丙烯酰胺在预辐照聚丙烯纤维上接枝反应的研究

研究了在氮气气氛下丙烯酰胺在预辐照聚丙烯纤维上的接枝反应,以及预辐照剂量、接枝单体的浓度、接枝反应温度和时间对接枝率的影响。实验结果,接枝丙烯酰胺的最佳反应条件是：在乙醇和水(体积比为1：9)的溶剂化系统里,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为3h。并用ESR对引发接枝的机理进行了表征。     

微晶纤维素预辐照接枝丙烯酰胺

利用60Coγ辐射,以预辐照接枝技术制备出纤维素-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物。研究了各种反应条件对丙烯酰胺接枝率和单体利用率的影响规律,利用傅里叶红外光谱对接枝产物进行了表征。结果表明,当反应时间3 h,辐照剂量35 kGy,反应温度40℃,微晶纤维素(Microcrystalline cellulose,MCC)与接枝丙烯酰胺(Acrylamide,AM)质量配比为0.5∶1,六水合硫酸亚铁铵(阻聚剂)添加量为AM质量的0.01%,AM单体浓度为5%时,可得到接枝率和单体利用率均达65%以上的接枝产物。     

预辐射聚丙烯纤维接枝苯乙烯的研究

采用预辐射接枝法，对聚丙烯纤维分别采用电子束和＾６０Ｃｏγ射线在空气和氮气氛下进行辐照，然后将样品置于苯乙烯－甲醇溶液体系中进行接枝反应。研究了吸收剂量、反应温度、反应时间、苯乙烯浓度等对接枝率的影响以及预辐照样品的存放时间，存放条件等对接枝率的影响，并比较了两种不同辐射源在预辐射接枝中的差别。     

聚丙烯胺肟螯合纤维的辐射合成及对金属离子的吸附…

利用＾６０Ｃｏγ预辐照接枝和胺肟化反应合成了聚丙烯胺肟螯合纤维，研究了影响接枝率，胺肟基团含量和吸附容量的因素。结果表明，接枝率随预辐照剂量、反应时间和单体浓度的增加而增加。     

SBS粉体预辐射接枝丙烯酸研究

以60Coγ射线为辐射源,对SBS粉体在空气中进行预辐照,然后将一定量粉体置于丙烯酸水溶液体系中进行接枝反应。研究了反应时间、反应温度、单体浓度和吸收剂量对接枝率的影响。傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析结果证明了羧酸基团的成功引入,并对接枝后粉体的热重分析,结晶度和表面形貌进行了研究。     

热敏智能径迹膜的研制

以N－异丙基丙烯酰胺热酶材料为单体，核径迹微孔膜为基材，用过氧化预辐照接枝技术研制出能控制开关的热敏智能径迹膜，考察了预辐照剂量，接枝温度，单体浓度和反应时间时间等因素对接枝的影响，以及膜孔开闭动态变化。亚微米级孔径上极薄的热敏接枝层，溶胀与收缩迅速，对温度开关响应更为灵魂。     

预辐照聚偏氟乙烯粉体接枝甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯

用<'60>Co γ射线预辐照接枝法,在聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)粉体上接枝甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA),制备了含有高活环氧基团的PVDF-g-PGMA粉体.结果表明,接枝率随反应时间增大,5 h后基本不变;接枝率随辐照剂量增大;单体浓度较低时接枝率随单体浓度增大,单体浓度>15%后接枝率减小;温度较低时并无接枝反应发生,温度高于30℃,接枝率随着温度增加,50℃时达最大值,温度继续升高接枝率又有所降低.傅里叶红外光谱测试表明接枝物为PVDF-g-PGMA共聚物;差热扫描量热仪分析表明,接枝粉体的熔融温度Tm以及熔融焓△Hf均随接枝率的增大而降低.对接枝粉体进行化学改性得到了多胺基吸附材料.实验证明,改性粉体材料对Cu2+有较好的吸附作用.     

预辐射聚丙烯纤维接枝丙烯酸的研究

以电子束和＾６０Ｃｏγ射线为辐射源，对聚丙烯纤维分别在空气和氮氢气下进行预辐照，然后将样品置于丙烯酸水溶液体系中进行接枝反应。研究了吸收剂量、反应温度、反应时间、丙烯酸浓度等接枝率的影响，还研究了硫酸和硫酸亚铁等添加剂以及预辐照样品在室温下的存放时间等对接枝率的影响。比较了两种不同辐射源在预辐射接枝中的差别。     

低密度聚乙烯辐射接枝丙烯酸乙酯

采用预辐照接枝工艺研究了丙烯酸乙酯单体在低密度聚乙烯粉末上的辐射接枝聚合。发现接枝率随着剂量、剂量率及单体浓度的增加而增加。反应温度25～40℃时接枝率最高。甲醇是接枝反应最有效的溶剂。接枝共聚物的结构和物理性能与接枝率有关。     

聚丙烯与丙烯酸的辐射接枝反应的研究Ⅱ——预辐照聚丙烯的接枝共聚反应

本工作采用~(60)Coγ射线预辐照方法,研究聚丙烯毡在丙烯酸水溶液中的接枝共聚反应动力学。探讨了预辐照剂量,辐照气氛,接枝反应温度以及单体浓度对接枝共聚反应的影响。实验结果表明接枝反应速率与预辐照剂量的关系为0.445次方。由此得知反应是按自由基机理进行的。此外,计算了本体系的表观活化能为25.52kcal/mol。由本试验获得的接枝共聚物,其亲水性、透气性、及染色性均有明显地改善。但预辐照剂量超过1×10~6rad机械强度有所下降。     

Radiation-chemical synthesis of polypropylene fabrics with sulfonic acid functional groups

A sorption-active material carrying sulfonic acid groups was synthesized by the radiation-induced graft polymerization of styrene monomer onto the surface of non-woven polypropylene fabric, followed by sulfonation of the grafted polystyrene chains. The effect of the main experimental parameters (absorbed dose, monomer concentration, reaction time) on the styrene degree of grafting was investigated. The sulfonation process with 5% chlorosulfonic acid at room temperature was investigated in detail and the optimal sulfonation conditions for the samples with a medium degree of grafting (70-140%) were determined. Densities of 3.5-5 meq/g were obtained by applying those sorption-active PP fabrics with a sulfonic acid group.     

Radiation-induced grafting of dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate onto PE/PP nonwoven fabric

A new adsorbent was prepared by radiation-induced graft polymerization of dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA) onto polyethylene/polypropylene (PE/PP) nonwoven fabric. The trunk polymer was irradiated by electron beam at a voltage of 2 MeV and a current of 3 mA in nitrogen atmosphere at dry-ice temperature to different doses. The degree of grafting was determined as a function of irradiation dose, monomer concentration, temperature and reaction time. Grafting conditions were optimized and about 150% grafted samples were used for further experiments. DMAEMA grafted polymer was later protonated in acid solution to prepare specialty adsorbent for the removal of phosphate. Adsorption experiments were performed in column mode for removal of phosphate. It was shown that 2000 bed volumes of phosphate-free water can be produced from 100 ppb phosphate (as P) solution at high space velocity.     

Argon plasma irradiation of polypropylene

Polypropylene samples were exposed to argon plasma discharge and the changes of the PP surface properties were studied by different methods. Surface wettability was derived from contact angle measured by standard goniometry and chemical structure of the plasma modified PP was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), surface morphology and roughness of samples using AFM. Zeta potential of pristine and modified PP was determined with the SurPASS. The presence of incorporated oxygen in the PP surface layer, about 60 nm thick, was observed in RBS spectra. Oxygen concentration is a decreasing function of the depth. With progressing aging time the oxygen concentration on the PP surface decreases. Plasma treatment results in a rapid decrease of the contact angle, which increases again with increasing aging time. In XPS measurement the oxygen containing structures, created by the plasma treatment, were found on the very surface of the modified PP and the zeta potential being changed too. The significant difference in zeta potential between pristine and plasma treated PP clearly indicates that the plasma treatment leads to a more hydrophilic PP surface.     

Rapid measurement of radiocesium in water using a Prussian blue impregnated nonwoven fabric

We developed a rapid method for concentrating and measuring radiocesium (¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs) dissolved in fresh water using nonwoven fabric impregnated with Prussian blue (PB) as a radiocesium absorber in combination with gamma-ray spectrometry using a germanium (Ge) detector. Utilizing this method, dissolved radiocesium in a 20–100 L freshwater sample could be concentrated within a period of 20–60 min by passing the sample through 10–12 columns, connected in series, that had been fitted with nonwoven fabric disks impregnated with PB. Laboratory tests using water samples containing known amounts of radiocesium confirmed that the overall recovery rate of the isotope was 100%–108%, and that the first six columns recovered 84%–97% of the isotope. The detection limit of this method was determined to be 0.002 Bq/L with a sample of 100 L and measurement time of 43,200 s. In comparison with traditional methods using ion-exchange resin, co-precipitation with ammonium phosphomolybdate, etc., our method has the advantages of reduced cost and a significantly shorter concentration time. Since water samples can be treated in short periods of time, it is now possible to conduct radiocesium pre-concentration in situ, thus eliminating the need to transport large-volume water samples to laboratories.     

Effect of electron beam radiation on the polypropylene/polyethylene blends: Radiation stabilization of polypropylene

The effect of incorporation of polyethylene in the polypropylene matrix, on the radiation sensitivity of polypropylene, has been investigated. The changes in the properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, Shore D hardness, density and melt flow index were monitored as function of polyethylene content and electron beam radiation dose. A correlation between the mechanical properties and morphology of the irradiated polymeric blends has been observed, which has been explained on the basis of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction studies. Improvement in the mechanical properties of the polypropylene, irradiated to an optimum electron beam dose, could be achieved by blending it with polyethylene >20%. The optimum radiation dose was found to be dependent on blend composition and morphology, however, an absorbed dose of 250 kGy found to be effective enough to ensure good mechanical properties of the polypropylene/polyethylene blends.     

插层型蒙脱土／聚丙烯复合材料辐射交联行为的研究

采用熔融共混法制备了聚丙烯（Polypropylene,PP）／蒙脱土预辐射复合材料,通过X射线衍射（X—ray deffraction,XRD）和透射电子显微镜（Transmission electron microscope,TEM）对复合材料中蒙脱土的分散状态进行了表征,在空气氛围下利用电子束辐照对复合材料进行辐照交联,研究了交联剂在辐照中起的作用和蒙脱土对辐照交联的影响。结果表明：没有加入交联剂的PP不能交联,在PP中加入了蒙脱土以后,在一定的辐照剂量下可以促进PP的交联,含有蒙脱土PP交联体系的力学性能得到大幅度提高。     

ESR signals from silk fabrics irradiated by UV -rays

ESR studies were done on UV-ray irradiated silk fabric samples at room temperature. Different types of UV lamps were used and similar ESR signals were observed. The results indicate that UV-rays can produce free radicals for graft-copolymerization of monomer onto silk fibers without external additives or co additives, Also, radicals in silk fabrics irradiated by UV-rays are purer than that irradiated by γ-rays. The study suggests that UV-lights may be a better tool to improve properties of silk fabrics by grafting monomers onto the polymer chains.     

High-voltage pulsed life for multistressed polypropylene capacitordielectric

High-voltage polypropylene capacitors were aged under singular as well as simultaneous multiple stresses (electrical, thermal, and radiation) at the University at Buffalo's 2-MW thermal nuclear reactor. These stresses were combined neutron-gamma radiation with a total dose of 1.6×10⁶ rad, electrical stress at 40 V_rms/μm, and thermal stress at 90°C. After exposure, the polypropylene dielectric was tested for life (number of pulses to fail) under high-voltage high-repetition-rate (100 pps) pulses. Pulsed life data were also compared with AC life data. Results show that radiation stress causes the most degradation in life, either acting alone or in combination with other stresses     

Effects of fast neutron radiation on polypropylene

Capacitor-grade polypropylene films were irradiated in a 2-MW thermal nuclear reactor and exposed to fast neutron radiation at a flux rate of 2.6×10¹² neutron/cm² s and gamma radiation at a level of 10⁷ rad/h. The postirradiation effects on changes in the electrical and chemical properties of the films were studied for irradiation times up to 10 h. The electrical properties were DC and AC breakdown voltages, life under pulsed voltage stress, dielectric permittivity, dielectric losses, and volume resistivity. Chemical analysis was performed using the infrared spectroscopy technique. Small changes were detected in the dielectric strength, dielectric properties, and volume resistivity of the film. These changes are believed to be caused by oxidation of the polypropylene film, as was evidenced by the infrared spectra showing an increase in the carbonyl absorption peak at 1720 cm^-1     

Study of polypropylene/polybutene blends modified by gamma irradiation and (high melt strength polypropylene)/polybutene blends

It is well-known that polypropylene (PP) is difficult to process as a consequence of its linear structure. It is also known that grafting of long-chain branches on PP backbone using ionizing radiation is an effective approach to achieve high melt strength polypropylene (HMS PP). Chain-scission and, in minor extend, crosslinking and grafting are the predominant reaction in order to branch PP backbone. However, if multifunctional monomers are used to promote the grafting reaction, crosslinking can surpass chain scission and grafting, reducing drawability. Therefore, in an effort to enhance the processability and so the drawability, it has been found helpful to add a small amount of polybutene-1. Gamma irradiation technique was used to induce chemical changes in blends of PP and polybutene in acetylene atmosphere (crosslinker promoter) and in HMSPP/polybutene blends. The samples were irradiated with a ⁶⁰Co source with doses of 12.5 and 20 kGy in the presence of acetylene. In this work, two different methods of blends processing were compared regarding rheological and mechanical properties. Effects on the strength and elongation at the yield point and at rupture were observed by mechanical tests and showed decrease of tensile strength and increase of elongation at rupture for samples obtained by irradiation of blends. The results from rheology demonstrated an increase in melt strength and drawability of blends.