生物等效性试验中生物分析的关键问题

生物等效性试验是药品研发和评价的一个重要内容。生物等效性试验首选药动学研究的方法,药动学研究则必然涉及到生物分析,因此生物分析对于生物等效性试验具有举足轻重的作用,其结果的可靠性将直接影响生物等效性试验的质量。但我国目前却没有完整、独立的生物分析方面的指导原则。基于上述原因,我们根据国内外的相关指导原则,并尽可能结合我们的实际工作,探讨生物等效性试验中生物分析需注意的关键问题。     

国内奥美拉唑(盐)口服制剂人体生物等效性试验的问题和对策

奥美拉唑是质子泵抑制剂类代表药物,临床上应用广泛.文中通过对国内26篇奥美拉唑(盐)12服制剂人体生物等效性试验文献进行分析,探讨了试验内容、参比制剂、受试者、生物样品采集及分析、药动学参数、上市后生物等效性再评价或监测等方面的问题和对策,以期为奥美拉唑(盐)口服制剂人体生物等效性研究和临床应用提供参考信息,并基于现有...     

浅析生物等效性试验风险管理策略

仿制药一致性评价推动着生物等效性试验的开展,生物等效性试验的风险日益突出。本文基于临床试验管理者的视角,对生物等效性试验实施过程中的机构组织管理、受试者管理、试验药物和生物样品管理风险现状及存在问题进行剖析,提出加强对机构管理者及研究者生物等效性试验专业知识和法规的培训、关注受试者招募合规性及试验期间管理的合理性、规范试验药物和生物样品的管理流程和记录等相应的风险管控措施和策略。     

对提高人体生物等效性试验安全性策略的探讨

人体生物等效性试验虽然相对简单,但安全性却不容忽视。结合美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)对仿制药单品种生物等效性(bioequivalence,BE)试验的研究指南,我们在完成多项仿制药人体生物等效性试验的过程中,在保护受试者安全方面总结了一些经验和体会。针对特殊药物,充分考虑到药物的药理活性可能给受试者带来的安全性问题,科学审慎地从试验方案设计、试验用药、受试者筛选、临床监护到生物样品采集等诸多环节均将受试者的安全和权益考虑在内,尽可能降低受试者的风险,保护受试者安全。文章旨在通过对人体生物等效性试验中安全性策略的探讨,为我国人体生物等效性试验的规范设计操作和提高安全性提供一些建设性意见。     

生物等效性评价的若干问题的探讨

在进行制剂的生物等效性评价时,通常以认可的制剂作为参比制剂,采用双交叉试验设计,即将受试者等分成两组,一组先服用参比制剂后服用受试制剂,另一组先服用受试制剂后服用参比制剂。两种制剂间隔一定的清洗期。分析血药浓度,计算有关药动学参数并采用双单侧ｔ检验进行生物等效性评价［１］。但在生物等效性评价试验实施过程中,往往因一些非人为因素影响实验结果,或是欠妥的规定或观点,使一些客观存在的,符合实际的研究资料被退回。本文通过理论与实际例子来说明在有些情况下,尽管不符合某些规定,但确实是符合实际的。１生物等效性试验中序列…     

内源性物质药物的定量测定及生物等效性评价研究进展

从定量分析和方法验证的角度来看,生物样品中内源性化合物的定量测定是非常复杂和困难的,而内源性药物的生物等效性评价同样也有其特殊性。文中通过对国内外文献资料进行调研、分析和总结,详细综述了内源性药物的生物分析方法及生物等效性试验设计和评价方法,并对面临的不同问题提出针对性解决方法。本文提供的一些思路和方法,对内源性药物的生物样品分析及生物等效性评价有重要意义。     

《以药动学参数为终点评价指标的化学药物仿制药人体生物等效性研究技术指导原则》解读

等效性评价是我国仿制药评审的重要环节,目前等效性评价均以2005年颁布的《化学药物制剂人体生物利用度和生物等效性研究技术指导原则》为依据。2016年3月,国家食品药品监督管理总局发布《以药动学参数为终点评价指标的化学药物仿制药人体生物等效性研究技术指导原则》,本文从分析方法、试验设计、受试者和试验例数、参比制剂等几个方面解读两者的差别。     

阿替洛尔片在人体内的相对生物利用度与生物等效性

目的考察阿替洛尔片(AT)在人体内相对生物利用度及生物等效性。方法22名男性健康受试者,采用单剂量、随机、自身交叉对照试验设计,空腹poAT试验片和参比制剂各50 mg后,用RP-HPLC荧光检测法检测血浆中AT经时血药浓度,计算药动学参数和相对生物利用度。结果AT的相对生物利用度为100.6%±33.0%。主要药动学参数的方差分析和双单测t检验表明,试验制剂和参比制剂的AUC0~t、Cmax无显著性差异(P>0.05),AT试验制剂的AUC0~t、Cmax的90%的置信区间分别为90.72%~111.86%、87.48%~117.29%。结论AT试验片和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

药物制剂生物利用度和生物等效性试验指导原则(草案)

参考国际上的相关指导原则,对《中国药典》2015年版药物制剂生物利用度和生物等效性指导原则提出了修改草案。包括前言,常释制剂生物等效性试验的设计、实施和评价,调释制剂和透皮吸收制剂的生物等效性试验,试验报告,与生物等效性试验相关的体外溶出度检查,对不同剂型的生物等效性要求,以及基于生物药剂学分类系统的生物豁免。与现行药典指导原则相比,把生物样品定量分析方法的内容分离出去,对试验药品的规格、参比制剂选取、测试原形药物还是代谢物、高变异性药品生物等效性等提供了新的建议,强调溶出度实验的意义,并引入了生物试验豁免的相关内容。     

阿斯达莫缓释胶囊的人体生物等效性研究

目的比较阿斯达莫缓释胶囊在20名健康志愿者体内的药动学特征及相对生物利用度,评价其生物等效性.方法 20名健康男性志愿者采用随机交叉给药方案.单剂量试验中分别口服受试制剂--阿斯达莫缓释胶囊2粒(每粒含双嘧达莫100 mg和阿司匹林12.5 mg)或参比制剂--双嘧达莫片8片(25 mg·片-1)及阿司匹林肠溶片1片(25 mg·片-1).多剂量试验中,分别口服试验制剂阿斯达莫缓释胶囊,2次·d-1,1粒·次-1和参比制剂双嘧达莫片,3次·d-1,2片·次-1,连服5 d.采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用的方法测定双嘧达莫及水杨酸的血药浓度,计算两者的药物动力学参数,评价生物等效性.结果单剂量试验,受试制剂及参比制剂中水杨酸和双嘧达莫的药物动力学参数经统计学分析,两制剂生物等效.多剂量试验,受试制剂及参比制剂中双嘧达莫的药物动力学参数经折算后进行统计学分析,结果表明试验制剂Cmax、Cmin、Css、DF均符合缓释特点.结论口服试验制剂阿斯达莫缓释胶囊剂2次·d-1,与口服等剂量市售双嘧达莫普通片以及阿司匹林肠溶片3次·d-1,具有生物等效性.     

Incurred sample accuracy assessment: design of experiments based on standard addition

It is commonly acknowledged that random and systematic analytical errors contribute to poor data quality, and moreover, to imprecise and inaccurate pharmacokinetic parameters. To investigate the random errors in GLP bioanalysis, common ground has been found in today's bioanalysis to assess the reproducibility of the method by reanalyzing part of the incurred samples. The undesired systematic errors in bioanalysis affecting the trueness of the method and leading to inaccurate data remain relatively unattended so far. In order to obtain both precise and accurate data it is suggested in this paper to apply standard addition experiments to calculate the relative systematic errors as an estimate for the incurred sample accuracy. This approach, which can be seen as an important extension to current guidelines in GLP bioanalysis, is illustrated by assessing the accuracy of the bioanalytical results for a bioequivalence study for alendronate.     

Regulated drug bioanalysis for human pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug management

Regulated drug bioanalysis (i.e., determination of drug concentrations in biological matrices for regulated studies) usually refers to animal toxicokinetics, bioavailability/bioequivalence and clinical pharmacokinetic studies. However, there is another important regulated drug bioanalysis - therapeutic drug management (TDM). In the USA, TDM is regulated by Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments. In this article, we review and compare human pharmacokinetic sample analysis and TDM sample analysis. The US FDA/Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidance and the American Association for Clinical Chemistry/TDM Roundtable Recommended Generic Assay Validation Guidance are also compared. Some regulated drug bioanalysis issues, such as terminology, validation concepts and acceptance criteria, are discussed. Fostering interaction between bioanalysts from pharmaceutical science and clinical chemistry and reducing the regulatory gaps between different agencies for drug bioanalysis is our objective.     

6th Annual Bioanalysis in Clinical Research conference

The 6th Annual Bioanalysis in Clinical Research conference held recently in London, UK, targeted numerous themes of significant current interest within the discipline of bioanalysis. The conference invited a diverse speaker panel and attracted an audience consisting of researchers from the pharmaceutical industry, CROs and academia. The range of topics presented covered LC-MS and ligand-binding assays, small- and large-molecule quantification, regulatory issues and concerns and new technologies. Within the scope of LC-MS bioanalysis, presentation topics included new developments in dried blood spot technologies, the use of direct analysis MS techniques, eliminating matrix effects through direct-electron ionization MS, and the complications of developing and validating LC-MS methods for the quantitative determination of endogenous biomarkers. With respect to ligand binding, the importance of assay validation being a continuous process, extending into study analysis, was a recurrent theme in several presentations along with the hot topic of immunogenicity. Of relevance to both analytical disciplines were the presentations on regulatory topics covering the EMA guidelines on method validation and bioanalysis within bioequivalence clinical studies.     

Historical perspective on the development and evolution of bioanalytical guidance and technology

Bioanalytical methods employed for the quantitative determination of drugs and their metabolites in biological fluids provide essential regulatory data for bioavailability, bioequivalence, pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies. The quality of these studies is directly related to the underlying bioanalytical data. Data generated by a typical bioanalytical laboratory is submitted to not only the local regulatory agency, but also to multiple regulatory agencies worldwide. Many pharmaceutical companies and CROs are now performing bioanalytical work for global submissions and the regulatory agencies are often reviewing the bioanalytical work performed in other countries. The bioanalytical workplace has become global and therefore needs universal rules for quality and compliance of bioanalysis. This paper provides a historical perspective and insight into the development and evolution of the regulatory guidance for bioanalytical method validation and analysis of samples.     

生物等效性评价及相关问题

生物等效性在新药研究、非专利药开发和药品上市后评价中具有重要作用。本文从实验方法学、药剂因素、内源性物质、活性代谢物、立体异构药物和高变异性药物等方面对生物等效性研究在技术指南及实际应用中需要特别注意的问题进行了具体论述,同时对生物药剂学分类系统等生物等效性研究的相关进展做了初步介绍。     

中国富马酸喹硫平片生物等效性试验研究现状及审评要求

富马酸喹硫平片主要用于治疗精神分裂症、双相情感障碍的躁狂发作,属精神类疾病临床常用药物。结合美国及中国该品种生物等效性试验指导原则要求,通过对近年来中国富马酸喹硫平片开展生物等效性试验结果进行总结、分析,并对本品种生物等效性试验提出审评的一般要求如下：建议采用两制剂、两周期、两序列交叉设计,开展单次给药的空腹及餐后人体生物等效性研究,也可采用部分重复或完全重复交叉试验设计;一般选择36～45例健康受试者开展生物等效性试验;出于安全原因应采用小规格开展生物等效性研究,并做好受试者试验期间的健康监护;可采用平均生物等效性或参比制剂标度的平均生物等效性方法进行生物等效性评价,同时建议申请人提交受试制剂与参比制剂的达峰时间（t_max）的非参数检验结果。     

Recommendations and Best Practices for Reference Standards and Reagents Used in Bioanalytical Method Validation

The continued globalization of pharmaceutics has increased the demand for companies to know and understand the regulations that exist across the globe. One hurdle facing pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies developing new drug candidates is interpreting the current regulatory guidance documents and industry publications associated with bioanalytical method validation (BMV) from each of the different agencies throughout the world. The objective of this commentary is to provide our opinions on the best practices for reference standards and key reagents, such as metabolites and internal standards used in the support of regulated bioanalysis based on a review of current regulatory guidance documents and industry white papers for BMV.     

中国他达拉非片生物等效性试验研究现状及其审评要求

他达拉非片用于治疗男性勃起功能障碍及改善勃起功能障碍合并良性前列腺增生的症状和体征,属临床常用药物,也是原研药品专利到期后多家企业立项仿制的重点关注品种之一。结合欧盟、美国该品种生物等效性试验指导原则要求,通过对近年来中国开展的他达拉非片生物等效性试验结果进行总结、分析,并对其生物等效性试验审评中发现的多种情况提出一般考虑,为他达拉非片仿制药研发中的生物等效性试验提供依据与参考。     

Comparison of average and population bioequivalence approach

AIMS: We investigated the comparison of average bioequivalence approach and population approach using bioequivalence study data which have been reported. MATERIALS: On MEDLINE, "bioequivalence" was entered as a key word to search in the 3 journals which were published between 1980 and 1989. Consequently, a total of 17 data sets on AUC and 12 data sets on Cmax were obtained and analyzed in this review. METHOD: Assessment of average bioequivalence, assessment of population bioequivalence and assessment of inequality of variance (F-test) were conducted after all data were subjected to logarithmic conversion. RESULTS: Of the data sets which were analyzed in this review, 11 data sets on AUC and 3 data sets on Cmax passed the average bioequivalence criterion, and 13 data sets on AUC and 8 data sets on Cmax passed the population bioequivalence criterion. Two data sets on AUC and 1 data set on Cmax passed the average bioequivalence criterion, but not the population bioequivalence criterion. Four data sets on AUC and 6 data sets on Cmax passed the population bioequivalence criterion, but not the average bioequivalence criterion. The correlation coefficient (r) for the population bioequivalence value and difference in the average bioavailability was 0.412, while the correlation coefficient for the population bioequivalence value and the difference in bioavailability variances was 0.708. CONCLUSIONS: In this review using bioequivalence study papers which have been reported in references, the episodes to judge that the test formulation is bioequivalent to the reference formulation occurred more predominantly in the population bioequivalence approach than in the average bioequivalence approach, and population bioequivalence approach might be affected more extensively by the bioavailability variance rather than by the average bioavailability.     

LSS法估算中国健康志愿者口服阿莫西林的生物等效性

目的用有限采样法(LSS)估算口服阿莫西林的生物等效性。方法 20名健康志愿者口服阿莫西林参比药物和受试药物500 mg后采集若干时间点血浆样品,用高效液相色谱法测定阿莫西林血药浓度,用经典方法计算药代动力学参数,评价生物等效性。另以参比药物血药浓度数据作为建模数据,用LSS法估算药代动力学参数Cmax、AUC0-t,选择最佳模型进行生物等效性评价。内外部验证均用Jackknife法。结果以2个和3个血药浓度数据点预测的药代动力学参数回归模型的线性关系较好。内部和外部验证表明:以血药浓度数据2点组合C1,C3和3点组合C1,C2,C4估算AUC0-t的准确性最好(预测误差<1%,绝对误差<10%);又以2点组合C1,C1.5和3点组合C1.5,C2,C6估算Cmax的准确性最好(预测误差<2%,绝对误差<10%);并以3点组合C1.5,C2,C6同时估算AUC0-t和Cmax的准确性较好。与经典法评价结果一致。结论用LSS法估算口服阿莫西林药代动力学参数评价生物等效性是可行的,为有限采样法评价生物等效性提供新的思路和计算方法。