价,免疫印迹法鉴定其特异性,辛酸-硫酸铵法初步纯化抗血清,SDS-PAGE检测抗体纯度。结果选择EspF蛋白抗原指数最高的肽段72-TPSRPAPPPPTSGQA-86（0.506）为半抗原,合成抗原多肽经高效液相色谱鉴定,纯度为95.78%,经质谱分析其分子量为1563.76Mr,与目的多肽分子量一致;加强免疫3次后,EHECO157：H7EspF蛋白的抗血清效价达1：2048000;该血清对EHECO157：H7野生株和espF突变株（△espF）的EspF蛋白均有特异性,并经辛酸-硫酸铵法获得一定纯度的抗体。结论成功地制备了效价高、特异性强的EHECO157：H7EspF蛋白多克隆抗体。     

肠出血型大肠埃希菌O157:H7Tir的表达、纯化及不同免疫途径对其免疫效价的影响

目的 克隆、表达和纯化肠出血型大肠埃希菌(enterohaemorrhagic E.coli,EHEC)O157:H7转位紧密黏附素受体蛋白(Tir),观察不同免疫途径对其免疫效价的影响,为EHEC O157:H7亚单位疫苗的研究提供了实验资料.方法 扩增tir基因,克隆到pET-30a(+)载体上,转化至大肠埃希菌BL21/DE3,诱导表达目的 蛋白,通过Ni-IDA亲和层析进行纯化;将重组蛋白Tir免疫小鼠,检测血清和粪便提取物中抗体效价.结果 双酶切和测序鉴定结果均显示重组质粒pET-30a (+)-tir构建成功.SDS-PAGE结果表明,目的 蛋白Tir在大肠埃希菌BL21(DB3)中得到表达.皮下免疫和鼻腔免疫小鼠,血清中均能检测到高效价的IgG类抗体,鼻腔免疫组小鼠血清和粪便lgA类抗体效价明显高于皮下免疫组.结论 Tir蛋白具有一定的免疫原性.

Abstract：

Objective To clone and express translocation intimin receptor(Tir)of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli(EHEC)O157:H7,and to analyze the effect of different routes on the induction of immunity to the recombinant protein.Methods The tir eucoding genes were amplified from EHEC O157:H7 strain guangzhou 246 genome,and genes were cloned into the vector pET-30a(+).The pET-30a(+)tir recombinant was transformed into E.coli BL21.and expression was induced bv IPTG.The expressed product was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and purified by Ni-IDA affinity chromatography.The immunized mice sera and fecal against the recombinant protein was detected.Resuits The length of the tir is 1677 bp,with the initiation codon ATG and the termination codon TAA.Double enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing confirmed that the recombinant expression plasmid pET-30a(+)-tir was constructed.The recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli expression system,and was purified by Ni-IDA affinity chromatography.The mice were able to produce a high serum IgG antibody titer after both subeutaneous and intranasal immunizations.Meanwhile,the intranasal immunization induced serum and fecal IgA antibody titer was significantly higher than that of the subcutaneous immunization group.Conclusion Tir molecule is potential vaccine candidate for preventing EHEC disease.     

多重实时荧光定量PCR检测肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7

目的 利用多重荧光定量PCR技术,建立一种快速、准确、特异检测肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7的定量方法.方法 选取肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7编码脂多糖基因(rfbE)和编码鞭毛抗原基因(fliC)作为检测的靶基因,设计引物和TaqMan-MGB探针,探针的5'端分别用FAM和HEX进行荧光标记,3'端标记MGB.优化PCR扩增体系,对多重实时荧光定量PCR方法的特异性、灵敏度、重复性评价,同时进行一定数量临床样本鉴定,与常规方法进行比较.结果 本研究所建立的多重实时荧光定量PCR方法可准确、特异地检测和鉴定肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7,能够有效甄别肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7与非H7菌株,其他菌株均无阳性结果;该方法的灵敏度可达到10 CFU/ml;定量检测的批间和批内变异系数均小于5%;对66例临床样本进行评价,结果显示15例肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7阳性,2例为肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:非H7阳性,其中16例与常规培养法结果符合,符合率达到98.49%.结论 本研究建立的检测肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7多重实时荧光定量PCR方法快速,结果准确、可靠,操作简便,为肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7的临床诊断、现场流行病学调查和食品安全监测提供了新的鉴定方法.     

聚丁二炔纳米粒对大肠埃希氏菌的免疫检测

背景：采用PCR、ELISA、免疫荧光球法,以及基因芯片技术进行肠道病原菌的快速检测,需要数小时才能得到结果,不适用于现场快速检验。 目的：制备聚丁二炔纳米粒,对大肠埃希氏菌进行免疫检测。 方法：采用超声分散法制备聚丁二炔纳米粒,并利用其检测大肠埃希氏菌。 结果与结论：制备的聚丁二炔纳米粒粒径均匀,分布范围窄,结构稳定。取大肠埃希氏菌稀释液滴入聚丁二炔免疫纳米粒稀释液中2 min,溶液颜色由蓝变红,表明聚丁二炔纳米粒的检测速度快;可见吸收光谱图、透射电镜图、激光粒径分布图均显示,加入大肠埃希氏菌后聚丁二炔免疫纳米粒变化很大。在利用聚丁二炔免疫纳米粒比色检测大肠埃希氏菌的过程中,其鼠抗大肠埃希氏菌多克隆抗体起到了功能分子的作用,抗原-抗体结合反应是特异性的。     

我国stx-大肠埃希菌eae基因分型的研究

目的：了解我国大肠埃希菌LEE毒力岛eae基因的分布流行病学特征。方法：对从浙江省分离的20株携LEE毒力岛大肠埃希菌株的eae基因3ˊ端部分以PCR法和限制性酶切法进行分型，未能分型的进行核酸序列测定，确定型别；对LEE毒力岛在染色体上的插入位点进行鉴定，对菌株进行ERIC-PCR分型。结果：20株大肠埃希菌的LEE毒力岛的eae基因以β型为主（占45.00%），用限制酶切β型可进一步分为二个亚型，γ型eae与EHEC O157：H7 933株的γ型eae酶切图谱差异较大。对未能用PCR法分型的3株eae阳性大肠埃希菌菌株，其推定的intimin C端氨基酸序列分析结果表明，96-1株为γ2型，C130-1株为ε型的新亚型（C端序列与ε型最相近，一致性为83.39%），97-3株C端序列与α型最相近（一致性为58.06%），将其定为新的λ型。另外发现97-3株中，1个IS200变种插入到eae和escD基因间隔区。9株菌的LEE插入位点为selC，其中2株同时还存在完整的selC位点；另11株可能存在着除selC和pheU以外的插入位点。几乎所有20株菌间的ERIC-PCR指纹呈现不同程度的差异，同一型的eae可出现在指纹相差很大的菌株中，但同时也存在着少量的携同型eae的同一克隆群菌株。结论：我国分离的stx^-大肠埃希菌eae基因在3ˊ端有较高的多态性，eae基因型别并不能反映菌株间亲缘关系，可能存在有新的LEE毒力岛插入位点。     

64株大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药表型与钝化酶基因型的分析

目的 调查2004年北京地区临床收集的耐庆大霉素大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的敏感性和氨基糖苷类钝化酶基因的流行状况.方法 采用微量肉汤稀释法检测64株大肠埃希菌对16种氨基糖苷类抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）值;利用巢式PCR方法对其可能含有的7种氨基糖苷类钝化酶基因进行检测和确证.结果 临床大肠埃希菌的耐药表型较为复杂,与钝化酶基因表达有关.测试菌株中存在aac（3）-Ⅱc、aac（6＇）-Ⅰ b、ant（2＂）-Ⅰ a和ant（3＂）-Ⅰ a 4种耐药基因,aac（3）-Ⅱc和aac（6′）-Ⅰ b是主要的产酶基因.约40%的耐药菌中存在2种或2种以上的钝化酶基因.结论 产生氨基糖苷类钝化酶是临床分离的大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素主要的耐药机制.采用巢式PCR方法检测耐药基因,特别是在缺少阳性对照菌株的情况下,可以保障检测结果的特异性和准确性.临床菌的耐药表型和钝化酶基因关系较为复杂,这可能与耐药菌中尚存在其他耐药基因有关.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希氏菌临床分离株药敏分析

目的了解郑州地区临床分离大肠埃希氏菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶情况和耐药特征。方法双纸片法筛选及确证实验检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs),琼脂二倍稀释法对大肠埃希氏菌进行MIC检测。结果产ESBLs大肠埃希氏菌检出率为57.4%,产ESBLs菌株多数呈多重耐药,仅亚胺培南的耐药率在10%以下。结论本地区临床分离大肠埃希氏菌具有较高的产ESBLs流行率,对于产ESBLs大肠埃希氏菌应以亚胺培南为首选药物。     

Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using chicken immunoglobulin Y

A sandwich ELISA technique was examined to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 using chicken anti-E. coli O157:H7 IgY as the capture-antibody and an anti-E. coli O157 mouse mAb conjugated with biotin as the detection antibody. The anti-E. coli O157:H7 IgY was harvested from eggs laid by hens (23 weeks of age, Single Comb White Leghorn) immunized with formalin-killed E. coli O157:H7. The IgY was purified by water dilution methods and gel chromatography on Sephacryl S-300 followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The sensitivity (CFU/ml) of sandwich ELISA for the E. coli O157:H7 was repeatedly examined with 10 replicates of each sample and a standard curve was plotted. The sandwich ELISA can detect as low as 40CFU/ml of E. coli O157:H7. The data suggest that chicken IgY-based sandwich ELISA provides a reliable, inexpensive and sensitive assay for the detection of the food-borne pathogen E. coli O157:H7.     

Evaluation of the premier EHEC assay for detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Shiga toxins (Premier EHEC assay; Meridian Diagnostics, Inc.) was compared to conventional sorbitol-MacConkey culture for the recovery of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. A total of 74 enteric pathogens, including 8 E. coli O157:H7 isolates, were recovered from 974 stool specimens. Two of these specimens were not tested by Premier assaying due to insufficient sample and are not considered in the data analysis. The Premier EHEC assay detected the 6 evaluable specimens which were culture positive for E. coli O157:H7 and identified an additional 10 specimens as containing Shiga toxin. Seven isolates were recovered from these 10 specimens by an immunoblot assay and were confirmed as toxin producers by a cytotoxin assay. Of these seven, four isolates were serotype O157:H7, one was O26:NM, one was O6:H-, and one was O untypeable:H untypeable. Three specimens contained Shiga toxin by both EHEC immunoassaying and cytotoxin testing; however, no cytotoxin-producing E. coli could be recovered. The sorbitol-MacConkey method had a sensitivity and a specificity of 60 and 100%, respectively, while the Premier EHEC assay had a sensitivity and a specificity of 100 and 99.7%, respectively, for E. coli O157:H7 only. The Premier EHEC assay also detected an additional 20% Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) that were non-O157:H7. Thus, the Premier EHEC assay is a sensitive and specific method for the detection of all STEC isolates. Routine use would improve the detection of E. coli O157:H7 and allow for determination of the true incidence of STEC other than O157:H7. The presence of blood in the stool and/or the ages of the patients were poor predictors of the presence of STEC. Criteria need to be determined which would allow for the cost-effective incorporation of this assay into the routine screen for enteric pathogens in high-risk individuals, especially children.     

Use of the duplex TaqMan PCR system for detection of Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157

Real-time PCR assays have been applied for the detection and quantification of pathogens in recent years. In this study two combinations of primers and fluorescent probes were designed according to the sequences of the rfb(Escherichia coli O157) and stx2 genes. Analysis of 217 bacterial strains demonstrated that the duplex real-time PCR assay successfully distinguished the Escherichia coli O157 serotype from non-E. coli O157 serotypes and that it provided an accurate means of profiling the genes encoding O antigen and Shiga-like toxin 2. On the other hand, bacterial strains that lacked these genes were not detected by this assay. The quantitative ranges of the real-time PCR assay for these two genes were linear for DNA concentrations ranging from 10(3) to 10(9) CFU/ml of E. coli O157:H7 in pure culture and milk samples. The real-time PCR allowed the construction of standard curves that facilitated the quantification of E. coli O157:H7 in feces and apple juice samples. The detection sensitivity of the real-time PCR assay ranged from 10(4) to 10(9) CFU/g (or 10(4) to 10(9) CFU/ml) for feces and apple juice and 10(5) to 10(9) CFU/g for the beef sample without enrichment. After enrichment of the food samples in a modified tryptic soy broth, the detection range was from 10(0) to 10(3) CFU/ml. The real-time PCR assays for rfb(E. coli) (O157) and stx2 proved to be rapid tests for the detection of E. coli O157 in food matrices and could also be used for the quantification of E. coli O157 in foods or fecal samples.     

Sorbitol-MacConkey medium for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with hemorrhagic colitis.

Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 is a recently recognized human pathogen associated with hemorrhagic colitis. Unlike most E. coli strains, E. coli O157:H7 does not ferment sorbitol. Therefore, the efficacy of MacConkey agar containing sorbitol (SMAC medium) instead of lactose as a differential medium for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in stool cultures was determined in comparison with MacConkey agar. The relative frequency of non-sorbitol-fermenting (NSF) organisms other than E. coli O157:H7 in feces was low at 10 to 20% (95% confidence limits), and NSF organisms also occurred mostly in small numbers. In a field trial involving over 1,000 diarrheal stools, E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 18 stools, all of which were from patients with bloody diarrhea. In every instance, the growth of E. coli O157:H7 on SMAC medium was heavy and occurred in almost pure culture as colorless NSF colonies in contrast to fecal flora, which are mostly sorbitol fermenting and hence appear pink on this medium, whereas on MacConkey agar cultures, the growth of E. coli O157:H7 was indistinguishable from fecal flora. SMAC medium permitted ready recognition of E. coli O157:H7 in stool cultures. Detection of E. coli O157:H7 on SMAC medium had a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 85%, and an accuracy of 86%. SMAC medium stool culture is a simple, inexpensive, rapid, and reliable means of detecting E. coli O157:H7, and we recommend routine use of SMAC medium especially for culturing bloody stools.     

Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli of serotypes O157:H7 and O26:H11

A monoclonal antibody (MAb 4E8C12) specific for Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O26:H11 was produced by immunizing BALB/c mice with a rough strain of E. coli O157:H7. The antibody reacted strongly by a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with each of 36 strains of E. coli O157:H7. No cross-reactivity was observed with strains of Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella dysenteriae, Proteus spp., Escherichia hermanii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Campylobacter jejuni, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter cloacae, Hafnia alvei, Aeromonas hydrophila, and all except five strains of E. coli other than serotype O157:H7 (including strains of serotype O157 but not H7). The E. coli strains (all of serotype O26:H11) that reacted with the antibody were enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) that were isolated from patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome or hemorrhagic colitis and produced verotoxin similar to that of E. coli O157:H7. MAb 4E8C12 belongs to the subclass immunoglobulin G2a and has a kappa light chain. Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of outer membrane proteins of E. coli of different serotypes followed by Western immunoblot analysis revealed that MAb 4E8C12 reacted specifically with two proteins of EHEC strains of serotypes O157:H7 and O26:H11 with apparent molecular weights of 5,000 to 6,000. These proteins appeared to be markers specific for EHEC strains of serotypes O157:H7 and O26:H11. This MAb, because of its specificity, may be a useful reagent of an immunoassay for the rapid detection of these types of EHEC isolates in clinical and food specimens.     

Antibody-based detection of acid-shocked, acid-adapted, and apple juice-incubated Escherichia coli O157:H7

Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (sELISA) allow for rapid detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7. Acidic conditions similar to those in certain foods and juices may reduce the ability to detect E. coli O157:H7. Growth of E. coli O157:H7 at pH 4 compared to pH 5-7 reduced fluorescent signal at the lower bacterial concentrations without altering the range of detection. Both acid-adaptation and a subsequent pH 7 incubation reversed sensitivity. Incubation in apple juice was not deleterious to sELISA detection. Exposure to acidic conditions can cause a small reduction in sELISA sensitivity used to detect E. coli O157:H7.     

Role of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 O side chain in adherence and analysis of an rfb locus.

Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli strains belonging to serotype O157 are important human pathogens, but the genetic basis of expression of the O157 antigen and the role played by the lipopolysaccharide O side chain in the adherence of this organism to epithelial cells are not understood. We performed TnphoA mutagenesis on E. coli O157:H7 strain 86-24 to identify a mutant (strain F12) deficient in O-antigen expression. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that the transposon inserted within an open reading frame with significant homology to rfbE of Vibrio cholerae O1 (U. H. Stroeher, L. E. Karageorgos, R. Morona, and P. A. Manning, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2566-2570, 1992), which is postulated to encode perosamine synthetase. This open reading frame was designated rfbE(EcO157:H7). The guanine-plus-cytosine fraction (0.35) suggests that rfbE(EcO157:H7) may have originated in a species other than E. coli. rfbE(EcO157:H7) is conserved in nontoxigenic E. coli O157 strains expressing a variety of other flagellar antigens but is not found in E. coli O55:H7 strains, which are more closely related to E. coli O157:H7. Strain F12 was significantly more adherent to HeLa cells in a quantitative adherence assay than was its E. coli O157:H7 parent, but they did not differ in other phenotypes. Restoration of the expression of the O side chain by complementation of the TnphoA mutation in strain F12 by a plasmid expressing intact rfbE(EcO157:H7) reduced the adherence of the hyperadherent strain F12. We conclude that rfbE(EcO157:H7) is necessary for the expression of the O157 antigen, that acquisition of E. coli rfb genes occurred independently in E. coli O157:H7 and unrelated O157 strains, and that the O side chain of E. coli O157:H7 lipopolysaccharide interferes with the adherence of E. coli O157:H7 to epithelial cells.     

Latex agglutination test for detection of Escherichia coli serotype O157.

The value of a latex agglutination test (Escherichia coli O157 latex test; Oxoid Ltd.) for rapid presumptive detection of E. coli serotype O157:H7 was determined by laboratory trials and during an outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis. The latex test was found to be a simple, highly efficient and reliable test in detecting E. coli O157:H7 with 100% sensitivity and specificity. It was also found that sorbitol-MacConkey agar cultures were not as useful for food samples as they were for fecal specimens in screening for E. coli O157:H7, but the use of the latex screen was particularly efficient in this setting.     

Performance of the ImmunoCard STAT! E. coli O157:H7 test for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in stools

ImmunoCard STAT! E. coli O157:H7 (Meridian Diagnostics, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio) is a novel rapid (10-min) test for the presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in stools. The test may be performed either directly on stool specimens or on an overnight broth culture of stool. In a multicenter prospective study, 14 of 14 specimens positive by culture for E. coli O157:H7 were positive by the ImmunoCard STAT! O157:H7 test, and there were no false positives from 263 culture-negative specimens. In a retrospective study, the test was positive in 339 (81%) of 417 stored culture-positive specimens and the specificity was 95% (98 of 103 specimens). No false positives were associated with alternate stool pathogens. The ImmunoCard STAT! O157:H7 test has high sensitivity and specificity.